• Computers and Concrete
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.247-262
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• 2014

Partial replacement of Portland cement by slag can reduce the energy consumption and $CO_2$ emission therefore is beneficial to circular economy and sustainable development. Compressive strength is the most important engineering property of concrete. This paper presents a numerical procedure to predict the development of compressive strength of slag blended concrete. This numerical procedure starts with a kinetic hydration model for cement-slag blends by considering the production of calcium hydroxide in cement hydration and its consumption in slag reactions. Reaction degrees of cement slag are obtained as accompanied results from the hydration model. Gel-space ratio of hardening slag blended concrete is determined using reaction degrees of cement and slag, mixing proportions of concrete, and volume stoichiometries of cement hydration and slag reaction. Furthermore, the development of compressive strength is evaluated through Powers' gel-space ratio theory considering the contributions of cement hydration and slag reaction. The proposed model is verified through experimental data on concrete with different water-to-binder ratios and slag substitution ratios.

• 대한건축학회논문집:구조계
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• 제34권7호
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• pp.19-26
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• 2018

This study tested 25 lightweight aggregate concrete (LWAC) mixtures using the expanded bottom ash and dredged soil granules to examine the compressive strength gain of such concrete with different ages. The test parameters investigated were water-to-cement ratios and the natural sand content for the replacement of lightweight fine aggregate. The compressive strength gain rate in the basic equation specified in fib model code was experimentally determined in each mixture and then empirically formulated as a function of the water-to-cement ratio and oven-dried density of concrete. When compared with 28-day compressive strength, the tested LWAC mixtures exhibited relatively low gain ratios (0.49~0.82) at an age of 3 days whereas the gain ratios (1.16~1.41) at 91 days were higher than that (1.05~1.15) of the conventional normal-weight concrete. Thus, the fib model equations tend to overestimate the early strength gain of LWAC but underestimate the long-term strength gain. The proposed equations are in good agreement with the measured compressive strength development of LWAC at different ages, indicating that the mean and standard deviation of the normalized root mean square errors determined in each mixture are 0.101 and 0.053, respectively.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.82-89
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• 2014

이 연구의 목적은 다양한 혼화재의 치환과 양생온도를 고려한 콘크리트의 압축강도 발현을 평가할 수 있는 단순모델의 제시이다. 이를 위해 ACI 209의 포물선 식을 성숙도 함수를 기반으로 하여 수정하였으며, 압축강도 발현 상수 A, B 그리고 재령 28일 압축강도는 264개의 기존 실험결과들의 회귀분석으로부터 결정하였다. 제시된 모델의 검증을 위하여 혼화재 치환과 양생온도를 변수로 3그룹의 실험을 수행하였다. 콘크리트의 28일 압축강도는 양생온도가 표준양생온도(20도시)보다 높을수록 또는 낮을수록 감소하였다. 초기 재령3일동안 표준온도에서 양생을 한 콘크리트의 압축강도 발현은 그 이후 양생온도 변화에 영향을 거의 받지 않았다. 제안된 모델의 예측값과 실험값의 비의 평균과 표준편차는 각각 1.00와 0.08로서 실험결과와 잘 일치하였다.

• 한국건축시공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건축시공학회 2020년도 가을 학술논문 발표대회
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• pp.90-91
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• 2020

Utilization of upgraded fine fly ash in cement-based materials has been proved by many researchers as an effective method to improve compressive strength of cement based materials at early ages. The addition of fine fly ash has introduced dilution effect, enhanced pozzolanic reaction effect, nucleation effect and physical filling effect into cement-fly ash system. In this study, an integrated reaction model is adpoted to quantify the contributions from cement hydration and pozzolanic reaction to compressive strength. A modified model related to the physical filling effect is utilized to calculate the compressive strength increment considering the gradual dissolution of fly ash particles. Via combination of these two parts, a numerical model has been proposed to predict the compressive strength development of fine fly ash mortar considering fly ash fineness. The reliability of the model is validated through good agreement with the experimental results from previous articles.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제68권6호
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• pp.691-700
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• 2018

Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) is a by product obtained from iron and steel industries, useful in the design and development of high quality cement paste/mortar and concrete. This paper investigates the applicability of relevance vector machine (RVM) based regression model to predict the compressive strength of various GGBS based concrete mixes. Compressive strength data for various GGBS based concrete mixes has been obtained by considering the effect of water binder ratio and steel fibres. RVM is a machine learning technique which employs Bayesian inference to obtain parsimonious solutions for regression and classification. The RVM is an extension of support vector machine which couples probabilistic classification and regression. RVM is established based on a Bayesian formulation of a linear model with an appropriate prior that results in a sparse representation. Compressive strength model has been developed by using MATLAB software for training and prediction. About 70% of the data has been used for development of RVM model and 30% of the data is used for validation. The predicted compressive strength for GGBS based concrete mixes is found to be in very good agreement with those of the corresponding experimental observations.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제59권6호
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• pp.19-27
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• 2017

