• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.60 no.6
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• pp.663-672
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• 2006

Background: $PM_{10}$(Particulate matter with a diameter ($<10{\mu}m$), which is characterized by different environmental conditions, is a complex mixture of organic and inorganic compounds. The Asian dust event caused by meteorological phenomena can also produce unique particulate matter in affected areas. This study investigated the cytokine produced by A549 epithelial cells exposed to particles collected during both the Asian dust pfenomenon and ambient air particles in a non-dusty period. Method: Air samples were collected using a high volume air sampler(Sibata Model HV500F) with an air flow at $500{\ell}/min$ for at least 6 hours. The cytokine messenger RNA(mRNA) was measured using a reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR). The A549 cells were exposed to 10 to $500{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ of a suspension containing $PM_{10}$ for 24 hours. Each was compared with those in the non-exposed control cells. Result: The mRNA levels of interleukin(IL)-$1{\alpha}$, $IL-I{\beta}$, IL-8, and the granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor(GM-CSF) increased after veing exposed to $PM_{10}$ in the ambient air particles, compared with those in the non-exposed control cells. The increase in $IL-1{\alpha}$ and IL-8 were dose dependent at a $PM_{10}$ concentration between $100{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ and $500{\mu}g/m{\ell}$. The mRNA level of IL-8 in the A549 epithelial cells was higher during the in the Asian dust period($500{\mu}g/m{\ell}$) than during the non dust period. Conclusion: A549 cells exposed to the $PM_{10}$ collected during the Asian dust period produce more proinflammatory cytokine than during non-dusty period. This cytokine enhances the local inflammatory response in the airways and can also contribute to the systemic component of this inflammatory process.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.19-37
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• 1996

This paper aims at examining the regional difference of changes in the business organization of retailing in the Seoul metropolitan areas, as an attempt to understand regional structure of retailing within metropolitan areas showing the trend of suburbanization. On the national level, retail sales have concentrated on the large metropolitan areas, especially on the Seoul metropolitan area, with the concentration of population and income. Within metropolitan areas, the suburbanization of retailing has made the larger structure of retail and multi-store retail appeared. In order to confirm such phenomenon, this paper is to analyze and to compare the industrial composition of retailing using industry data of 1979 and 1991. And this paper is to analyze the regional changes in the characteristics of business organization of retailing, with the index including the percentages of establishments with less than under four employees, juridical establishments, employees of ordinary times, and the annual sales per establishment of detailing. The characteristics of business organization of retailing in analyzed by principal components analysis, and the types with component in each district (city, county, ward) is analyzed by cluster analysis(Ward method). The data of 1979 were obtained from the statistics in the Census of Wholesale and Retail Trade published by the National Bureau of Statistics of Economic Planning Board, and that of 1991 were obtained from the statistics in the Report on Establishment Census (Vol.3 Wholesale and Retail Trade) published by the National Statistics Office. The following are resultant findings. 1. In Seoul metropolitan area, changes in the industrial composition of retailing with annual sales from, 1979 to 1991 show very higher composition rates of 'general merchandise stores' and 'retailing of personal transport equipment and gasoline service stations', but comparatively lower composition rates of 'retailing of food, beverages and tobacco', 'retailing of textiles, clothing, footwear and apparel accessaries', 'general retail trade, n.e.c.',and 'retailing of household fuel'. 2. The characteristics of business organization of retailing in Seoul metropolitan area presents the prevailence of small, personal business organization and especially larger employees of ordinary times. 3. Business components of retailing by principal components analysis in Seoul metropolitan area are follows: 1 All retaining industries are larger business scale. 2. Larger business take the 'retailing of taxtiles, clothing, footwear and apparel accessories', 'retailing of furniture, home furnishing and equipment', and 'retailing of jewellery and watches' is main characteristic legal organization and employees of ordinary times. 4. Types changes in business organization of retailing in Seoul metropolitan area represent legal organization and employees of ordinary times taking the 'retailing of textiles, clothing, footwear and apparel accessories', 'retailing of furniture, home furnishing and equipment',and 'retailing of jewellery and equipment', and 'retailing of jewellery and watches', and legal organization taking 'general retail trade, n.e.c.' in 1979. All retailing industries are changed into larger business scale, in 1991. These phenomena of business changes appeared southeastern regions in Kyunggi-do(province). And larger business scale taking the 'retailing of textiles, clothing, footwear and apparel accessories', 'retailing of jewellery and watches', and 'general retail trade, n.e.c.; are appeared in the legal organization in 1979. 'Retailing of personal transport equipment and gasoline service stations' are appeared in employees of ordinary times in 1991. These phenomena of business changes in appeared in eastern and northern regions in Kyunggi-do. 5. Changes in the business organization of retailing in Seoul metropolitan area is appeared in legal organization and employees of ordinary times for some industries in 1979, larger business scale of retailing and employees of ordinary times in 'retailing of personal transport equipment and gasoline service stations' are the characteristics in 1991.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.21-27
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• 2015

