• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.207-220
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• 2006

The newly developed equipments for the early detection of carious lesion are LFD (laser fluorescence device), Ultrasonic diagnostic system, CLSM(confocal laser scanning microscopy), QLF(quantitative light-induced fluorescence) and DIFOTI (digital imaging fiber-optic trans-illumination) system. In this study, DIFOTI system and LFD were used for the detection of early enamel caries. Twenty five primary teeth extracted from twenty one children at around the dentitional exchanging period were selected as samples. The results obtained from DIFOTI imaging and LFD measurement were compared with those of CLSM and comprehensive evaluations were made for the diagnostic capacity of each device. In vitro test, 40 sample teeth with their buccal & lingual surface formed by a window of $2{\times}3mm$ in diameter were immersed in artificial demineralizing solution for the period of 4, 8, 12 and 16 days. The results obtained from the experimental groups (DIFOTI, LFD) were compared to control group (CLSM) and we have reached to the following conclusions. 1. The sensitivity and specificity of DIFOTI system operated in oral environment was 88.2% and 76.9% respectively. 2. The sensitivity and specificity of LFD measured in oral environment was 76.5% and 69.2% respectively. 3, Regression analysis on the light transparent rate of DIFOTI showed its decrease according to the length of primary enamel decalcification performed in vitro(r=-0.96, p<0.05). 4. No statistically significant difference between LFT measurement and the length of in vitro decalcification was found in regression analysis (p>0.05). 5. The correlation coefficient of DIFOTI image transparent rate and the lesion depth of CLMS was -0.6988 (p<0.05), whereas no statistically significant difference was found for LFD measurement.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.94-99
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• 2013

Proteinuric conditions demonstrate structural and compositional changes of the foot processes and slit diaphragms between podocytes. p130Cas in podocytes serves as an adapter protein anchoring glomerular basement membrane to actin filaments of podocyte cytoskeleton. To investigate the effect of ginseng total saponin (GTS) on the pathologic changes of podocyte p130Cas induced by diabetic conditions, we cultured mouse podocytes under: 1) normal glucose (5 mM, control); 2) high glucose (HG, 30 mM); 3) advanced glycosylation endproducts (AGE)-added; or 4) HG plus AGE-added conditions and treated with GTS. In confocal imaging, p130Cas colocalized with zonula occludens-1 and synaptopodin connecting to F-actin. However, diabetic conditions relocalized p130Cas molecules at perinuclear cytoplasmic area and reduced the intensity of p130Cas. In Western blotting, diabetic conditions, especially HG plus AGE-added condition, decreased cellular p130Cas protein levels at 24 and 48 h. GTS improved such quantitative and qualitative changes. These findings imply that HG and AGE have an influence on the redistribution and amount of p130Cas of podocytes, which can be reversed by GTS.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.212-217
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• 2007

In atrial myocytes, lacking t-tubules, $Ca^{2+}$ current ($I_{Ca}$)-initiated $Ca^{2+}$ release at the peripheral junctional sites propagates into the interior of the cell by diffusion of $Ca^{2+}$. We have previously reported that time of activation of the central sites is independent of $I_{Ca}$. In the present study we have probed the effects of Bay K 8644 on $Ca^{2+}$ propagation wave to the center of the myocyte using rapid 2-D confocal $Ca^{2+}$ imaging in the rat atrial myocytes. Enhancement of $I_{Ca}$ by Bay K 8644 accelerated the rate of peripheral $Ca^{2+}$ release, but did not affect the speed of propagation of central release. In contrast, enhancement of $I_{Ca}$ by intracellular cAMP reduced the magnitude of peripheral and central $Ca^{2+}$ transients, but significantly accelerated the speed of central $Ca^{2+}$ release. Our data suggest that the speed of central $Ca^{2+}$ propagation triggered by $I_{Ca}$ is not regulated by the magnitude of either $I_{Ca}$ or local cytosolic $Ca^{2+}$ releases.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.38 no.11
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• pp.975-981
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• 2015

