• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.105-114
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• 1995

Differences in critical period of weed competition were investigated among five types of rice(Oryza sativa L.) cultivation. Increase in weed-free period resulted in 1-2 days delay of heading date in machine transplanting and direct-seeding as compared with complete weed-free plot. When weedy period increased, there was no difference in heading date in transplanting cultivations. In direct-seeding, however, weedy period of 7-10 weeks after seeding(WAS) resulted in 4-7 days delay of heading date, whereas further increase in the weedy period caused rather 5-6 days advance in heading date. Weed-free period did not significantly affect yield components in conventional hand transplanting. In machine transplanting with 30-day-old seedling decreases in percent ripening and 1,000-grain weight were caused by weeds emerged within 4 weeks after transplanting(WAT). All yield components were decreased due to weedy period in machine transplanting with 10-day-old seedling. In direct-seeding weedy periods caused to decrease in number of panicles, number of spikelets, percent ripening, and 1,000-grain weight were 8-9, 4-5, 3-4, and 8-10 WAS, respectively. The critical periods of weed competition were determined as the following. In conventional hand transplanting weed-free must be maintained for either 4 weeks after transplanting or the rest period after 8 WAT. In machine transplanting with 30-day-old seedling weed-free must keep for either 5 weeks after transplanting or the rest period after 8 WAT. In machine transplanting with 10-day-old seedling weeds must be removed for either 5 weeks after transplanting or the rest period after 7 WAT. Weed-free must be kept between 5 and 7 WAS in flood direct-seeded rice and between 6 and 9 WAS in dry direct-seeded rice.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.98 no.1
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• pp.49-54
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• 2009

This study aims to compare the profitability of using small diameter logs of Quercus species in terms of net profit (ratio), net income (ratio). The small logs of Quercus species could be used for the bed logs for shiitake mushroom and Phellinus linteus, sawdust, charcoal, and wood chip. The data of cost and revenue are collected by a face-to-face survey method from the associated factories. Our results show that the profitability for Phellinus linteus production is highest because its price has been formed high due to low market competition mainly resulted from capital service cost and production technique requirement. The next is followed by Shiitake mushroom, sawdust, wood chip, and charcoal. The study also reveals that profitability for long returning periods of investment is higher than that of short returning periods.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.109 no.2
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• pp.179-188
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• 2020

Weeding refers to the process of removing weeds around crop trees, which cause competition in nutrients, moisture, and light, and has a great effect on the early growth and survival of crop trees for establishing forest resources. This study was conducted to find out the timing and method of weeding that is the most suitable for the major afforestation species in national forests. We investigated (1) weeding time and frequency for each afforestation species and (2) the height of crop trees and the length of weeds. Up to 99% weeding operation was carried out until 5 years following afforestation. Pinus densiflora, Larix kaempferi, Chamaecyparis obtusa, Prunus sargentii, and Betula platyphylla plantations accounted for more than 70% of the total weeding sites. Once-a-year weeding process was conducted from late June to late July (67%), and twice-a-year weeding process was the highest in June-August by 31%. Most species were shorter than the weeds until the first and second year of planting, but the height of the crop trees was higher than that of the weeds by 48% in average from the third year. Therefore, from the third year of afforestation, except for some species, it is possible to reduce the cost of weeding operations while reducing nutrient competition by the weeds through the removal of weed sprouts, mainly woody weeds, rather than clear cutting. This study contributes to efficiently develop forest resource establishment while reducing operational costs through a detailed weeding schedule and species-specific method.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.117-123
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• 2005

The immune response to any stimulus is complex, requiring coordinated action by several types of cells in a tightly regulated sequence. Thus, a physical stress such as exercise may act at any number of points in the complex sequence of events collectively termed the immune response. Although exercise causes many propound changes in parameters of immune function, the nature and magnitude of such changes rely on several factors including the immune parameters of interest; type, intensity, and duration of exercise; fitness level or exercise history of the subject; environmental factors such as ambient temperature and humidity. Although regular moderate exercise appears to be important factor for increasing immunity, Athletes are susceptible to illness, in particular upper respiratory track infection, during periods of intense training and after competition. In addition, in elite athletes, frequent illness is associated with overtraining syndrome, a neuroendocrine disorder resulting from excessive training. Through this paper, we want to investigate the effects of exercise on the immunosuppression such as exercise induced lymphopenia, asthma, anaphylaxis, URT (upper respiratory track), and TB (tuberculosis) infection. and also, we want to suggest a direct mechanism, protection and therapy of exercise induced immunosuppression.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.2177-2186
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• 2017

The goal of this paper is to provide the specific forecasting steps and to explain how to design the forecasting architecture and training data sets to forecast very short-term wind power when the numerical weather prediction (NWP) is unavailable, and when the sampling periods of the wind power and training data are different. We forecast the very short-term wind power every 15 minutes starting two hours after receiving the most recent measurements up to 40 hours for a total of 38 hours, without using the NWP data but using the historical weather data. Generally, the NWP works as a predictor and can be converted to wind power forecasts through machine learning-based forecasting algorithms. Without the NWP, we can still build the predictor by shifting the historical weather data and apply the machine learning-based algorithms to the shifted weather data. In this process, the sampling intervals of the weather and wind power data are unified. To verify our approaches, we participated in the 2017 wind power forecasting competition held by the European Energy Market conference and ranked sixth. We have shown that the wind power can be accurately forecasted through the data shifting although the NWP is unavailable.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.15 no.12
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• pp.31-39
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• 2017