The Phoenix-shaped Glass Ewer, which is No. 193 National Treasure, was seriously damaged by a unique form of green glass pieces when excavated among a number of burial accessories of Hwangnamdaechong known to have been formed in the 5th century. While it has long been exhibited at the National Museum of Korea since its treatment for conservation treatment at conservation science laboratory in 1984, the existing adhesive materials seriously deteriorated for the 30 years, and the condition was quite unstable. The epoxy resin used as a restorative materials turned yellowing due to the light and heat so much that it was no longer able to exhibit it in a stable and effective manner. As a result, a re-treatment for conservation was conducted lately. This study focuses on the three pieces of Gold wires used to carefully wrap up the handle of the Phoenix-shaped Glass Ewer broken into three pieces, which has not been studied so far. As for the analysis method for Gold wires, SEM-EDS and Stereo Microscope were used for nondestructive analysis. First of all, the result of the SEM-EDS analysis shows that the composition was Au 91.9 wt.%-Au 92.8 w.t% and Ag 5.9 wt.%-Ag 6.5 wt.%, which indicates that it was an alloy made of Au and Ag. The production technique of Gold wires was also observed by means of optical microscopes. In general, Gold wires were manufactured by a drawing process in which a lump of gold was beaten or pulled out of a hole or by a process of twisting a gold plate. However, Gold wires separated from the handle of the Phoenix-shaped Glass Ewer did not involve any trace of twisting on the surface. Rather, fine vertical stripes were observed with the sections filled up. Hence, it is thought that this Ewer went through a drawing process and then was mended. As a result, no certain relation with the golden mending material used for the Phoenix-shaped Glass Ewer was verified. The findings above indicate that most of the existing researches on Gold wires recognized them, not as separate remains, but merely as a component of other golden remains. Thus, there has been little systematic study on the manufacturing techniques of Gold wires. The future study on Gold wires may verify the correlation between the Gold wires used to fix the handle of the Phoenix-shaped Glass Ewer, which is examined in this study, with that of golden remains in the Silla era.

• Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.373-404
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• 2011

The purpose of research is to reveal the effect of innovation to enterprises' economic performance. The kind of this study has begun since 1960s and lively progressed then. The fmal theoretical result of the effect of innovation to the performance came positive in compare to the mixed results came out in empirical analysis. There are several reason why empirical results are different to the theoretical results. However the major factor is that of using imperfect statistics and inappropriateness of analysis method. This study used a population (1990~2008) provided from Korean Intellectual Property Office, KIPO for patent and also used a population (1990~2008) provided from Korea Investors Service, KIS for research and development. The contribution of this study is enormous statistical analysis. This study used principal component analysis made innovativeness index for appropriate index sampling, and made effort to minimize the error by using appropriate quantile regression for both to panel analysis and rapidly developed company analysis. Dividing the final results into two parts, the growth and the profit, the effect of technological innovation to the firm's growth is not significant to the panel analysis but heavily significant to the upper 10% of high growth firm. By classifying large company and small and medium enterprise, it is significant to upper 10% of high growth firm for large company and generally significant to small and medium enterprise. But for both lower 10% of low growth firms and 25% of low ranking firms are negatively effected, and for high growth firms larger than the medians are positively effected. Especially for upper 10% of high growth firms are mostly effected. It is more effective to the profitability than the growth. The effect to the profit for every enterprises are not significant, but effected significant to the larger enterprises than 25% of low ranking enterprises especially most effective to the upper 10% of high-profit enterprises. The analysis for the large company, it was significant and positively effected to the upper 10% of high profit enterprises and 25% of low ranking enterprises, but the negatively effected for the low-profit enterprises. For the small and medium enterprises, it is negatively effected for both 10% of low ranking enterprises and 25% of low ranking enterprises. However it is positively effective and significant for the high ranking enterprises than median, especially for those high growth firms. It is meaningful to recognize significancy by quantile, but more implicative result is to finding more effectiveness to the small and medium enterprises than to the large company.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.160-165
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• 1979