Precise 3D spatial mapping of cells and their connections within living tissues is required to fully understand developmental processes and neural activities. Zebrafish embryos are relatively small and optically transparent, making them the vertebrate model of choice for live in vivo imaging. However, embryonic brains cannot be imaged in their entirety by confocal or two-photon microscopy due to limitations in optical range and scanning speed. Here, we use light-sheet fluorescence microscopy to overcome these limitations and image the entire head of live transgenic zebrafish embryos. We simultaneously imaged cranial neurons and blood vessels during embryogenesis, generating comprehensive 3D maps that provide insight into the coordinated morphogenesis of the nervous system and vasculature during early development. In addition, blood cells circulating through the entire head, vagal and cardiac vasculature were also visualized at high resolution in a 3D movie. These data provide the foundation for the construction of a complete 4D atlas of zebrafish embryogenesis and neural activity.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.55 no.10
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• pp.371-376
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• 2012

Purpose: Puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN) specifically injures podocytes, leading to foot process effacement, actin cytoskeleton disorganization, and abnormal distribution of slit diaphragm proteins. p130Cas is a docking protein connecting F-actin fibers to the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) and adapter proteins in glomerular epithelial cells (GEpCs; podocytes). We investigated the changes in the p130Cas expression level in the PAN-induced pathological changes of podocytes in vitro. Methods: We observed changes in the p130Cas expression in cultured rat GEpCs and mouse podocytes treated with various concentrations of PAN and antioxidants, including probucol, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), and vitamin C. The changes in the p130Cas expression level were analyzed using confocal immunofluorescence imaging, Western blotting, and polymerase chain reaction. Results: In the immunofluorescence study, p130Cas showed a diffuse cytoplasmic distribution with accumulation at distinct sites visible as short stripes and colocalized with P-cadherin. The fluorescences of the p130Cas protein were internalized and became granular by PAN administration in a dose-dependent manner, which had been restored by antioxidants, EGCG and vitamin C. PAN also decreased the protein and mRNA expression levels of p130Cas at high doses and in a longer exposed duration, which had been also reversed by antioxidants. Conclusion: These findings suggest that PAN modulates the quantitative and distributional changes of podocyte p130Cas through oxidative stress resulting in podocyte dysfunction.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.174-179
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• 2005

The human skin is constantly exposed to environmental irritants such as ultraviolet, smoke, chemicals. Free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) caused by these environmen tal facts play critical roles in cellular damage. These irritants are in themselves damaging to the skin structure but they also participate the immensely complex inflammatory reaction. The purpose of this study was to investigate the skin cell protective effect of Campsis grandiflora extract on the UVB-irradiated human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs). We tested free radical and superoxide scavenging effect in vitro. C. grandiflora extracts had potent radical scavenging effect by 82% at $100{\mu}g/ml$, respectively. For testing intracellular ROS scavenging activity the cultured HDFs were analyzed by increase in DCF fluorescence upon exposure to UVB 20 $MJ/cm^2$ after treatment of C.grandiflora extracts. The results showed that oxidation of CM-DCFDA was inhibited by C.grandiflora extracts effectively and C.grandiflora extracts has a potent free radical scavenging activity in UVB- irradiated HDFs. In ROS imaging using confocal microscope we visualized DCF fluorescence in HDFs directly. In conclusion, our results suggest that C.grandiflora can be effectively used for the prevention of UV-induced adverse skin reactions such as radical production, and skin cell damage.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.65-72
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• 2018