This study investigated to predict the compressive strength of unsaturated polyester resin based polymer concrete using the maturity method. The test results show that the development of the compressive strength increased exponentially until an age of 24 hours. After 24 hours, the development of the compressive strength just increased gradually. This test result shows that the strength of unsaturated polyester resin based polymer concrete was developed mainly at the early age. Estimated datum temperature of unsaturated polyester resin based polymer concrete was $-20.67^{\circ}C$ which was much lower than of datum temperature ($-10^{\circ}C$) of Portland cement concrete. Also, this study result shows that the existing maturity index associated with Portland cement concrete was not applicable for polymer concrete because curing time of Portland cement concrete is different clearly with curing time of polymer concrete. The cause of different curing time was that there were different curing mechanisms between Portland cement concrete and polymer concrete. In order to best apply the experimental data to a model, CurveExpert Professional, the commercial software, was used to determine the predictive model regarding the compressive strength of unsaturated polyester resin based polymer concrete. As a result, Gompertz Relation or Weibull Model was an appropriate model as a predictive model. The proposed model can be used to predict the compressive strength, especially, it is more useful when the maturity is in the range between $40^{\circ}C{\cdot}h^{0.4}$ and $900^{\circ}C{\cdot}h^{0.4}$.

• 한국건축시공학회지
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.145-151
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• 2007

In this paper, tests are carried out in order to investigate the strength development of concrete under various binder types, W/B and curing temperature ranged from $5{\sim}20^{\circ}C$. Fly ash and blast furnace slag were incorporated by as much as 30%, respectively. Strength development of concrete are estimated using Logistic model and strength ratio of concrete at 28days to that at early age are also investigated. According to experimental results, it is found that good agreements are obtained between measured values and calculated ones using logistic model below $20^{\circ}C$. Strength ratio of concrete at 28days to that at early age increases in case W/B decreases and curing temperature increases. Tables and graphs for strength ratio of concrete are provided in this paper. It is capable of obtaining and predicting the periods to attain design strength by considering increment factor of strength easily with the table and graphs presented in this paper. This paper presents the reference data to decide removal time of form, time to reach target strength and strength inspection of remicon whether the test specimens meet the specified criteria of compressive strength. Multi regression models with respect to the relationship between 7days compressive strength and 28 days compressive strength depending on W/B and admixture types are presented.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2001년도 봄 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.947-952
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• 2001

The prediction model is proposed to estimate the variation of compressive strength of fly ash concrete with aging. After analyzing the experimental result with the model, the regression results are presented according to fly ash replacement content and water/cement ratio. Based on the regression results, the influence of fly ash replacement content and water/cement ratio on apparent activation energy was investigated. According to the analysis, the model provides a good estimate of compressive strength development of fly ash concrete with aging. As the fly ash replacement content increases, the limiting relative compressive strength and initial apparent activation energy become greater. The concrete with water/cement ratio smaller than 0.40 shows that the limiting relative compressive strength and apparent activation energy are nearly constant according to water/cement ratio. But, the concrete with water/cement ratio greater than 0.40 has the increasing limiting relative compressive strength and apparent activation energy with increasing water/cement ratio.

• 한국건축시공학회지
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.99-105
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• 2006

In this paper, the estimation of compressive strength of concrete incorporating fly ash subjected to high temperature is discussed. Ordinary Portland cement and fly ash cement(30% of fly ash) were used, respectively. Water to binder ration ranging from 30% to 60% and curing temperature ranging from $20^{\circ}C{\sim}65^{\circ}C$ were also adopted for the experimental parameters. According to results, at the high temperature, FAC had higher strength development at early age than OPC concrete and it kept its high strength development at later age due to accelerated pozzolanic reaction subjected to high temperature. For strength estimation, Logistic model based on maturity equation and Carino model based on equivalent age were applied to verify the availability of estimation model. It shows that fair agreements between calculated values and measured values were obtained evaluating compressive strength with logistic curve. The application of logistic model at high temperature had remarkable deviations in the same maturity. Whereas, the application of Carino model showed good agreements between calculated values and measured ones regardless of type of cement and W/B. However, some correction factors should be considered to enhance the accuracy of strength estimation of concrete.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.347-355
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• 2007

In this paper, estimation of the compressive strength of the concrete incorporating blast furnace slag subjected to high temperature was discussed. Ordinary Portland cement and blast furnace slag cement (BSC;30% of blast furnace slag) were used, respectively. Water to binder ratio ranging from 30% to 60% and curing temperature ranging from $20^{\circ}C{\sim}65^{\circ}C$ were also chosen for the experimental parameters, respectively. At the high temperature, BSC had higher strength development at early age than OPC concrete and it kept its high strength development at later age due to accelerated latent hydration reaction subjected to high temperature. For the strength estimation, the Logistic model based on maturity equation and the Carino model based on equivalent age were applied to verify the availability of estimation model. It was found that fair agreements between calculated values and measured values were obtained evaluating compressive strength with logistic curve. The application of logistic model at high temperature had remarkable deviations in the same maturity. Whereas, the application of Carino model showed good agreements between calculated values and measured ones regardless of type of cement and W/B. However, some correction factors should be considered to enhance the accuracy of strength estimation of concrete.