• 대한안전경영과학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.261-267
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• 2009

The purposes of this article is to analyse how market competition of credit card company affect price(interest rate) and survival length of card users. This paper uses individual account data from a large Korean credit card company during the periods from 2002 to 2006. The findings of our study are as follows. First, market competition of credit card company have a negative effect with interest rate of credit card. Second, market competition of credit card company have a affirmative effect with survival length. Finally, The effect of Increasing delinquency rate due to price increase is smaller than decreasing delinquency rate due to extending survival length.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.3-9
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• 2011

In this study, the change of critical elements of the design evaluation was investigated during two decades at the architectural competition which was held nationwide in Germany. Specifically, the periods of investigation span both from July 1989 to June 1990 and from July 2009 to June 2010. The results of the analysis show that the cost of construction, the maintenance cost, the design of facade and the energy conservation are being magnified for the new important elements. The images of buildings and the economic aspects are meant to be high. The frequency of the critical elements for interior spaces is approximately two times more important than those for the forms and outdoor spaces. Overall, many juries of the architectural competition in Germany were interested in the elements for interior spaces. The field of function accounts for roughly the half of four basic architectural fields such as function, others, aesthetic and construction fields. The critical elements are required persistently such as context, Circulation, organization of space, form, landscape and outdoor space design, arrangement of building, cost of construction, function, design of facade, location of main entrance. These items are regarded as the most important elements of the design evaluation at the competition. Knowing the change of critical elements of the design evaluation, we can understand the trend of architecture in Germany. The results of this study can be applied in Korea to develop the critical elements of design.

• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.24-34
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• 1985

남부지역(南部地域)의 논 잡초발생(雜草發生) 및 경합특성(競合特性)을 파악(把握)하기 위하여, 농산(農産)벼와 동진(東津)벼를 공시(供試)하여 보통기(普通期)와 맥후작기재배(麥後作期栽培)에서 비교(比較)하였다. 이앙후(移秧後) 15일간격(日間隔)으로 조사일정(調査日程)을 정(定)하고 각기간(各其間)까지 잡초방임(雜草放任) 또는 무잡초상태(無雜草狀態)를 유지(維持)하면서 시험구별(試驗區別)로 잡초발생(雜草發生)을 조사(調査)하고 수확기(收穫期)에 수도생육량(水稻生育量) 수량요소(水量要素) 및 수량조사(收量調査)를 하여 다음과 같은 결과(結果)를 얻었다. 1. 우점종(優占種)은 물달개비와 올챙고랭이었으며, 사초과(莎草科) 잡초(雜草)의 종우점도(種優占度는 맥후작(麥後作)보다 보통기작(普通期作)에서, 동진(東津)벼 보다는 농산(農産)벼 재배지(栽培地)에서 높은 경향(傾向)이었다. 2. 잡초발생(雜草發生)은 보통기(普通期)의 경우, 동진(東津)벼 보다 농산(農産)벼에서 발생수(發生數)는 적었으나 생육량(生育量)은 컸으며, 맥후작기(麥後作期)에서는 오히려 농산(農産)벼에서 발생수(發生數)가 많고 생육량(生育量)은 적은 경향(傾向)이었다. 3. 공시(供試)했던 두 품종(品種)의 벼 모두가 잡초경합(雜草競合)으로 엽중(葉重)과 정조중(正租重)의 감소(減少)가 인정(認定)되었으며, 보통기작(普通期作)에서는 수당영화수(穗當穎花數)(농산(農産)벼), 맥후작(麥後作)에서는 두 품종(品種) 모두 등숙율(等熟率)(동진(東津)벼)의 감소(減少)에 의하여, 맥후작(麥後作)에서는 두 품종(品種) 모두 등숙율과(等熟率)과 립중감소(粒重減少)로 감수(減收)하는 경향(傾向)이었다. 4. 물달개비와 올챙고랭이가 우점(優占)했던 본 연구(硏究)의 경우, 수도(水稻)의 잡초경합특성(雜草競合特性)은 치명적(致命的) 경합기간(競合期間)이 길고 잡초발생허용기간(雜草發生許容期間)이 상대적(相對的)으로 짧은 경향(傾向)이었다. 5. 잡초경합(雜草競合)으로 인한 벼의 최대감수(最大減收)는 품종(品種)과 작기변동(作期變動)에 따라 무잡초구(無雜草區)의 25~55%에 달하였다.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.7-13
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• 2015

