• 한국측량학회지
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.55-62
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• 2017

The SRP (Solar Radiation Pressure) model has always been an issue in the dynamic GPS (Global Positioning System) orbit determination. The widely used CODE (Center for Orbit Determination in Europe) model and its variants have nine parameters to estimate the solar radiation pressure from the Sun and to absorb the remaining forces. However, these parameters show a very high correlation with each other and, therefore, only several of them are estimated at most of the IGS (International GNSS Service) analysis centers. In this study, we attempted to numerically verify the correlation between the parameters. For this purpose, a bi-directional, multi-step numerical integrator was developed. The correlation between the SRP parameters was analyzed in terms of post-fit residuals of the orbit. The integrated orbit was fitted to the IGS final orbit as external observations. On top of the parametric analysis of the SRP parameters, we also verified the capabilities of orbit prediction at later time epochs. As a secondary criterion for orbit quality, the positional discontinuity of the daily arcs was also analyzed. The resulting post-fit RMSE (Root-Mean-Squared Error) shows a level of 4.8 mm on average and there is no significant difference between block types. Since the once-per-revolution parameters in the Y-axis are highly correlated with those in the B-axis, the periodic terms in the D- and Y-axis are constrained to zero in order to resolve the correlations. The 6-hr predicted orbit based on the previous day yields about 3 cm or less compared to the IGS final orbit for a week, and reaches up to 6 cm for 24 hours (except for one day). The mean positional discontinuity at the boundary of two 1-day arcs is on the level of 1.4 cm for all non-eclipsing satellites. The developed orbit integrator shows a high performance in statistics of RMSE and positional discontinuity, as well as the separations of the dynamic parameters. In further research, additional verification of the reference frame for the estimated orbit using SLR is necessary to confirm the consistency of the orbit frames.

• 대한교통학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.131-139
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• 2002

본 연구는 도로의 설계일관성 평가를 위해 지방부 2차로 도로의 평면 곡선부 85백분위 주행속도 예측모형을 기존의 회귀모형에 비해 보다 효율적이고 신뢰성 높은 인공신경 망 이론을 적용하여 개발하였다. 곡선반경, 곡선길이, 교차각, 시거, 차로폭, 차선(안쪽, 바깥쪽)과 같은 기하구조 특성에 의해 속도가 결정된다는 가정하에 30개 조사지점을 통해 얻어진 자료를 모형의 입력층 자료로 이용하였고, 입력층 변수에 따라 네 가지 유형의 신경망 모형을 제시하였다. 신경망 모형 중 다층신경 망 모형을 적용하여 은닉충의 유니트 수, 학습계수, 모멘텀계수, 학습횟수의 변화에 따른 최적 모형 구조를 도출하였다. 신경망 모형의 학습성능을 검증하기 위하여 선정된 30개 조사지점에서 20개 지점을 모형의 학습자료로 나머지 학습되지 않은 10개 지점을 예측자료로 활용하였다. 분석결과, 네 가지 유형의 신경망 모형 중에서 모형 D가 통계적 검증결과 $R^2$값이 85%이며, %RMSE=0.0204로 가장 실제값에 유사한 모형으로 평가되었다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제28권11호
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• pp.1823-1833
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• 2018

Fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) is a common and popular method used to investigate microbial communities in natural and engineered environments. In this study, two specific 16S rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes, CLZ and KCLZ, were designed and verified to quantify the genus Clostridium and the species Clostridium kluyveri. The optimal concentration of hybridization buffer solution for both probes was 30% (w/v). The specificity of the designed probes was high due to the use of pellets from pure reference strains. Feasibility was tested using samples of Chinese liquor from the famed Luzhou manufacturing cellar. The effectiveness of detecting target cells appears to vary widely in different environments. In pit mud, the detection effectiveness of the target cell by probes CLZ and KCLZ was 49.11% and 32.14%, respectively. Quantitative analysis by FISH technique of microbes in pit mud and fermented grains showed consistency with the results detected by qPCR and PCR-DGGE techniques, which showed that the probes CLZ and KCLZ were suitable to analyze the biomass of Clostridium spp. and C. kluyveri during liquor fermentation. Therefore, this study provides a method for quantitative analysis of Clostridium spp. and C. kluyveri and monitoring their community dynamics in microecosystems.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.331-341
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• 2018