This study was carried out to investigate effects of iron content on the quality of soy sauce, bean paste and red pepper paste, and to elucidate the origin of iron and change of the contents during production processes. For the first step, the iron contents in commercial soy sauce and changes of the contents during brewing process were determined. The results obtained were as follows. 1, Iron contents of raw materials were 108 ppm in soy bean, 133ppm in defatted soy bean, 79 ppm in wheat, 5 ppm in sodium chloride, 58 ppm in seed koji, 300-2000 ppm in spore of Aspergillus oryzae, 240 ppm in wheat gluten, 20 ppm in sodium carbonate (above figures were of dry weight basis), 6 ppm in hydrochloric acid, 18 ppm in caramel and 0.3ppm in brewing water respectively. 2, Iron contents in koji were 200-240 ppm (as dry weight basis) and increased, more or less, in progress of koji-making period. 3. Iron contents in the mashes during fermentation were 40 rpm after 1 month, 43-47 ppm after 3 months and 49-62ppm after 6 months. 4. In chemical soy sauce, the iron content was 159 ppm after hydrolysis of wheat gluten with hydrochloric acid, and 184 ppm after neutralization. 5. Higher iron contents were detected both in fermented and chemical soy sauce when the concentration of total nitrogen increased, but the levels were higher in chemical soy sauce than in fermented one at the same concentration of total nitrogen. 6. In the case of fermented soy sauce, the iron content in the filtrate was decreased by press-filtration, but no significant change was found between before and after heat-sterilization. 7. Iron contents in commercial soy sauce were varied with the producers, however, the average value was 62.7 ppm as calculated as 1.0 percent of total nitrogen. And the average level of iron in home-made soy sauce produced by conventional method was 37.68 ppm.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.27
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• pp.129-159
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• 2011

Physical security has always been an extremely important facet within the security arena. A comprehensive security plan consists of three components of physical security, personal security and information security. These elements are interrelated and may exist in varying degrees defending on the type of enterprise or facility being protected. The physical security component of a comprehensive security program is usually composed of policies and procedures, personal, barriers, equipment and records. Human beings kept restless struggle to preserve their and tribal lives. However, humans in prehistoric ages did not learn how to build strong house and how to fortify their residence, so they relied on their protection to the nature and use caves as protection and refuge in cold days. Through the history of man, human has been establishing various protection methods to protect himself and his tribe's life and assets. Physical security methods are set in the base of these security methods. Those caves that primitive men resided was rounded with rock wall except entrance, so safety was guaranteed especially by protection for tribes in all directions. The Great Wall of China that is considered as the longest building in the history was built over one hundred years from about B.C. 400 to prevent the invasion of northern tribes, but this wall enhanced its protection function to small invasions only, and Mongolian army captured the most part of China across this wall by about 1200 A.D. European lords in the Middle Ages built a moat by digging around of castle or reinforced around of the castle by making bascule bridge, and provided these protections to the resident and received agricultural products cultivated. Edwin Holmes of USA in 20 centuries started to provide innovative electric alarm service to the development of the security industry in USA. This is the first of today's electrical security system, and with developments, the security system that combined various electrical security system to the relevant facilities takes charging most parts of today's security market. Like above, humankind established various protection methods to keep life in the beginning and its development continues. Today, modern people installed CCTV to the most facilities all over the country to cope with various social pathological phenomenon and to protect life and assets, so daily life of people are protected and observed. Most of these physical security systems are installed to guarantee our safety but we pay all expenses for these also. Therefore, establishing effective physical security system is very important and urgent problem. On this study, it is suggested methods of establishing effective physical security system by using system integration on the principle of security design about effective security system's effective establishing method of physical security system that is increasing rapidly by needs of modern society.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.26 no.2 s.42
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• pp.222-230
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• 1993

Industrial glues, known as 'Bonds' in Korea, contain many kinds of organic solvents, and glue sniffing of youths became one of the social problems in Korea. Mixed exposures to solvents by glue sniffing may induce chronic toxicities different from those by exposures to solvents of single component. To test effects of the glue sniffing on weight gain or central nervous system, two groups of 20 male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to air(control group) or vapors of the glues to narcotic status(exposed group), and weight check, tail flick test, hot plate test, rotarod treadmill test were done on the 14th,24th, 36th, 45th, 53rd, 86th, 102nd, 117th, 134th and 151st days after the first exposure. On the 188th day, their brains were excised and examined by a pathologist. Weight gain, controlled against time change, showed significant difference between the groups, but response times in tail flick test, hot plate tests, and rotarod treadmill test didn't. In pathological examination with blind method, no macroscopic or microscopic differences were found between the two groups. These results suggests that organic lesion in central nervous system may not ensue glue sniffing, but, before firm conclusion, more studies in various exposure conditions should be followed.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.152-159
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to determine the accurate quantification of vitamin A in infant formula by comparing two different standard stock solutions as well as various sample weights using high performance liquid chromatography. The sources of uncertainty in measurement, such as sample weight, final smaple vloume, and the instrumental results, were identified and used as parameters to determine the combined standard uncertainty based on GUM(guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement) and the Draft EURACHEM/CITAC Guide. The uncertainty components in measuring were identified as standard weight, purity, molecular weight, dilution of the standard solution, calibration curve, recovery, reproducibility, sample weight, and final sample volume. Each uncertainty component was evaluated for type A and type B and included to calculate the combined uncertainty. The analytical results and combined standard uncertainties of vitamin A according to the two different methods of stock solution preparation were 627 ${\pm}$ 33 ${\mu}$g R.E./100 g for 1,000 mg/L of stock solution, and 627 ${\pm}$ 49 ${\mu}$g R.E./100 g for 100 mg/L of stock solution. The analytical results and combined standard uncertainties of vitamin A according to the various sample weighs were 622 ${\pm}$ 48 ${\mu}$g R.E./100 g, 627 ${\pm}$ 33 ${\mu}$g R.E./100 g, and 491 ${\pm}$ 23 ${\mu}$g R.E./100 g for 1 g, 2 g, and 5 g of sampling, respectively. These data indicate that the preparation method of standard stock solution and the smaple amount were main sources of uncertainty in the analysis results for vitamin A. Preparing 1,000 mg/L of stock solution for standard material sampling rather than 100 mg, and sampling not more than 2 g of infant formula, would be effective for reducing differences in the results as well as uncertainty.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.52 no.6
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• pp.540-551
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• 2019

