• 소성∙가공
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• 제16권7호
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• pp.521-529
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• 2007

This paper is concerned with the analysis on the surface expansion of AA 2024 and AA 1100 aluminum alloys in backward extrusion process. Due to heavy surface expansion appeared usually in the backward can extrusion process, the tribological conditions along the interface between the material and the punch land are very severe. In the present study, the surface expansion is analyzed especially under various process conditions. The main goal of this study is to investigate the influence of degree of reduction in height, geometries of punch nose, friction and hardening characteristics of different aluminum alloys on the material flow and thus on the surface expansion on the working material. Two different materials are selected for investigation as model materials and they are AA 2024 and AA 1100 aluminum alloys. The geometrical parameters employed in analysis include punch corner radius and punch nose angle. The geometry of punch follows basically the recommendation of ICFG and some variations of punch geometry are adopted to obtain quantitative information on the effect of geometrical parameters on material flow. Extensive simulation has been conducted by applying the rigid-plastic finite element method to the backward can extrusion process under different geometrical, material, and interface conditions. The simulation results are summarized in terms of surface expansion at different reduction in height, deformation patterns including pressure distributions along the interface between workpiece and punch, comparison of surface expansion between two model materials, geometrical and interfacial parametric effects on surface expansion, and load-stroke relationships.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.37-46
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• 2001

무리말뚝의 하중지지능력에서 말뚝캡이 부담하는 비율을 파악하고 무리말뚝을 구성하는 개개 말뚝의 하중전이 특성을 알아보고자 재하시험을 수행하였다. 직경 92.5mm의 강관말뚝 24본(4개씩 6열)을 지표 아래 3m 깊이까지 근입 시컥 풍화암 상단에 말뚝선단이 위치하도록 하였다. 최대하중 320t을 지표면에 접촉되어 있는 $1.5\times2.3m$ 크기의 말뚝캡에 재하하였다. 최대 시험하중인 320t에서는 말뚝캡이 전체하중의 약 22%에 해당하는 하중을 분담하였다. 무리 말뚝 재하시험시 말뚝의 평균 극한지지력은 16.4t이며, 이 값은 말뚝캡을 타설하기 전에 무리말뚝의 모서리에 위치한 말뚝에 대하여 수행한 단말쪽 재하시험으로부터 구한 극한지지력보다 상당히 크게 나타났다. 변위장중첩 효과로 인하여 무리말뚝 중앙에 위치한 말뚝은 작은 하중이 작용하여도 외곽부의 말뚝과 같은 침하량을 기록한 것으로 나타났다. 무리말뚝에서는 주면마찰력의 분담율이 전 하중단계에서 약 60%로 일정하나 단말뚝 시험에서는 하중이 증가함에 따라 주면마찰력의 분담율이 82%에서 65%로 감소하였다.

• 한국강구조학회 논문집
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• 제12권3호통권46호
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• pp.259-268
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• 2000

마찰접합에 있어서 작용외력은 고력볼트로 체결된 접합부재간의 마찰면에 작용하는 마찰력에 의해 전달된다. 이 마찰력은 마찰면의 미끄럼계수와 고력볼트 조임력의 곱에 비례한다. 그러나 너트회전법에 의한 조임시 고력볼트 조임력은 많은 인자에 의해 영향을 받는다. 여유나사길이와 길이-직경비는 고력볼트 조임력을 지배하는 중요한 인자 중에 하나이다. 따라서 본 논문은 여유나사길이와 길이-직경비에 따른 고력볼트 세트(F10T, M16, M20, M22, M24)의 기계적 특성에 관한 실험을 통하여 고력볼트의 정확한 체결 방법을 제공하고자 한다.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.126-134
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• 2007

Although there has been substantial research on the squeal noise for the automotive brake system, robust design issues with respect to control factors equivalent to design variables in optimization, noise factors due to system uncertainties, and signal factors designed to accommodate a user-adjustable setting still need to be addressed. For the purpose, the robust design applied to the disk brake system has been investigated by DOE (Design of Experiments) based Taguchi analysis with dynamic characteristics. The specific goal of this methodology is to identify a design with linear signal-response relationship, and variability minimization. The finite element models of the disk brake assembly have been constructed, and the squeal noise problems have been solved by complex eigenvalue analysis. As the practical robust design to reduce the brake squeal noise, material properties of pad, disk, and backplate, thickness and geometry of pad are selected as control factors, material properties of pad and disk, and the contact stiffness have been considered as noise factors, and friction coefficient between pad and disk is chosen as a signal factor. Through the DOE based robust design, the signal-to-noise ratio and the sensitivity for each orthogonal array experiment have been analyzed. Also, it has been proved that the proposed robust design is effective and adequate to reduce the brake squeal noise.

