• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.22-28
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• 2010

To evaluate the potential value of $^1H$ Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) for detecting and characterizing invasive ductal carcinoma of breast. We conducted $^1H$ Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), using a 3.0T MR scanner, on 40 patients who were histologically diagnosed to have invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC); tumor areas of the patients were designated as experimental samples, and non-tumor areas as control samples. The peak at 3.2 ppm is characteristically intense and observed in 34 cases of the total 40 invasive ductal carcinoma (sensitivity 86.2%; specificity 100%; positive predictive value 100%; negative predictive value 60%). In constrast peak at 1.3 ppm is characteristically intense and observed in normal breast (sensitivity 86.2%; specificity 100%; positive predictive value 100%; negative predictive value 60%). The study shows that $^1H$ MRS can effectively discriminate invasive ductal carcinoma from normal breast in most cases. It also demonstrates the feasibility of localized in vivo $^1H$ MRS technique as a new diagnostic modality in the detection of breast tumor.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.175-179
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• 1979

One of the major problems in tile activated sludge system has been difficulty in separating the microbial solids from the treated effluent and in returning them to the aeration tank. Another problem has been the digestion of the excess activated sludge. In constrast, it has not been difficult to separate the microbial solids from the treated effluent from the biological fixed-film systems(RBC process, Trickling Filter, FAST process). These systems have also featured less sludge production. Recently, it was proposed to experiment with the RESMAS process in order to eliminate the settling tank and sludge concentration facilities and to reduce the quantity of excess sludge for final disposal. The effluent quality could be predicted by .the concept of the maximum accumulation capacity. However, the hydraulic characteristics of the screen media in the RESMAS reactor were not dynamic. The object of the present study is to evalute the sludge accumulation rate and effluent quality prediction in the REMSMAS process designed in the dynamic hydraulic structure. This process can eliminate the final sedimentation tank and sludge concentration tank needed in the RBC, CMAS, Trickling Filter and FAST processes. Also, the effluent quality is desirable to compare with other processes. It appeared that the value of the sludge holding capacity was higher than those of the RESMAS and FAST processes, and the periods of the critical operating time were proportional to the substrate hydraulic loadings.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.745-761
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• 2000

Literatural study for Delirious speech and Fading murmuring, the results were as follows. 1. Delirious speech and Fading murmuring are given at the speech impediment. Derious speech to be out of language's order and slur the end of his words, and Fading murmuring is to repeat in losing conscious. 2. In constrast with Delirious speech and Fading murmuring, Maniac speech is induced by a general term for manic-depressive psychosis. Luoyan is to say in a feeble voice and mumble in a sleeping condition, and Paraphasia and Solioquy are appeared in a clear mental condition. The speech impediment is caused by damages of the nervous system and speech organ, and Yuyancuoluan is appeared in a feverless condition. 3. The symptoms of Delirious speech are to utter ravings and have a loud and heavy voice, and these resemble the delirium which specially has a speech impediment and muddle in the western medical world. The symptoms of Fading murmuring are to speak ambigously, repeatedly, and illogically and so are similar to the Wernicke dysphasia which is caused by a incomprehensible conversation. 4. The causes of Delirious speech are to spread a stomach heat and the lungs pathogenic qi into heart, not to sweat in cold damage, the Three Yang Combination of syndrome, stomach repletion, yang collapse due to excessive sweat, diarrhea, after diarrhea, heat to enter the blood chamer, feces to remain in the stomach, stasis blood to enter the viscera, to carry anger to extremity, and to be constipated. the cause of Fading murmuring is to despair vacuity desertion of vital essence and energy after a serious illness. 5. The causes of delirium are general infection, postoperative states, and metabolism disorders and those of Wernicke dysphasia are disorders of the blood vessel, brain tumors and traumas. 6. Delirious speech is cured with the discrimination of vacuity and repletion. Baitong Tang(白通湯), Chaihu Guizhi Tang(柴胡桂枝湯), Chaihu Jia Longgu Muli Tang(柴胡加龍骨牡蠣湯) are prescribed in case of vacuity, while Chengqi Tang(承氣湯), Baihu Tang(白虎湯), Liangge San(凉膈散) are in case of repletion. Fading murmuring is treated with Xiao Chaihu Tang(小柴胡湯), Fuzi Tang Jiawei(附子湯加味), Shengmai San(生脈散), and Renshen Sanbai Tang(人蔘三白湯). 7. To acupunture Qimen-Xue(期門穴) is required when it is late to prescribe a medical decoction or the hyperactive liver qi attacking the spleen.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.144-152
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• 2009