Purpose - The purpose of the paper is to examine shipping markets exposed on severe competition after Lehman Brothers crisis in 2008, and look for some alternatives to get it over. Research design, data, and methodology - The research method to be applied is first to look into world economic situations, and then to investigate supply and demand of shipping markets, and strategic alliances as alternatives, which lead to some implication and lessons. Results - After the fierce world economic situations after Lehman Brothers crisis in U.S, it has shown that world economic output and growth is not like that of previous years. It is periods of new normal. Then, shipping has been influenced by less trade volumes and, however, shipping capacity has reached to overcapacity in supply terms. Therefore rates down is clear, and it should be needed new way of getting it over market situations. In this sense, strategic alliance is answer for overcoming difficult markets. Conclusions - From the careful look at all situations, such as world economic situation, supply and demand of shipping market, deep understanding for strategic alliances of shipping, it has reached to conclusion that strategic alliance is only answer for difficult shipping markets.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.123-148
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• 1998

Recently many controversies originate for varies reasons, ranging from normal market competition to honest disagreements about rights. Disputes also arise from the clash between institutions and individuals. A free society should provide many systems for resolving controversies. We think of the courts as being primary, but, of course, they are not. In Korea, and in most other parts of the world, disagreements are resolved informally, without the need for judicial intervention. Settlements are worked out privately, usually without lawyers and certainly without judges. Most of judges are finding it difficult to cope with the needs and demands of society. Many businessmen who no longer want to get involved in lawsuits, are looking for alternative methods for resolving their disputes. However, there are actually two systems, litigation and arbitration only, to resolve disputes with binding both parties concerned. Litigation emphasizes on the equity and the justice with allowing three time's judgment for the resonable resolution, and arbitration, which is not subject to appeal, stress on the economic settlement rather than justice. Arbitration process results in a final and binding decisions. Although arbitration is a voluntary procedures that is created by the parties themselves, arbitration differs from mediation and conciliation because of its binding power. Arbitration is today coming into fashion as our primary methods for settling disputes. No company wants to have its funds tied up for long periods. Many parties prefer that the decision be final, rather than facing the prospect of extended appellate litigation. Therefore, government must encourage parties to settle their disputes by arbitration instead of litigation.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.53-62
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• 2017

Full embroidery industrial accidents in recent years has shown a declining trend. But disaster embroidery of domestic construction industry were more than 20,000 deaths per year is about 500 people. The government has introduced a construction site often changing the recruitment of new construction based on health and safety as an alternative to road safety education training yisuje of construction workers, daily work periods short. Certificate of Basic OSH Training in Constructions had also been evaluated as successful by reducing the accident rate problem. It is conducted in private educational institutions has occurred on the friction between workers and employers and training costs are difficult to approach workers in the education standards for such facilities due to the superintendent. Educational institutions are institutions that have been caused by excessive competition lowered levels of education. There is also a lack of evaluation that the training is limited to the basic safety knowledge. These details are brought formal safety education purposes only and is introducing the results of other self jyeotgi difficult to reap the proceeds to good effect. In this study, we propose a plan for improving operational problems and enemy status based on research data presented after the Certificate of Basic OSH Training in Construction.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.263-276
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• 2021

This study examines the effect of international capital flows on corporate capital structures in Vietnam by analyzing panel data from all non-financial listed firms from 2005 to 2014 using pooled ordinary least square (OLS) with a variance estimator. The analysis includes a comparison of the signs and significance of the variable coefficients from the perking order and static trade-off theories to the empirical results to determine the optimum approach to the corporate capital structure given Vietnam's high-inflation environment. The results indicate that international capital flows have a positive relation to the debt ratio in the long term, and the relationship is more robust for 2005-2009 than for 2010-2014. Corporate capital structures adjusted to changes in the business environment in different sub-periods (2005-2009 and 2010-2014). When the economic environment became more favorable, the pecking order theory's predictive power increased, and that of trade-off theory lessened. Manufacturing and non-manufacturing firms required different capital structure decisions to fuel their operations and grow under foreign competition. The analysis demonstrates that firms should intensify their use of long-term debt relative to the availability of capital, which is an implication not only for firms in particular but also for industrial innovation overall.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.127-142
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• 2021

This study aims to organize the prototype design method of compression wear for women professional soccer players. Despite the excellent performance of female soccer players in world competition, most functional wear has been developed mainly for men, so professional female athletes have fewer choices. Soccer is a sport requiring core and lower body muscle strength, and muscular endurance for long periods of playing or walking on the field. Female soccer players did not differ much in upper body compared to other women, but their lower body had a smaller hip circumference than waist circumference and a larger thigh circumference, requiring compilation considering the physical characteristics and movement of athletes. Female soccer players wear sports bras while playing but regular bras and compression wear during normal exercise because they sweat on under their breast, which irritates sensitive skin. For core muscles in the upper body and to support for thigh and hip muscles in the lower body, the uniform in this study was designed by reducing the body size of a professional female soccer player in her 20s and the actual measurements of commercial compilation software to 81% of the chest circumference, 95% of the waist circumference, and 78% of the hip circumference. The design experiment in this study was a simple exercise and did not produce produce results for long-term exercise and performance improvement, but can be used to design a composition pattern system for other professional female athletes.