• 전기학회논문지P
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• 제60권2호
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• pp.82-90
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• 2011

The small precision spindle motors in the high value-added products including the visible home appliances such as DLP projector require not only the energy conversion devices but also high efficiency, low vibration and sound operation. However, the spindle motors using the conventional ball bearing and sintered porous metal bearing have following problems, respectively: the vibration by the irregularity of balls and the short motor life cycle by the ball's abrasion and higher sound noises by dry contact between shaft and sleeve. In this paper, it is proposed that the spindle motor with a fluid dynamic bearing is suitable for the motor to drive the color wheel of the DLP(digital lightening processor) in the visible home appliances. The proposed spindle motor is composed of the fluid dynamic bearing with both the radial force and the thrust force. The fluid dynamic bearing is solved by the finite element analysis of the mechanical field with the Reynolds equations. The magnetic part of spindle motor, which is a type of Brushless DC Motor, is designed by the electro-magnetic field analysis coupled with the Maxwell equation. And the load capacity and the friction loss of fluid dynamic bearing are analyzed to bearing clearance variation by the fabrication error in designed motor. The design of the proposed motor is implemented by the load torque caused by the eccentricity and the unbalance of the fluid dynamic bearing when the motors are fabricated in error. The prototype of the motor with the fluid dynamic bearing is manufactured, and experiment results show the vibration, sound, and phase current at no load and color wheel load of the motors in comparison. The high performance characteristics with the low vibration, the low acoustic noise and the optimal mechanical structure are verified by the experimental results.

• 한국분말야금학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국분말야금학회 1997년도 추계학술강연 및 발표대회 강연 및 발표논문 초록집
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• pp.7-7
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• 1997

During sintering of very porous green bodies, as obtained by compaction of hard powders - such as tungsten carbide or ceramics - or by injection moulding, important shrinkage occurs. Due to heterogeneous green density field, gravity effects, friction on the support, thermal gradients, etc., this shrinkage is often non-uniform, which' may induce significant shape changes. As the ratio of compact dimension to powder size is very high, the mechanics of continuum is relevant to model such phenomena. Thus numerical techniques, such as the finite element method can be used to simulate the sintering process and predict the final shape of the sintered part. Such type of simulation has much been developed in the last decade firstly for hot isostatic pressing and next for die compaction. Finite element modelling has been recently applied to free sintering. The simulation of sintering should be based on constitutive equations describing the thermo-mechanical behaviour of the material under any state of stress and any temperature which may arise within the sintering body. These equations can be drawn either from experimental data or from micromechanical models. The experiments usually consist in free sintering and sinter-forging tests. Indeed applying more complex loading conditions at high temperature under controlled atmosphere is delicate. Micromechanical models describe the constitutive behaviour of aggregates of spheres from the deformation of two-sphere contact either by viscous flow or grain boundary diffusion. Such models are not able to describe complex microstructure and mechanisms as observed in real materials but they can give some basic information on the formulation of constitutive equations. Practically both experimental and theoretical approaches can be coupled to identify the constitutive equations. Such procedure has been performed for modelling the sintering of compacts obtained by die pressing of a mixture of tungsten carbide and cobalt powders. The constitutive behaviour of this material during sintering has been described by a linear viscous constitutive model, whose functions have been fitted from results of free sintering and sinter-forging experiments. This model has next been introduced in ABAQUS finite element code to simulate the sintering of heterogeneous green compacts of various geometries at constant temperature. Examples of simulations are shown and compared with experiments.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 1976

