• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2003년도 봄 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.717-724
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• 2003

Although sand compaction pile is applied considerably for increase of hearing capacity in domestic, it is getting more necessary to develope the alternative materials because of exhaustion and increase of unit cost of sand. In this study, stress concentration ratio between crushed-stone pile and soft ground was measured and, a displacement ratio 30, 40 and 50%, variation of stress concentration ratio was analyzed. As an increase displacement ratio, the stress concentration effect of crushed-stone compaction pile doesn't increase proportionally and effect of ground improvement in case of ground was good at displacement ratio 30% or 40%. The stress concentration ratio of crushed-stone compaction pile in group piles is 1.5 times that of crushed-stone compaction pile in single pile.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2005년도 춘계 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.966-973
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• 2005

The stress concentration ratio in accordance with area replacement ratios were considered as core elements of design. However, the stress concentration ratio will be vary depends on progress of consolidation in clay ground. And, since it is not sure to know the affecting factors accurately, the value is decided based on field experiences. To use SCP method more effective and correspond to soil improvement, the decision on proper area replacement ratio through the exact stress concentration ratio is very important. Accordingly, a numerical analysis on influence of various factors that needed to make rational designing guide for decision of proper area replacement ratio to stress concentration ratio was executed in this study.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제32권9호
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• pp.37-50
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• 2016

쇄석다짐말뚝(GCP)은 연약지반의 지지력 증가와 침하량의 감소를 실현할 수 있어 연약지반 개량에 활발하게 사용되고 있다. GCP 설계에 필요한 응력분담비는 치환율, 상재하중, 깊이 등에 따라 달라진다. 많은 연구자들이 현장실험, 실내실험, 수치해석 연구를 통해 쇄석으로 이루어진 GCP에 대해 치환율에 따른 응력분담비를 제시하였으나, 쇄석과 모래의 배합비에 따른 응력분담비에 관한 연구는 전무한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 선행연구 분석과 수치해석을 통해 배합비와 치환율에 따른 응력분담비를 명확히 규명하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 유한요소해석 프로그램인 ABAQUS 6.12-4를 사용하여 GCP가 시공된 복합지반을 모델링하여 배합비와 치환율에 따라 복합지반의 과잉간극수압과 응력분담비를 분석하였다. 선행연구 분석결과, GCP 복합지반의 응력분담비에 관한 연구에서 일반적으로 현장에서 정재하시험, 실내시험, 수치해석을 통해 얻은 응력분담비는 각각 1.7~3, 2~7.5, 2~6.5 범위로 나타났으며, 쇄석과 모래의 배합비에 관한 연구에서는 일반적으로 클로깅현상을 저감시키기 위해 실내실험 한 결과로 쇄석과 모래의 최적배합비가 70:30으로 나타났다. 수치해석결과, 일반적인 GCP 복합지반의 치환율이 증가함에 따라 응력분담비가 치환율 30%까지는 증가하다가 40%에서는 다시 감소하는 경향이 나타났으며, 쇄석과 모래의 배합비에 따른 응력분담비는 일반적으로 모래의 함유량이 증가함에 따라 쇄석과 모래의 배합비가 70:30까지는 증가하다가 60:40 이후에 다시 감소하는 경향이 나타났다.

• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.5-15
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• 2011

본 연구에서는 조립질 말뚝으로 개량된 점토지반의 응력변화 및 응력분담비의 변화를 파악하기 위하여 말뚝의 종류(GCP, SCP)와 하중재하조건, 치환율을 변화시키면서 원심모형실험을 수행하였다. 강성재하실험 결과, 동일 치환율에서 점토지반에서의 연직응력은 유사한 반면, 말뚝상부에서의 연직응력은 GCP로 보강한 경우가 SCP보다 크게 나타났다. 또한, GCP 및 SCP의 치환율이 증가할수록 평균 응력분담비가 거의 비례적으로 증가하였고, GCP로 개량된 경우 평균 응력분담비가 SCP로 개량된 지반에 비해 크게 평가되었다. 또한 연성재하 실험결과 쇄석다짐말뚝 및 모래다짐말뚝의 치환율이 40%인 경우가 가장 큰 응력분담비를 나타내었으며, GCP로 개량된 경우의 평균 응력분담비가 SCP를 설치한 경우보다 약간 크게 나타났다.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.255-261
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• 1991

The effect of concentration of yeast extract and NH4Cl in the mediun of alcohol fermentation of S. cerevisiae ATCC 24858 on the fermentation characteristics, specific growth rate, sugar conversion, alcohol productivity was experimentally investigated. Regardless of initial sugar concentrations, the values of the above three characteristics increased with augument of concentration of yeast extract. However, the increasing tendency ceased above a certain concentration. The concentration of NH4Cl had little effect on the change of the three characteristics. The functional relationships between the concentration of yeast extract and the characteristics were different according to the initial sugar concentrations, but those between the ratio of yeast extract concentration to initial sugar concentration and the characteristics could be expressed as same forms respectively regardless of initial sugar concentrations. Also the values of the three characteristics approached to the maximum values around 0.085 of the ratio, but did not increase any more above 0.1 of the ratio. We have come to conclusion that the optimum ratio of the yeast extract concentration to the initial sugar concentration was about 0.085 and the ratio should not be decided as greater than 0.1 in the medium of alcohol fermentation of S. cerevisiae ATCC 24858.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.33-39
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• 1975

