• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• v.41 no.6
• /
• pp.727-736
• /
• 2021

Road tunnel lengths are increasing. Some 1,300 tunnels with 1,102 km in length had been increased till 2019 from 2010. There are 64 tunnels over 3,000 m in length, with their total length adding up to 276.7 km. Safety facilities in the event of a tunnel fire are critical so as to prevent large-scale casualties. Standards for installing disaster prevention facilities are being proposed based on the guidelines of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, but they may be limited to deep underground tunnels. This study was undertaken to provide guidelines for the spacing of evacuation connection passages and the widths of evacuation connection doors. Evacuation with various spacing and widths was simulated in regards to evacuation time, which is the measure of safety, using the evacuation analysis simulation software EXODUS Ver.6.3 and the fire/smoke analysis software SMARTFIRE Ver.4.1. Evacuation connection gates with widths of 0.9 m and 1.2 m, and spacings of 150 m to 250 m, were set to every 20 m. In addition, longitudinal slopes of 6 % and 0 % were considered. It was determined to be safe when the evacuation completion time was shorter than the delay diffusion time. According to the simulation results, all occupants could complete evacuation before smoke spread regardless of the width of the evacuation connection door when the longitudinal slope was 6 % and the interval of evacuation connection passage was 150 m. When the evacuation connection passage spacing was 200 m and the evacuation connection gate width was 1.2 m, all occupants could evacuate when the longitudinal slope was 0 %. Due to difference in evacuation speed according to the longitudinal slope, the evacuation time with a 6 % slope was 114 seconds shorter (with the 190 m connection passage) than with a 0 % slope. A shorter spacing of evacuation connection passages may reduce the evacuation time, but this is difficult to implement in practice because of economic and structural limitations. If the width of the evacuation junction is 1.2 m, occupants could evacuate faster than with a 0.9 m width. When the width of a connection door is 1.2 m with appropriate connection passage spacing, it might provide a means to increase economic efficiency and resolve structural limitations while securing evacuation safety.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
• /
• 2008.04a
• /
• pp.161-162
• /
• 2008

본 연구는 무선 통신 시스템에서 다수의 가입자 또는 connection이 존재할 때 트래픽 패킷의 전송 우선순위를 결정하는 방법에 관한 것으로, 특히 시스템 상에 QoS를 만족해야하는 실시간 트래픽 전송을 요구하는 connection과 비실시간 트래픽 전송을 요구하는 connection이 동시에 존재하는 경우에 대한 것이다. 패킷 기반의 시스템에서 각 frame에 할당하는 트래픽 패킷의 우선순위를 결정하는 방법이 반드시 존재해야 한다. 가입자 당 전송하는 트래픽 패킷은 실시간 트래픽과 비실시간 트래픽으로 구분할 수 있다. 실시간 트래픽 전송의 경우 허용전송지연시간 내에 전송하지 못하는 패킷이 발생할 확률을 일정 수준 이하로 유지하는 것이 중요하기 때문에, 일반적으로 비실시간 트래픽에 비해 우선순위를 가진다. 본 연구에서는 실시간 트래픽에 대해 허용전송지연시간 초과 패킷 확률을 일정 수준 이하로 유지하면서 미레적인 방법을 통해 비실시간 트래픽 패킷에 대한 실시간 트래픽 패킷의 우선순위를 제한하여 시스템의 평균 throughput을 향상시키는 것을 목적으로 한다. 시뮬레이션을 통해 분석한 결과 비례적인 방법을 통해 실시간 트래픽 패킷을 보다 효율적으로 전송할 수 있다는 것을 검증할 수 있었다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
• /
• 2000.04b
• /
• pp.172-175
• /
• 2000

The crimping connection is a permanent connection that maintains mechanical and electrical property for a long time by crimping two conductors. In this paper, we have done a basic study to decide normal or abnormal condition depending on crimping. Using PZT piezo-sensor, we have analyzed crimping waveforms according to the crimping height. And hence the normal or abnormal condition of crimping connections in real time could be decided by comparison of crimping waveforms in the cases of normal crimping, over crimping, under crimping and core omitting.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
• /
• 2005.11b
• /
• pp.220-222
• /
• 2005

When a large-scale load or a new generator is connected to power systems, KPX assesses the effect of the connection on power systems to keep security and reliability standards. As the number of connection requests has been increased, KPX is spending much time for technical assessments of the requests. This paper developed an automatic assessment program to reduce analysis time and enhance simulation accuracy. The program is based on IPLAN and. can be applied to both load and generator network connection requests.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
• /
• v.41 no.3
• /
• pp.237-243
• /
• 1992

The large value of the snubber capacitor is needed to protect the devices in high voltage converters using series connected power semiconductors. But that results in more losses and longer commutation time. So, new technique of series connection is required, which can minimize the value of snubber capacitor and also promote the reliability of high voltage converters. We study on the switching characteristics of series connected power semiconductors and then propose a novel switching algorithm for series-connection which is able to implement not only the dynamic voltage balancing in spite of the differerce of switching characteristics, but the minimization of the value of snubber capacitor, through the change of the value of snubber capacitor by Miller effect. Finally, we illustrate the validity of this synchronization by computer simulation and experimental results.

• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
• /
• v.16 no.5 s.72
• /
• pp.641-652
• /
• 2004

The strong beam-to-column axis connections in steel structures have been studied for a long time to develop the strength and resistance of the connections. There have been very few studies, however, related to weak axis connections. Domestically, the bracket-type connection is commonly used in weak axis connections to elevate the efficiency of the constructions when the steel structures are constructed. The bracket-type connection detail has been applied moderately to weak axis connections. Therefore, the bracket-type connection in weak axis connections might be brittle and over-designed. The results of this study showed that the welding on the web of the column and the beam was unnecessary. In addition, this study confirmed that the new weak axis connection proposed in this study was superior to the previous connection in terms of strength and ductility.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartC
• /
• v.13C no.5 s.108
• /
• pp.559-566
• /
• 2006

Virus throttling technique, one of many early worm detection techniques, detects the Internet worm propagation by limiting the connect requests within a certain ratio. The typical virus throttling detects worm occurrence by monitoring the length of delay queue with the fixed period of rate limiter. In this paper, we propose an algorithm that controls the period of rate limiter autonomically by utilizing the weighted average delay queue length and suggest various period determination policies that use the weighted average delay queue length as an input parameter. Through deep experiments, it is verified that the proposed technique is able to lessen inconvenience of users by reducing the connection delay time with haying just little effect on worm detection time.

• Steel and Composite Structures
• /
• v.19 no.4
• /
• pp.877-895
• /
• 2015

Connections to circular hollow steel sections (CHS) are considered one of the most complex and time consuming connections in steel construction. Such connections are usually composed of gusset plates welded to the outside of the steel tube or penetrating the steel tube. Design guides, accounting for the effect of connection configuration on the strength of the connection, are not present. This study aims to investigate, through experimental testing and a parametric study, the influence of connection configuration on the strength of one sided branch plate-to-CHS members. A notable effect was observed on the behavior of the connections due to its detailing changes with respect to capacity, failure mode, ductility, and stress distribution. A parametric study is performed using the calibrated analytical model to include a wider range of parameters. The study involves 26 numerical analyses of finite element models including parameters of the diameter-to-thickness (D/t) ratio, length of gusset plate, and connection configuration. Accordingly, a modification to the formulas provided by the current design recommendations was suggested to include connection configuration effects for the one sided branch plate-to-CHS members.

• Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea
• /
• v.22 no.1
• /
• pp.23-32
• /
• 2018

In this study, we conducted a shake table test to verify the seismic performance of the paneling system with steel truss composed of bolt connections. The control group was set to the traditional paneling system with steel truss connected by spot welding method. Test results showed that the bolted connection type paneling system has excellent deformation capacity without cracking or brittle fracture of the steel truss connection parts compared to the welding type paneling system. Furthermore, in the bolted connection type, slight damage occurred at the time of occurrence of the same story drift angle as compared with the existing method, it is considered that it has excellent seismic performance. In compliance with the performance-based design recommended for the current code (ASCE 41-13) on non-structural components, it is judged that in the case of the bolted connection type paneling system, it can be applied to all risk category structures without restriction. However, in the case of traditional paneling system with spot welding method, it is considered that it can be applied limitedly.

• Steel and Composite Structures
• /
• v.1 no.4
• /
• pp.459-480
• /
• 2001

The damage suffered by steel structures during the Northridge (1994) and Kobe (1995) earthquakes indicates that the fully restrained (FR) connections in steel frames did not behave as expected. Consequently, researchers began studying other possibilities, including making the connections more flexible, to reduce the risk of damage from seismic loading. Recent experimental and analytical investigations pointed out that the seismic response of steel frames with partially restrained (PR) connections might be superior to that of similar frames with FR connections since the energy dissipation at PR connections could be significant. This beneficial effect has not yet been fully quantified analytically. Thus, the dissipation of energy at PR connections needs to be considered in analytical evaluations, in addition to the dissipation of energy due to viscous damping and at plastic hinges (if they form). An algorithm is developed and verified by the authors to estimate the nonlinear time-domain dynamic response of steel frames with PR connections. The verified algorithm is then used to quantify the major sources of energy dissipation and their effect on the overall structural response in terms of the maximum base shear and the maximum top displacement. The results indicate that the dissipation of energy at PR connections is comparable to that dissipated by viscous damping and at plastic hinges. In general, the maximum total base shear significantly increases with an increase in the connection stiffness. On the other hand, the maximum top lateral displacement $U_{max}$ does not always increase as the connection stiffness decreases. Energy dissipation is considerably influenced by the stiffness of a connection, defined in terms of the T ratio, i.e., the ratio of the moment the connection would have to carry according to beam line theory (Disque 1964) and the fixed end moment of the girder. A connection with a T ratio of at least 0.9 is considered to be fully restrained. The energy dissipation behavior may be quite different for a frame with FR connections with a T ratio of 1.0 compared to when the T ratio is 0.9. Thus, for nonlinear seismic analysis, a T ratio of at least 0.9 should not be considered to be an FR connection. The study quantitatively confirms the general observations made in experimental results for frames with PR connections. Proper consideration of the PR connection stiffness and other dynamic properties are essential to predict dynamic behavior, no matter how difficult the analysis procedure becomes. Any simplified approach may need to be calibrated using this type of detailed analytical study.