Purpose: Dietary fiber is a component of carbohydrate that is linked closely with the carbohydrate quality, but few studies have investigated the association of high fiber intake with the cardiometabolic risk factors in Koreans. This study examined the association of high fiber and high carbohydrate intake with the cardiometabolic risk factors among Korean adults. Methods: This study included 15,095 adults aged ≥20 years, who participated in the 2013 ~ 2017 KNHANES. The dietary intake was obtained using a 24-h dietary recall method. The associations of high fiber and high carbohydrate intake with metabolic syndrome and dyslipidemia were examined by sex using multiple logistic regression analysis. Results: The median of dietary fiber was 23.6 g/day in men and 20.0 g/day in women. Dietary fiber intake increased gradually as dietary carbohydrate groups increased except for ≥80% of energy from the carbohydrate group. Women in the highest quintile of fiber intake showed a 33% lower risk of metabolic syndrome compared with those in the third quintile. When stratified into low fiber (LF) and high fiber (HF) groups using Adequate Intake of fiber for Koreans, men in the third quartile of carbohydrate intake showed a 44% and 51% higher risk of metabolic syndrome and atherogenic dyslipidemia than in the first quartile, respectively, but only in the LF group. Women in the second quartile of carbohydrate intake showed an 83% higher risk of hypercholesterolemia than in the first quartile in the LF group. On the other hand, as no significant association was observed between the carbohydrate intake and metabolic diseases among the HF groups in both sexes. Conclusion: These findings suggest that a high fiber intake might be associated with a reduced risk of metabolic syndrome and high carbohydrate intake with a low dietary fiber intake might be associated with an increased risk of several metabolic abnormalities among Korean adults. Further prospective studies will be needed to confirm the effects of high fiber and high carbohydrate intake on the cardiometabolic risk factors among Koreans.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.224-243
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• 2014

This study examined the materials and casting technology(cast, alloy, etc.) used in the manufacturing of bronze artifacts based on old literature such as Yongjae Chonghwa, Cheongong Geamul, and The Korea Review. In the casting experiment for restoration of Sangpyong Tongbo, a bronze and brass mother coin mold was made using the sand mold casting method described in The Korea Review. The cast was comprised of the original mold plate frame, wooden frame, and molding sand. Depending on the material of the outer frame, which contains the molding sand, the original mold plate frame can be either a wooden frame or steel frame. For the molding sand, light yellow-colored sand of the Jeonbuk Iri region was used. Next, the composition of the mother alloy used in the restoration of Sangpyong Tongbo was studied. In consideration of the evaporation of tin and lead during actual restoration, the composition of Cu 60%, Zn 30%, and Pb 10% for brass as stated in The Korea Review was modified to Cu 60%, Zn 35%, and Pb 15%. For bronze, based on the composition of Cu 80%, Sn 6%, and Pb 14% used for Haedong Tongbo, the composition was set as Cu 80%, Sn 11%, and Pb 19%. The mother coin mold was restored by first creating a wooden father coin, making a cast from the wooden frame and basic steel frame, alloying, casting, and making a mother coin. Component analysis was conducted on the mother alloy of the restored Sangpyong Tongbo, and its primary and secondary casts. The bronze mother alloy saw a 5% increase in copper and 4% reduction in lead. The brass parent alloy had a 5% increase in copper, but a 4% and 12% decrease in lead and tin respectively. Analysis of the primary and secondary mother coin molds using an energy dispersive spectrometer showed that the bronze mother coin mold had a reduced amount of lead, while the brass mother coin mold had less tin. This can be explained by the evaporation of lead and tin in the melting of the primary mother coin mold. In addition, the ${\alpha}$-phase and lead particles were found in the mother alloy of bronze and brass, as well as the microstructure of the primary and secondary coin molds. Impurities such as Al and Si were observed only in the brass mother coin mold.