Cyclic AMP-response element binding protein zhangfei (CREBZF), a member of ATF/CREB (activating transcription factor/ cAMP response element binding protein) family, regulates numerous cellular functions and development of cells by interacting transcription factors. This study discovered the expression pattern of CREBZF in seminiferous tubule of testes during the postnatal development of mice. In testis, CREBZF mRNA expression was the highest among other organs. Immunofluorescence analyses showed that the CREBZF was specifically expressed on spermatocyte but not in spermatogonia and Sertoli cells in seminiferous epithelium of mouse testis. Semi-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis showed that CREBZF transcript level was significantly elevated during postnatal development of mouse testis. Confocal imaging analysis indicated that the protein expression of CREBZF in seminiferous tubule remained low until postnatal day (PD) 14, and was dramatically increased in PD 21. Interestingly, only one type of the spermatocyte expressed CREBZF specifically among SCP3-positive spermatocytes. Taken together, these results suggest that CREBZF may be novel putative marker of the spermatocyte and regulate meiosis during postnatal development of mice.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.79-85
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• 2021

α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) receptors are differentially regulated in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) of the brain after cocaine exposure. However, these results are supported only by biochemical and electrophysiological methods, but have not been validated with immunohistochemistry. To overcome the restriction of antigen loss on the postsynaptic target molecules that occurs during perfusion-fixation, we adopted an immersion-fixation method that enabled us to immunohistochemically quantify the expression levels of the AMPA receptor GluA1 subunit in the NAcc. Interestingly, compared to saline exposure, cocaine significantly increased the immunofluorescence intensity of GluA1 in two sub-regions, the core and the shell, of the NAcc on withdrawal day 21 following cocaine exposure, which led to locomotor sensitization. Increases in GluA1 intensity were observed in both the extra-post synaptic density (PSD) and PSD areas in the two sub-regions of the NAcc. These results clearly indicate that AMPA receptor plasticity, as exemplified by GluA1, in the NAcc can be visually detected by immunohistochemistry and confocal imaging. These results expand our understanding of the molecular changes occurring in neuronal synapses by adding a new form of analysis to conventional biochemical and electrophysiological methods.

• Current Optics and Photonics
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.298-305
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• 2021

Modern distance sensing methods employ various measurement principles, including triangulation, time-of-flight, confocal, interferometric and frequency comb. Among them, the triangulation method, with a laser light source and an image sensor, is widely used in low-cost applications. We developed an omnidirectional two-dimensional (2D) distance sensor based on the triangulation principle for indoor floor mapping applications. The sensor has a range of 150-1500 mm with a relative resolution better than 4% over the range and 1% at 1 meter distance. It rotationally scans a compact one-dimensional (1D) distance sensor, composed of a near infrared (NIR) laser diode, a folding mirror, an imaging lens, and an image detector. We designed the sensor layout and configuration to satisfy the required measurement range and resolution, selecting easily available components in a special effort to reduce cost. We built a prototype and tested it with seven representative indoor wall specimens (white wallpaper, gray wallpaper, black wallpaper, furniture wood, black leather, brown leather, and white plastic) in a typical indoor illuminated condition, 200 lux, on a floor under ceiling mounted fluorescent lamps. We confirmed the proposed sensor provided reliable distance reading of all the specimens over the required measurement range (150-1500 mm) with a measurement resolution of 4% overall and 1% at 1 meter, regardless of illumination conditions.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.38.3-38.3
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• 2021

We are developing an optomechanical design of infrared telescope for the CubeSat and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) which adapts the Linear Astigmatism Free- Three Mirror System in the confocal off-axis condition. The small entrance pupil (diameter of 40 mm) and the fast telescope (f-number of 1.9) can survey large areas. The telescope structure consists of three mirror modules and a sensor module, which are assembled on the base frame. The mirror structure has duplex layers to minimize a surface deformation and physical size of a mirror mount. All the optomechanical parts and three freeform mirrors are made from the same material, i.e., aluminum 6061-T6. The Coefficient of Thermal Expansion matching single material structure makes the imaging performance to be independent of the thermal expansion. We investigated structural characteristics against external loads through Finite Element Analysis. We confirmed the mirror surface distortion by the gravity and screw tightening, and the overall contraction/expansion following the external temperature environment change (from -30℃ to +30℃).