The thermal and optical properties of poly {1-(cholesteryloxycarbonylalkanoyloxy) ethylene}s (PCALEn, n=2$\sim$8,10, the number of methylene units in the spacer) were investigated. All of the homologues formed monotropic cholesteric phases with left-handed helical structures. PCALEn with n=2 or 10, in constrast with PCALEn with $3{\leq}n{\leq}8$, did not display reflection colors over the full cholesteric range, suggesting that the helical twisting power of the cholesteryl group highly depends on the length of the spacer connecting the cholesteryl group to the polyethylene chain. The glass transition temperatures decreased with increasing n. The isotropic-cholesteric phase transition temperatures decreased with increasing n up to 7 and showed an odd-even effect. However it became almost constant when n is more than 7. This behavior is rationalized in terms of the change in the average shape of the side chain on varing the parity of the spacer. This rationalization also accounts for the observed variation of the entropy gain for the clearing transition. The thermal stability and degree of order in the mesophase and the temperature dependence of the optical pitch observed for PCALEn were significantly different from those reported for cellulose tri(cholesteryloxycarbonyl)alkanoates. The results were discussed in terms of the differences in the chemical structure and flexibility of main chain and the number of the mesogenic units per repeating unit.

• The Korean Journal of Vision Science
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.505-511
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• 2018

Purpose : This study investigated the visual functions of drivers aged over 65 year olds and drivers aged 50~65 year olds. In addition, difference of visual functions between professional drivers and normal drivers were investigated. Methods : Forty Driver aged over 65 year olds and 67 drivers aged less than 67 year olds were participated. All participants had more than 5 years of driving experiences and had no ocular pathology. Demographic data(gender, job, age, body condition) and visual functions such as contrast sensitivity(CS), stereopsis, glare recovery time and discomfort glare index were measured. Results : Constrast sensivity under photopic condition was higher with bus driver group. In addition, difference of CS at 12cpd and 18cpd were signifcantly different between normal drivers(1.57) and bus drivers(1.70) (p<0.05). There was no significant difference for glare recovery time, despite of trend of longer recovery time with age. Discomfort glare index was significantly different that normal drivers with more than 65 year olds had 3, taxi and truck driver presented almost 5 index score (p<0.05). Conclusion : Analysis of visual function of elderly drivers, it was confirmed that their visual functions decreased with age. Therefore, visual function tests such as CS, discomfort glare index and stereopsis in addition to current available test may need to be considered for drivers aged over 65.

• Journal of Science and Technology Studies
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.1-45
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• 2018

South Korea has recently emerged as one of the leading countries conducting clinical trials. Seoul, for instance, is now ranked at the top of the list among the cities in the world. This paper examines the rapid growth of research involving human subjects in Korea, not just from the economic perspective (e.g., the growth of global pharmaceutical markets and the subsequent increase in the demand for clinical trials), but from the policy perspective (e.g., the government?s drive to support and promote this field as a new industry). The industrialization of clinical trials in Korea has manifested itself in the rise of international Contract Research Organizations (CRO) doing their business in Korea. They are, figuratively speaking, invited to Korea by the government. This paper intends to uncover and discuss the bioethical issues concerning research on human subjects, the issues that tend to be set aside merely as procedural ones like ??workable documents??. To this end, it investigates the practice of clinical trials by collecting hitherto unherad voices from patient-volunteers, physician-researchers, CRO employees, and government officials. This paper also explores the themes of ??ethical variability?? and ??biocapital?? in order to compare and constrast the case in Korea with those in other countries.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.162-170
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• 2011