Hazardous air pollutants(HAPs) in the atmosphere are regulated as major air pollutants in Korea by the Air Pollution Control Act. In order to manage and control HAPs, accurate standards, which are traceable to the International System of Units(SI), are required. In this study, primary standard gas mixtures(PSMs) of volatile organic compounds(VOCs) which are specified as HAPs were developed at $1{\mu}mol/mol$ levels. The selected fourteen VOCs include Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, m-Xylene, Styrene, o-Xylene, Chloroform, 1,1,2-Trichloroethane, Trichloroethylene, Tetrachloroethylene, 1,1-Dichloroethane, Carbon tetrachloride, 1,3-Butadiene, and Dichloromethane. The HAPs PSMs were gravimetrically prepared in aluminum cylinders and their consistency was verified within the relative expanded uncertainty of 0.71% (k=2). Potential adsorption loss onto the internal surface of cylinders was estimated by cylinder-to-cylinder division method. No adsorption loss was observed within the uncerainty of 0.53%. The long-term stability of the HAPs PSMs was evaluated comparing with freshly prepared HAPs PSMs. The HAPs PSMs were stable for one year within the uncertainty of 0.38%. The final uncertainty of the PSMs was determined by combining the preparation uncertainty, verification uncertainty, and stability uncertainty. Finally, traceable and stable HAPs PSMs at $1{\mu}mol/mol$ levels were developed with the uncertainty of less than 0.76% in high-pressure aluminum cylinders.

• 한국간호교육학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.47-55
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• 2020

Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine the validity and reliability of the Korean version of the PTSD scale (K-PTSD) for measuring attitudes and knowledge of PTSD. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was used. The K-PTSD scale consisted of 8 items for attitudes, 8 items for general knowledge of PTSD, and 3 items for knowledge of PTSD treatment; 211 nursing students and paramedic students participated. Content validity, item analysis, and factor analysis were used to examine the construct validity. Criterion validity was tested by using educational experience with PTSD as a criterion. Cronbach's α was used to identify internal consistency reliability in the attitude scale. Results: Construct validity of the K-PTSD was verified by exploratory factor analysis, with factor loadings for attitude ranging from .59 to .84. Criterion validity in comparing knowledge of PTSD (t=2.02, p=.044) and PTSD treatment (t=3.19, p=.022) showed a significant difference according to PTSD educational experience. Cronbach's α for the attitude scale was .79 and .59. Conclusion: The findings suggest that the K-PTSD is a valid and reliable tool that can measure attitudes and knowledge of PTSD among nursing and paramedic students. However, further study is needed to retest the verification of this scale with more diverse participants.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.761-768
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• 2010

철근콘크리트 구조물에 균열이 발생하면 균열과 균열 사이 단면의 콘크리트는 부착에 의해 인장력을 전달하게 되고 이에 따라 철근의 변형은 줄어든다. 이러한 현상을 인장증강효과라 하고, 처짐 및 균열폭과 같은 사용한계상태의 검증에 중요한 역할을 한다. 그러나 균열 사이의 복잡한 변형률 분포 때문에 사용성한계상태의 검증에 어려움이 따르므로 일반적으로 평균 변형률을 사용하여 처짐과 균열폭을 산정하고 있다. EC2에서는 1차식 및 2차식 형태의 인장 증강효과를 사용하여 평균 곡률을 산정하고 이로부터 처짐량을 산정하고 있다. 이 연구에서는 휨부재에 대하여 인장증강효과에 대한 다양한 모델을 적용하여 처짐과 균열폭을 산정하고 EC2와 콘크리트구조설계기준에 의한 결과와 비교하였다. 해석 결과 2차식 형태의 인장증강효과를 일관되게 적용함으로써 실험 결과에 더 부합된 결과를 얻을 수 있었고 해석의 일관성도 도모할 수 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• 가정∙방문간호학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.246-255
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• 2015

Purpose: The study was conducted to develop the Nursing Practice Capacity scale for evaluating achievement of education objectives among students in nursing school. Methods: This was a methodological study. The scale development process included generation of initial items, verification of content validity, selections of secondary items, preliminary study, and extraction of final items. The participants were five graduates 1 to 4 years after graduation (for the preliminary study) and 125 graduates 1 to 4 years after graduation from the nursing school at A University, South Korea. Item analysis, criterion validity, and internal consistency were used to analyze the data. Results: Twenty-six items were selected for the final scale. The scores on the scale were significantly correlated with the Nursing Competency Scale(r=.62, p<.001) and Nursing Performance Scale(r=.63, p<.001). Chronbach's alpha coefficient for the 26 items was .87. Conclusion: The Nursing Practice Capacity scale for evaluating achievement of nursing education objectives has good validity and reliability. The measurement scale can be useful for evaluating the nursing practice capacity of nurses as well as measuring the extent to which graduates have achieved the established education objectives in the education fields.

