• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.44-49
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• 1999

From January 1990 to December 1998, 449 consecutive single-digital replantations were reviewed retrospectively in order to determine the essential number of vascular anastomoses for successful finger replantation. The correlations between the number of anastomosed vessels and survival rate were examined according to the amputated digital levels and all of the correlated results were compared with each other statistically. In zone I, The survival rate of the digits with a repaired vein was higher than that of digits treated with external bleeding method. In zone II, the equal number(s) between the arterial and venous repair was an important factor in successful replantation. And the repaired arteries more than repaired veins in number led to venous congestion and resulted in a failure of replantation, which was maybe due to the large amount of arterial input relative to small volume of amputated stump with small sized vein. In zone III, the equal number(s) between the arterial and venous repair was also an important factor in successful replantation. But unlike in zone II, venous congestion was scarcely happened if the venous drainage was sufficient with a repaired large vein alone. In zone IV, two or more arteries and veins were required for successful replantation. In conclusion, it is desirable that the repair of vessels as many as possible to increase the possibility of a good result. But digital amputations and their condition for replantation were variable, therefore, the numbers in vascular repair should to be modified and straightforward as the case may be.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.887-893
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the wound healing effects of Danggwieumja (DG), which is commonly used for skin inflammation, skin wound, skin pruritus, and chronic hives etc. The 1.5 cm ${\times}$ 1.5 cm full-thickness skin wound was induced to two groups, DG (n=16) and Saline (n=16) group. The DG extract and Saline were orally administrated daily for 15 days after skin wound induction. Then, the body weight of rats and the congestion indices were daily measured for 15 days after skin wound induction. The wound contractions and epithelizations were also measured. The wound contractions were daily measured for 15 days after wound induction and wound epithelizations were measured for 8 days from day 7 after wound induction. For evaluating angiogenesis, the immunoreactivities of vWF and VEGF protein were measured immunohistochemistrically on day 15. In results, although the percentage increases in mean body weight of rats in the DG and Saline groups hve no significant differences, DG extract decreased the time of wound healing and congestion around wound, and improved wound contraction and epithelization. The contraction percentage of DG group was significantly increased on day 5 (P<0.05) and day 7 (P<0.01) than that of Saline group. DG group showed significant increase of wound epithelization on day 7 (P<0.05) as compared to Saline group. Moreover, DG extract reduced the inflammation of skin dermis and promoted the growth of vascular vessels of dermis by accelerating vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein. These results suggest that DG has the beneficial effects on skin incision wound and can be the suitable wound healing agent for various surgical wounds.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.41-46
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• 2014

Junction at the staircase is one of key factors for building egress analysis. The most important factor is the congestion at the door or somewhere connecting from bigger area to smaller one. The other factor is the congestion in the staircase. It happens when people from upper floors meets people from the connecting floor. Especially egress situation at the high-rise building is worse. The simulation of the junction is only described by physical agent algorithms in egress model. For that reason, the description of phenomena will validate with the result of experiment and estimate the gap between modeling and experiment. In this research, the experiment of the junction and the simulation was conducted and validated. The gap between the experiment and the modeling was estimated. The flow rates of modeling were lower than the modeling.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.43-45
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• 2006

Because Cost Based Pool(CBP) has any locational signals for electricity price, there are any locational incentives for construction of new power plant high efficient. in case of Korean electricity power market, this incentives are very important to reduce loss and congestion. This Paper represent the effect of MLF(Marginal Loss Factor) as locational price signal in short period. we investigate mathematically loss reduced effect of MLF and prove to reduce transmission loss using 3bus test system.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.927-940
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• 2023

Online shopping has been undergoing significant developments in the South Asian region in the last decade. Using a representative sample of Sri Lankan consumers, this study explored online food purchasing behavior in Sri Lanka, a developing nation and island in South Asia. Data were collected from 562 respondents from all nine provinces in Sri Lanka using an online survey. Consumer attitudes were evaluated using factor analysis, and factor scores were added as explanatory variables to the final model. An ordered logistic regression model was used to examine the impact of consumer demographics, economic variables, and consumer attitudes on online food purchases. Online food purchasing intensity was categorized into four groups that suited ordinal rankings: zero for never, low for rarely, medium for occasionally, and high for regularly. Results indicated that age, income, education, and living in urban areas affect the online food purchasing behavior of Sri Lankan consumers. In addition, trust, convenience, and attitudes toward price were powerful drivers of online food purchasing. The findings have a number of significant managerial ramifications for creating strategies to promote online food purchases in developing South Asian nations like Sri Lanka. Moreover, promoting online shopping could be a potential solution for traffic congestion, ultimately helping to mitigate the negative externalities associated with it, such as carbon emissions and air pollution.

