• 한국터널지하공간학회 논문집
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.77-86
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• 2006

터널라이닝에 대한 필요성 여부에 대한 논란은 지속적으로 되고 있으나, 대부분의 터널기술자들은 라이닝의 필요성에 대하여 동의하고 있다. 따라서 설계 및 시공상의 라이닝 특성을 고려한 콘크리트 라이닝 품질향상방안 수립을 위하여 근본적인 문제점을 파악하고 해결하는데 도움이 되고자한다. 본 논문에서는 균열발생량이 상대적으로 많은 대단면 4차로 터널을 대상으로 하여 콘크리트라이닝 시공에서부터 터널운용전 발생되는 초기균열에 대한 발생원인 분석을 실시하고, 국내 콘크리트 라이닝 시공특성을 파악하기 위한 사례조사를 실시하였다. 이를 바탕으로 하여 균열발생 최소화를 위한 시공개선방안을 제안하고, 개선방안에 대한 라이닝 콘크리트 타설모형실험 및 강재거푸집내 콘크리트의 유동분석을 수행하여 고품질 콘크리트 라이닝시공을 위한 제안방안의 효율성을 검증하였다.

• 터널과지하공간
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.355-365
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• 2009

정수압 지압조건의 심부 암반에 굴착되는 원형터널의 지보재로 설치되는 콘크리트 라이닝의 유한차분 탄소성해석법을 제안하였다. 암반과 라이닝의 항복은 Mohr-Coulomb 조건식을 따르는 것으로 가정하였다. 일반적으로 콘크리트 라이닝의 설치 전 선행내공변위가 발생된다는 점을 고려하기 위하여 라이닝 바깥 경계면에 작용하는 지압의 크기를 계산하는 과정에서 굴착 후 라이닝 설치지연 효과를 반영시킬 수 있도록 하였다. 암반과 라이닝의 소성영역에서 발생하는 응력 및 변위분포 계산을 위해 Lee & Pietruszczak(2008)의 해석법을 적용하였다. 제안된 방법의 활용성을 보여주기 위해 가상의 압축공기 저장용 터널에 시공된 콘크리트 라이닝에 대해 탄소성해석을 실시하였다. 해석결과 라이닝의 안쪽 및 바깥쪽 경계부에 작용하는 압력의 크기를 정확하게 산정하는 것이 라이닝의 안정성 해석에서 매우 중요함을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국터널공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국터널공학회 2005년도 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.270-281
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• 2005

An especial attention for old tunnel safety is required on increasing of The various tunnel recently. Specially, the lining investigation method of the old tunnel will be able to presume condition of concrete lining indirectly. Because it is many restriction thought of environment and ground condition investigation method of tunnel lining rear. This study carried out section & convergence measurement of part which was deformed in tunnel lining. It had been observed for the change of tunnel behavior with a continuous measurement. It has been analyzed for a cause of tunnel deformation and inspected for the effect after a repair-reinforcement to tunnel compared with the effect before those by structure analysis. By establishing automatic measurement system after repair-reinforcement to tunnel, it would be accomplished to convergence measurement continually. As a result, it was observed that deflection and deformation of tunnel was convergent. but it should be followed to a continuous maintenance because of unstable ground condition, cause of inner tunnel, environment. The railroad tunnel which was executed a reinforcement of the tunnel lining must investigate the close condition of reinforcement lining and concrete lining.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제86권1호
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• pp.139-156
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• 2023

The reinforced concrete lining in the hydraulic pressure tunnel tends to crack during the water-filling process. The lining will be detached from the surrounding rock due to the inner water exosmosis along concrete cracks. From the previous research achievements, the cohesive element is widely adopted to simulate the concrete crack but rarely adopted to simulate the lining-rock interface. In this study, the zero-thickness cohesive element with hydro-mechanical coupling property is not only employed to simulate the traditional concrete crack, but also innovatively introduced to simulate the lining-rock interface. Combined with the indirect-coupled method, the hydro-mechanical coupling algorithm of the reinforced concrete lining in hydraulic pressure tunnels is proposed and implemented in the finite element code ABAQUS. The calculated results reveal the cracking mechanism of the reinforced concrete lining, and match well with the observed engineering phenomenon.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2002년도 봄 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.149-156
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• 2002