To examine the relationship between competition and environmental factors, the germlings of Ascophyllum nodosum (L) Le Jolis and Fucus vesiculosus L. were cultured in monocultures and mixtures of the two species under two different exposure and nutrient levels. Both intra- and inter-specific competition were examined in comparison of the mortality and growth of germlings in monocultures and mixtures of the two species. The mortality of germlings increased with increasing density and emergence periods both in the monoculture and mixtures of the two species, and the mortality of Ascophyllum was significantly higher than that of Fucus both in submerged and emerged treatments. The growth of germlings of both species reduced with increasing density but F. vesiculosus always grew faster than Ascophyllum. The values of log output ratio were more than 0.1, indicating that Fucus 'won' in the competitive battles with Ascophyllum under two nutrient- and air-exposure levels. Log output ratio was greater in high than in low nutrients, indicating that the growth of Fucus is more enhanced than that of Ascophyllum in high nutrients. In the present study, the outcome of inter specific competition between germlings of Fucus vesiculosus and Ascophyllum nodosum was slightly altered by duration of emergence and nutrient concentration, but not to such an extent as to change the outcome.

• 국제지역연구
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.143-169
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• 2017

본 논문에서는 1981년부터 2015년까지 거래소에 상장된 비-금융기업을 대상으로 자본구조의 관성이 어떻게 산업 간에 차이가 존재하며 이러한 차이가 상품시장 경쟁에 의해 설명될 수 있는지를 실증검증 한다. 본 논문의 실증분석 결과는 '보다 경쟁적 산업에 속하는 기업일수록 자본구조의사결정에 보다 더 관성적으로 하는 경향이 있다'는 것이다. 이러한 결과는 부채의 규율효과에 의해 설명되며, 상품시장경쟁에 대한 대체재로서 기여한다고 할 수 있다. 상품시장 경쟁이 낮을 때, 경영자는 자본구조의사결정과 관련하여 보다 능동적으로 의사결정을 하며 특히 잉여현금 흐름문제를 제약하기 위하여 부채를 사용한다는 것이다. 더욱이 거래비용이 얼마나 설명력이 있는지를 조사하며 자본구조관성에 대한 일반적인 설명이 되는지 파악한다. 본 논문의 결과는 기업의 자본구조에 관성현상이 존재하지만 미국 기업들만큼은 강하지 않았다. 둘째, 이러한 관성효과는 상품시장경쟁과의 관계를 통하여 강하게 나타나지만, OLS 추정모형에서 관성효과가 사라지는 현상이 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 거래비용이 자본구조의 관성을 설명하는 데 중요한 역할을 하지 않는다는 증거로 해석될 수 있다.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제66권1호
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• pp.16-22
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• 2017

In order to reduce costs of electricity energy at periods of peak demand, there has been an exponential interest in Demand Response (DR). This paper discusses the effect on the participants' behavior in response to DR. Under the assumption of perfect competition, the equilibrium point of the electricity market with DR is derived by modeling a DR curve, which is suitable for microeconomic analysis. Cournot model is used to analyze the electricity market of imperfect competition that includes strategic behavior of the generation companies. Strategic behavior with DR makes it harder to compute equilibrium point due to the non-differential function of payoff distribution. This paper presents a solution method for achieving the equilibrium point using the best response function of the strategic players. The effect of DR on the electricity market is illustrated using a test system.