Changes of urinary aldosterone excretion, concurrent sodium and potassium excretion following furosemide administration were studied in normotensive young Korean with high sodium intake, moderate sodium restriction and marked sodium depletion. After intravenous injection of furosemd 40mg, plasma and urine samples were collected at every thirty minutes for two hours. Plasma-and urinary aldosterone, electrolyte concentration and urine flow rate were measured by means of radioimmunoassay or flamephotometry. Relations of urinary aldosterone to concurrent sodium or potassium/sodium ratio, and of urinary aldosterone to concurrent plasma aldosterone activity were studied. Following were the results: 1. Furosemide administration resulted in a increased urinary aldosterone concentration and unchanged or somewhat decreased sodium concentration in course of time after the injection. 2. Urinary potassium concentration showed initial decrease and subsequent increase in course of time after furosemide administration and it resulted in a gradual increase in urinary potassium/sodium ratio. 3. Studying the relations between urinary aldosterone excretion and potassium/sodium excretion ratio, or sodium excretion were meaningless because of the urinary flow rate after the injection was decreased with time course. 4. Furosemide administration showed a good relationship of urinary aldosterone concentration to concurrent potassium/sodium ratio rather than concurrent sodium concentration in subjects with sodium restriction, but no meaningful relationship was detected in subjects with high sodium intake because increasing rate of the ratio was not so wide. 5. Furosemide also resulted a reasonable relation of plasma aldosterone concentration to concurrent urinary aldosterone concentration especially during low sodium intake. 6. Above results suggested that relation of urinary aldosterone concentration to K/Na ratio following furosemide administration during sodium restriction is significant and has a benefit to reduce the variation induced by kalemic change showing in the diragram for daily aldosterone to sodium excretion.

• 한국해안해양공학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.18-26
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• 2004

SCP공법(Sand Compaction Pile Method)은 안벽구조물 하부 지반이 연약할 경우에 압밀침하 속도를 증가시키고, 침하를 감소시키며, 지지력을 증대시키기 위하여 널리 적용되어 왔다. SCP 개량지반은 연약지반에 타설된 모래말뚝과 주변 연약지반으로 구성된 복합지반을 형성한다. 이와 같은 복합지반의 설계 및 해석 시 가장 중요한 요소는 치환율에 따른 응력분담비이다. 본 연구에서는 수치해석기법을 사용하여 복합지반에 대한 응력분담비 특성을 검토하였다. 치환율에 따른 응력분담비는 상수 값이 아니라 연약지반의 깊이, 압밀과정에 의존한다. 또한 하중재하 단계에 응력분담비는 복합지반의 응력전이 특성에 의하여 증가하며, 재하 완료 직후에는 치환율에 따라 2.5∼12의 값을 가진다. 그러나 과잉간극수압이 소산되어 점토지반의 유효응력이 증가되는 압밀과정 동안에는 감소하여 압밀 완료 후에는 치환율에 관계없이 2.5∼6정도 범위로 수렴한다.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to investigate the nitrification characteristics of biological aerated filter (BAF) packed with ceramic media, especially focusing on nitrite build-up during nitrification. When increasing the nitrogen load above $1.63kgNH_4{^+}-N/m^3{\cdot}d$, ammonium removal efficiency decreased to less than 60% and the nitrite ratio ($NO_2{^-}-N/NO_x-N$) of higher than 75% was achieved due to the inhibitory free ammonia (FA, $NH_3-N$) concentration and oxygen limitation. FA inhibition, however, is not recommended strategy to promote nitrite build-up since FA concentration in the reactor is coupled with decreased ammonium removal efficiency. Nitrite ratio in the effluent was also affected by aeration rate and influent ammonium concentration. Ammonium oxidation was enhanced at a higher aeration rate regardless of influent ammonium concentration but, the nitrite ratio was dependent on both aeration rate and influent ammonium concentration. While a higher nitrite ratio was obtained when BAFs were fed with $50mgNH_4{^+}-N/L$ of influent, the nitrite ratio significantly decreased for a greater influent concentration of $200-300mgNH_4{^+}-N/L$. Taken together, aeration rate, influent ammonium concentration and FA concentrations kept in the BAF were found to be critical variables for nitrite accumulation in the BAF system.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.266-274
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• 2020

Background: From only frequency rate of industrial accidents, it is difficult to define the industry composition of accident statistics in a nation. This study aims to propose and develop a new index for measuring the degree of concentration of industrial accidents using the concept of the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index in the case of European countries. Methods: Using the concept of the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index, the concentration index of accidents in the country is developed, and the conditions of European countries are compared using indexes of frequency rate and concentration ratio. Results: The frequency rate and concentration ratio of fatal and nonfatal accidents in European countries are compared. According to the economic condition and geographical position, different patterns of accidents concentration are presented in terms of frequency rate and concentration ratio. Conclusion: We develop the concentration index of industrial and occupational accidents that identifies the industrial ratio of accident occurrence, and the differentiated strategy can be formulated such as approaches to reducing frequency and prioritizing target industries.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.825-831
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• 2012

The retrofitting of a thickening unit process is widely considered in municipal wastewater treatment plants in Korea to enhance the anaerobic digestion efficiency. The authors examined the effect of feed concentration (2-34.1 g VS/L) and feed to microorganism (F/M) ratio (0.50-1.35 g VS/g VS) on anaerobic batch digestion of sewage sludge. Methane yield over 90 mL $CH_4/g$ $VS_{feed}$ was found at a feed concentration in the range of 12-26 g VS/L and a F/M ratio below 0.6 g VS/g VS. A high F/M ratio decreased methane yield and rate with oragnic acid accumulation. As sudden increase of sewage sludge concentration prior to anaerobic digestion would jeopardize the digester performance due to the rasied F/M ratio, gradual increase of the sludge feed concentration or an additional biomass retention in the digester is recommended.