In order to assess the inorganic and organic pollutents characteristics in marine water, we investigated COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand), Chlorophyll a and Escherichia coli during four seasons at 20 stations of Gwangyang Bay and at 23 stations of Jinhae Bay, Korea. The bay is divided into three zones in Gwangyang and four zones in Jinhae respectively, based on the pollutent levels. In Gwangyang Bay, the high concentration (mean 4.7 mg $L^{-1)$) of COD was recorded during spring season at Zone I, which can be characterized as a semi-enclosed eutrophic area (St. 1~9). Also, Chl. a concentrations were high at Zone I (mean 14.0 ${\mu}g\;L^{-1}$). The colony of E. coli were detected during summer season at Zone II, which is influenced by Seomjin River water. The E. coli may have been entered from the river water in a large pulse during rainy season. On the other hand, E. coli was kept low levels during four seasons at the Zone III, which is influenced indirectly by surface water currents from offshore of the bay. In Jinhae Bay, the high COD and Chl. a were shown during all seasons at Zone I, which is characteristed by semi-enclosed eutrophic area of Masan and Haengam bays. The Zone I also had been shown relatively high E. coli concentration in all seasons. In constrast, other three zones did not show seasonal characteristics of the E. coli concentrations. The present study suggests that E. coli concentrations can be significantly elevated in eutrophic semi-enclosed area.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.9-16
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is finding optimum contrast medium quantity during abdominal CT using dual energy technique. The study subjects are 30 patients who had received general single energy abdominal CT and received double energy technique follow-up abdominal CT. dual energy technique abdominal CT images were obtained after setting contrast medium quantities at 30%, 40%, 50%, 60% and 70% of contrast medium quantity at the time of single energy technique. Then the contrast enhancement (Hounsfield Unit; HU) was estimated by setting-up the regions of interest at aorta, inferior vena cava, hepatic portal vein and hepatic parenchymal. The obtained values were compared to the values of the same parts measured during single energy technique abdominal CT. The results of the study were as following. The 60% set up group had HU in aorta : $210.80{\pm}13.609$, IVC : $190.40{\pm}25.215$, hepatic portal vein : $198.40{\pm}21.232$ and hepatic parenchymal : $119.20{\pm}7.98$, The single energy abdomianl CT images had HU in aorta : $205.40{\pm}16.426$, IVC : $188.20{\pm}21.476$, hepatic portal vein : $195.40{\pm}22.744$ and hepatic parenchymal : $121.00{\pm}6.595$. Therefore, it is possible to obtain contrast enhancement by dual energy technique abdominal CT similar to the same by single energy technique abdominal CT by setting-up the quantity of contrast medium at 60% of contrast medium at the time of single energy technique abdominal CT. Based on the result of this study, it is possible to decrease existing quantity of contrast medium by _% and the injection velocity can be also decreased. Accordingly, it is believed that the result of study would be quite useful for patients who have renal function disorder, weak vein or side effect of contrast medium in the past.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.247-263
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• 2021

Climate change has been accelerating in coastal waters recently; therefore, the importance of coastal environmental monitoring is also increasing. Chlorophyll-a concentration, an important marine variable, in the surface layer of the global ocean has been retrieved for decades through various ocean color satellites and utilized in various research fields. However, the commonly used chlorophyll-a concentration algorithm is only suitable for application in clear water and cannot be applied to turbid waters because significant errors are caused by differences in their distinct components and optical properties. In addition, designing a standard algorithm for coastal waters is difficult because of differences in various optical characteristics depending on the coastal area. To overcome this problem, various algorithms have been developed and used considering the components and the variations in the optical properties of coastal waters with high turbidity. Chlorophyll-a concentration retrieval algorithms can be categorized into empirical algorithms, semi-analytic algorithms, and machine learning algorithms. These algorithms mainly use the blue-green band ratio based on the reflective spectrum of sea water as the basic form. In constrast, algorithms developed for turbid water utilizes the green-red band ratio, the red-near-infrared band ratio, and the inherent optical properties to compensate for the effect of dissolved organisms and suspended sediments in coastal area. Reliable retrieval of satellite chlorophyll-a concentration from turbid waters is essential for monitoring the coastal environment and understanding changes in the marine ecosystem. Therefore, this study summarizes the pre-existing algorithms that have been utilized for monitoring turbid Case 2 water and presents the problems associated with the mornitoring and study of seas around the Korean Peninsula. We also summarize the prospective for future ocean color satellites, which can yield more accurate and diverse results regarding the ecological environment with the development of multi-spectral and hyperspectral sensors.