그물실의 강도가 매듭에서 감소하는 기구를 명백히 하기위해, 매듭에서의 그물실의 파단현상울 관찰하고 강도 감소에 영향을 끼치는 요소들을 조사하여 매듭의 강도를 나타내는 식을 유도하고, mono-filament, multi-filament, 및 spun 그물실로 구분된 11종류의 그물실에 대해 매듭의 강도를 측정하여 상기 식에 의한 계산치와 비교했다. 실험의 결과, 매듭이 파만을 일으키는 부분은 매듭의 첨단, 즉 매듭과 다리와의 경계이었으며, 강도감소의 원인은 이 첨단에 마찰력이 작용함으로 인해, 첨단에 위치한 섬유들이 자신에 걸리는 장력에 의해서 재분포하는데 마찰력만큼 저항을 받게 되기 때문이라고 간주되었다. 매듭의 강도 T는 $$T=\frac{T_0}{1+{\mu}\frac{s}{\rho}\varrho^{\mu\theta}$$ 로 표시되었고, 이 식에 의한 계산치는 실험치와 거의 일치했다. 단, $T_0$는 그물실의 항장력, $\mu$는 그물실간의 마찰계수, S는 매듭의 첨단과 그 첨단을 압축하는 그물실과의 접촉길이, $\rho$는 그 첨단을 압축하는 그물실의 곡률반경, $\theta$는 그 첨단을 압축하는 그물실이 반대편 첨단에서 다른 그물실과 마찰되는 각도이다.

• 소성∙가공
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.157-162
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• 2020

Blind rivet nuts are increasingly used in automotive for the joining of sheets. Their application, however, requires appropriate design guides to prevent catastrophic events arising from the failure of joints. In this study, the shaft shape of a frequently used M8 blind rivet nut is optimized based on 3D numerical analysis of the blind rivet nut considering the characteristics of thread. The thread needs to be modeled to suitably consider the fastening of the M8 bolt after the crimping process. FE analysis showed that while the friction in the contact between crimp flange and plate has no significant effect on the crimp geometry, shaft thickness (t) and shaft height (h) are the most significant design variables. The parameter study including various combinations of t and h reveals that they affect the gap (the distance between the crimped flange and the plate that develops through riveting) and the load acting on the plate. The gap is an indicator of the tightening force. It is found that t is inversely proportional to the gap, and proportional to the load, whereas h is proportional to the gap and inversely proportional to the load. Based on our FE analysis results, we propose the range 0.062 < t/h < 0.1 to ensure sufficient fastening (high clamping load, small gap) of the M8 blind rivet nut. The design guide for determining the t/h ratio proposed in this study can be used for general quantitative analysis of the size and the t/h ratio of blind rivet nuts.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제37권5호
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• pp.707-713
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• 2013

커플링 볼트는 조립, 분해 시 작업자의 안전이 고려되는 부분이나 공정 중단의 비용이 중요한 부분에서 기존의 일반볼트를 대체한다. 해양과 발전분야에서 세계적으로 광범위하게 적용되어, 회전하는 플랜지 결합에 사용되어 왔고, 국제적인 국가 선급 협회나 규제기관의 사용을 승인받아 왔었다. 커플링 볼트는 유압식으로 인장되어 플랜지 사이를 안정적으로 단단히 결합한다. 본 논문에서는 발전소 커플링 볼트의 국산화를 위해, 역설계를 통해 현재 사용 중인 볼트의 치수를 측정, 역학적인 수식을 통해 권장 체결하중의 기준을 살펴보았다. 마찰계수는 실험을 통해 선정하였고, 구조해석을 통해 체결상태를 확인하였다. 형상변수에 따른 접촉압력의 변화를 볼트 재설계시 참고할 수 있도록 나타내었다.

• Composites Research
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.213-218
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• 2014

본 논문에서는 특성길이 및 특성 곡선 방법을 굽힘 하중 상태의 복합재 기계적 체결부에 적용하여 강도를 예측하는 연구를 수행하였다. 선행 연구들이 특성길이 및 특성 곡선 방법을 인장과 압축 하중에만 적용한 것과 달리 본 연구에서는 굽힘 하중에 적용하고 그 가능성을 확인했다. 체결부 파손 해석을 위해 ABAQUS를 사용하여 핀과 모재의 접촉 및 마찰을 고려한 비선형 해석을 수행하였다. 해석결과를 이용하여 얻은 특성 곡선상에서 Tsai-Wu 이론을 적용하여 파손 및 파단 양상을 예측하였다. 또한 복합재 시편에 굽힘 하중을 가해 파손하중을 알아보는 실험을 통해 검증한 결과 해석으로 얻은 복합재 체결부의 파손하중이 실험 결과와 매우 잘 일치함을 확인하였다. 결론적으로 특성길이 및 특성 곡선 방법이 굽힘 하중 상태의 복합재 기계적 체결부의 강도를 비교적 잘 예측할 수 있다는 것을 알 수 있었다.