Field measurements were carried out in this study to investigate the behavior of cut and cover tunnel such as the distribution and the magnitude of the earth pressure during back fill process of the ground material. Three kinds of measuring instruments, such as the earth pressure load cell, the concrete strain gauge and the reinforcing bar meter of embedded type in concrete structure were installed and measured. Earth pressure load cells, installed after construction of the tunnel lining, measure the outside forces acting on the tunnel lining with radial directions. Three load cells were installed at the crown, the right and the left shoulder of the tunnel, respectively. Three sets of reinforcing bar meter were installed in the double reinforcements of the tunnel lining and their locations were the same with the position of the earth pressure load cells. Concrete strain gauge was installed only one site of the upper compressive part at the tunnel crown. Based on the measuring results in the field, the deformation and the earth pressure acting on the tunnel lining were investigated with the back fill process of the ground material. Considerations on the validity of the measuring results were paid. For the analysis of measurements, after dividing back fill process into three steps, various factors which affect on the behavior of tunnel lining were investigated at each step.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.41-51
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• 2022

Tunneling in rocks having the time-dependent behavior, causes some difficulties like tunnel convergence and, as a result, pressure on concrete lining; and so instability on this structure. In this paper the time-dependent behaviour of squeezing phenomenon in a large cross section tunnel was investigated as a case study: Alborz tunnel. Then, time-dependent behaviour of Alborz tunnel was evaluated using FLAC2D based on the finite difference numerical method. A Burger-creep viscoelastic model was used in numerical analysis. Using numerical analysis, the long-time effect of squeezing on lining stability was simulated.This study is done for primary lining (for 2 years) and permanent lining (for 100 years), under squeezing situations. The response of lining is discussed base on Thrust Force-Bending Moment and Thrust Force-Shear Force diagrams analysing. The results determined the importance of consideration of time-dependent behaviour of tunnel that structural forces in concrete lining will grow in consider with time pass and after 70 years can cause instability in creepy rock masses section of tunnel. To show the importance of time-dependent behavior consideration of rocks, elastic and Mohr-Coulomb models are evaluated at the end.

• 터널과지하공간
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.75-83
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• 1997

The interest of diagnosis and maintenance of construction is increasing due to the collapse of infastructures. To obtain the complete, reliable and reproducible data ont he state of the entire structure, various non-destructive techniques are available, Especially, specific constructional characteristics of tunnels make the application of non-destructive tests more difficult. Despite of the complications of these conditions, non-destructive techniques should be capable of providing a description of the state of the tunnel lining, without the removal of the tunnel installations. In this paper, the infrared thermography technique using the difference of surface temperature was studied. The optimum equipment was selected and introduced, the principle, testing method and data anlaysis were investigated. Also, through the case study for inspection of concrete tunnel lining, this technique has proven to be a valuable non-destructive test for detecting the defects such as crack, leakage of water and exfoliation of concrete. The applicability and usefulness of this technique for estimation of concrete tunnel lining have been conformed.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2010년도 춘계 학술발표회
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• pp.1388-1391
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• 2010

Recently, the construction of road, subway, railroad, and microtunnel for electricity supplement have been increased because of increasement of traffic in urban area, increasement of industrial transportation, and the network between cities in Korea. The deterioration of tunnel structure may occur by various internal and external factors and particularly, tunnel structures tend to contact with either underground water or harmful ions. Therefore, leakage sometimes occurred through the cracks and joints of concrete lining. The leakage in tunnel may affect the durability of concrete lining. In this study, to evaluate the durability and deterioration of concrete lining in tunnel structures, we were performed the various experiments for compressive strength. Compressive strength obtained from nondestructive inspection and compressive strength test varies according to the concrete lining conditions.

• 제어로봇시스템학회논문지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.66-72
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• 2004

To assess tunnel safety, cracks in tunnel lining are measured by inspectors, who observe cracks with their naked eyes and record them. But manual inspection is slow, and measured crack data is subjective. Therefore, this study proposes inspection system fur measuring cracks in tunnel lining and providing objective crack data to be used in safety assessment. The system consists of On-vehicle system and Laboratory system. On-Vehicle system acquires image data with line CCD camera on scanning along the tunnel lining. Laboratory system extracts crack information from the acquired image using image processing. Measured crack information is crack thickness, length and orientation. To improve accuracy of crack recognition, the geometric properties and patterns of cracks in concrete structure were applied to image processing. The proposed system was verified with experiments in both laboratory environment and field environment such as subway tunnel.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2001년도 봄 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.89-96
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• 2001

A concrete lining of NATM tunnel is the final product of a process that involves planning and evaluation of user needs, geotechnical investigations, analysis of ground-lining interaction, construction, and observations and modifications during construction. The designer must consider the lining in context of the many function, construction, and geotechnical requirements. Also, the loss of supporting capacity of shotcrete lining due to poor rock qualities and shotcrete erosion must be considered. The values, shapes, and estimating methods of rock load and water pressure are very different with every designers. Estimating methods of rock loads used in the design of NATM tunnel concrete lining are investigated. Numerical analyses are done in various conditions. And the rock loads estimated from radial stress and plastic zone are compared respectively.