• 한국항공우주학회지
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• 제45권7호
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• pp.550-557
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• 2017

GNSS 측위 정확도에 영향을 주는 전리층 오차는 전리층에 존재하는 전자로 인해 위성의 전파가 굴절됨에 따라 발생하는데 태양활동 정도, 지역, 시간에 따라 그 값이 변한다. 정밀한 전리층 오차 추정이 가능한 이중주파수 수신기와 달리 단일 주파수 수신기의 경우에는 전리층 오차 모델이나 인근 고정기준국을 통해 제공 받는 의사거리 보정정보에 의존해야 한다. 하지만 일반적인 전리층 오차 경향과 달리, 국지적으로 전리층 총 전자수의 급격한 변화가 발생하는 경우 전리층 오차모델을 통한 오차 보정이 어려우며 만약 전리층의 변화가 고정기준국 상공의 전리층과 상이하다면, 의사거리 보정정보를 이용하여도 전리층 오차를 보정하지 못한다. 본 논문에서는, 이런 위험에 대처하기 위한 국지적 전리층 이상 현상에 대한 감시 기법에 대해 제안하고 실제 전리층 이상 현상이 발생한 데이터를 이용해 이를 검증하였다. 제시된 기법을 통해 전리층 이상 현상 발생 여부를 파악하고 단일 주파수 수신기 사용자의 항법해에 대한 신뢰도를 증가시킬 수 있을 것이다.

• 영재교육연구
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.511-528
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• 2015

창의적 잠재력이 실현된 재능으로 발달하는 과정은 복합적이고 비선형적이다. 이러한 특성은 단기적으로 어떤 문제를 해결해야 하는 상황에서보다 장기적으로 창의적인 삶을 살아가야 하는 과정에서 더욱 두드러진다. 본 연구는 대학생을 대상으로 창의적 과정 이론 중 하나인 Sawyer의 Zigzag 모델을 토대로 창의성 경로 척도(CPI: Creativity Path Inventory)를 개발하고 척도의 신뢰도와 타당도를 검증하였다. 이에 모델의 각 단계 특성을 반영한 8요인 88문항을 개발하였으며, 문항분석과 구인 타당도 검증 과정을 통해 최종 7요인(생각해내기, 배우기, 궁금해하기, 도전하기, 되돌아보기, 구현하기, 연결하기) 38문항을 확정하였다. CPI 전체 38문항의 내적 합치도는 .835로 나타나 신뢰로운 척도임이 확인되었고, 최종 모형의 적합도 지수 역시 양호한 결과를 보였다. 신뢰도와 타당도가 입증된 CPI는 일상적 창의성의 관점에서 창의성을 발현하고자 하는 사람들이 자신의 강점과 약점을 스스로 점검함으로써 자기계발을 할 수 있도록 도움을 줄 것이다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권9호
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• pp.4341-4347
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• 2016

Background: Patient safety is one of the key components of nursing care for cancer cases. Valid and reliable context-based instruments are necessary for accurate evaluation of patient safety in oncology units. The aim of the present study was to develop and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Patient Safety Violation Scale in medical oncology units in Iran. Materials and Methods: In this methodological study, a pool of 58 items was generated through reviewing the existing literature. The validity of the 58-item scale was assessed through calculating impact score, content validity ratio, and content validity index for its items as well as conducting exploratory factor analysis. The reliability of the scale was evaluated by assessing its internal consistency and testretest stability. Study sample consisted of 300 oncology nurses who were recruited from thirteen teaching hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Results: Sixteen items were excluded from the scale due to having low impact scores, content validity ratios, or content validity indices. In exploratory factor analysis, the remaining 42 items were loaded on five factors including patient fall, verification of patientidentity, harm during care delivery, delay in care delivery, and medication errors. These five factors explained 62% of the total variance. The Cronbach's alpha of the scale and the test-retest interclass correlation coefficient were equal to 0.933 and 0.92, respectively. Conclusions: The 42-item Patient Safety Violation Scale is a simple and short scale which has acceptable validity and reliability. Consequently, it can be used for assessing patient safety in clinical settings such as medical oncology units and for research projects.