• Journal of Information Technology Services
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2013

The government has implemented operating the bus information terminal (hereinafter, 'BIT') to use by building it at a major bus station to solve the problem of traffic congestion. Busan Metropolitan City has been continuously expanding the installation of 'BIT' since 2003. However, there are few research on the factor to use and satisfaction survey on 'BIT' from the perspective of the users. This study, in an effort to inquire into the 'BIT' utilization factor and its vitalization plan, conducted a face to face survey of 172 citizens who had the experience in the 'BIT'. The result of the data analysis showed that usability, convenience, and availability were the critical factors for a BIT use. In addition, the general intention to use 'BIT' was found to be very high as much as 90.7%. The contributions of this study are as follows. The academic contributions is that it proved the relationship between usability, convenience and the intention to use suggested by the information technology acceptance model is supported even in case of 'BIT.' For the practitioners this study provides ground data for a local government to make a plan of a BIT extension.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.991-1001
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• 2013

Instead of building new substations or transmission lines, proper installation of flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) devices can make the transmission networks accommodate more power transfers with less expansion cost. In this paper, the problem to maximize power system loadability by optimally installing two types of FACTS devices, namely static var compensator (SVC) and thyristor controlled series compensator (TCSC), is formulated as a mixed discrete-continuous nonlinear optimization problem (MDCP). To reduce the complexity of the problem, the locations suitable for SVC and TCSC installations are first investigated with tangent vector technique and real power flow performance index (PI) sensitivity factor and, with the specified locations for SVC and TCSC installations, a set of schemes is formed. For each scheme with the specific locations for SVC and TCSC installations, the MDCP is reduced to a continuous nonlinear optimization problem and the computing efficiency can be largely improved. Finally, to cope with the technical and economic concerns simultaneously, the scheme with the biggest utilization index value is recommended. The IEEE-14 bus system and a practical power system are used to validate the proposed method.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers A
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• v.51 no.8
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• pp.379-384
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• 2002

In the competitive electricity market, various pricing methods are developed and practiced in many countries. Among these pricing methods, marginal loss factor(MLF) can be applied to reflect the marginal cost of network losses. For the calculation of MLF, power flow method has been used to calculate system loss deviation. However, this power flow method shows some shortcomings such as necessity of regional reference node, and absence of an ability to consider network constraints like line congestion, voltage limit, and generation output limit. The former defect might affects adversely to the equity of market participants and the latter might generate an inappropriate price signals to customers and generators. To overcome these defects, the utilization of optimal power flow(OPF) is suggested to get the system loss deviation in this paper. 30-bus system is used for the case study to compare the MLF results by the power flow and the OPF method for 24-hour dispatching and pricing, Generator payment and customer charge are compared with these two methods also. The results show that MLF by OPF reflects the power system condition more faithfully than that of by the conventional power flow method

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.113-118
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• 2008

This study was carried out with the aim to provide basic data for efficient park management by analyzing satisfaction factors and estimated regression model through questionnaire survey method for the visitors to Bukhansan National Park in Korea. As a result of analysis, it was found that visitors are satisfied with such variables as 'illegal camping', 'cooking act' and 'padded bills' but extremely unsatisfied with 'waste problem', 'congestion', 'damage of visiting trails' and 'lack of cultural facilities'. In the result of satisfaction factors, it was revealed that 'facility management factor' was found to have the greatest effect on satisfaction degree. In the estimated model by Multiple Regression Analysis, 'damage of natural resources' and 'damage of cultural and historic resources', and 'lack of traffic facilities' were found to affect visitors' satisfaction.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.98-103
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• 2001

This paper is conducted to compare the seismic design standard of a bridge column such as the Korean Bridge Design Standard(KBDS), EC 8, NZS 3101 and ATC 32. The KBDS adopted the seismic design requirements in 1992. The earthquake magnitude in Korea is compared with those in the west coast of the USA. It may be said that the current seismic design requirements of the KBDS provides design results, that are too conservative especially for transverse reinforcement details and amounts in reinforced concrete columns. This fact usually creates construction problems in concrete casting, due to congestion of transverse reinforcement. Furthermore, the effective stiffness; $I_{eff}$ depends on both the axial load P/$A_gF_{ck}$ and the longitudinal reinforcement ratio $A_{st}/A_g, so it is the conservative to use the effective stiffness I$_{eff}$ than the gross section stiffness Ig. Seismic design for the transverse reinforcement content of the concrete column was analyzed and considered to have an extreme-fiber compression strain, response modification factor, axial load and effective stiffness etc.c.