• Asian Journal of Innovation and Policy
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.1-19
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• 2013

As the catch-up innovation system was exposed to a new competition environment in which second-tier catch-up countries reduced the gap with Korea and advanced Korean firms entered into the frontier product market, it is experiencing system delay in terms of organizational and policy change. Therefore, innovation policy needs to be reorganized from a dynamic perspective to analyze the problems in the transition period and enable the system to overcome organizational and institutional delays. This article investigates the characteristics of transition periods in terms of external environment changes and internal socio-economic pressures. Based on the analysis of environment changes and catch-up system characteristics, it suggests the framework for policy intervention, direction, and practical principles for post catch-up innovation policy. In particular, it suggests the network-based developmental state and policy implementation in order to overcome the limitation of centralized developmental state of catch-up periods.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.174-182
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• 2014

This paper provides some of the scientific background on how projected environmental conditions could affect weeds and weed management in crops. Elevated $CO_2$ levels may have positive effects on crop competitiveness with $C_4$ weeds, but these are generally outnumbered by $C_3$ species in weed populations. Moreover, higher temperatures and drought will favor $C_4$ over $C_3$ plants. The implementation of climate change adaptation technologies, such as drought-tolerant germplasm and water-saving irrigation regimes, will have consequences for crop-weed competition. Rainfed production systems are thought to be most vulnerable to the direct effects of climate change and are likely to face increased competition from $C_4$ and parasitic weeds. Biotic stress-tolerant crop cultivars to be developed for these systems should encompass weed competitiveness and parasitic-weed resistance. In irrigated systems, indirect effects will be more important and weed management strategies should be diversified to lessen dependency on herbicides and mechanical control, and be targeted to perennial rhizomatous ($C_3$) weeds. Water-saving production methods that replace a weed-suppressive floodwater layer by intermittent or continuous periods of aerobic conditions necessitate additional weed management strategies to address the inherent increases in weed competition. Thus, climatic conditions have a great effect on weed population dynamics all over the world.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제39권spc1호
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• pp.236-241
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• 2006

We measured the secondary production of the amphipod Monocorophium acherusicum Costa in a seagrass bed (Zostera marina L.) in Gwangyang Bay, southern Korea. M. acherusicum biomass was positively correlated (P<0.05) with seagrass standing crop, suggesting that there were biological interactions between the two species. M. acherusicum displays two main breeding periods per year: spring (March to April) and fall (October to November). M. acherusicum biomass in the spring breeding periods was higher than in the fall. Annual secondary production of M. acherusicum was 3.54 g DW/$m^2$/yr with an annual P/B ratio of 3.48. Secondary production and the P/B ratio of M. acherusicum were lower than those observed for other amphipods inhabiting seagrass beds. These results suggest that biological interactions between M. acherusicum and seagrass, as well as dietary competition with other amphipods can potentially cause declines in secondary production and the P/B ratio.

• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.114-121
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• 1993

벼의 재배유형(栽培類型)(관행(慣行) 손이앙(移秧), 중묘(中苗)(30일묘(日苗))의 기계이앙(機械移秧), 어린모(10일묘(日苗))의 기계이앙(機械移秧), 최아종자(催芽種子)의 담수직파(湛水直播) 및 건종자(乾種子)의 건답직파(乾畓直播)에 있어서 벼와 잡초(雜草)의 경합기간(競合其間)에 따라 잡초(雜草)의 발생량(發生量) 및 벼의 생육량(生育量)을 보면 다음과 같다. 가, 잡초(雜草)의 발생량(發生量) : 이앙(移秧) 또는 파종후(播種後) 잡초방임시(雜草放任時) 벼 출수기(出穗期)까지 발생(發生)된 잡초(雜草)의 건물중비율(乾物重比率)은 건답직파(乾畓直播)에서 가장 높았고, 이어서 담수직파(湛水直播)>어린모기계이앙(機械移秧)>중묘기계이앙(中苗機械移秧)>관행이앙재배(慣行移秧栽培) 순(順)으로 높았다. 반면에 일정기간(一定期間) 방임(放任)하였다가 제초(除草)한 처리(處理)에서는 잡초(雜草)의 건물중비율(乾物重比率)이 담수직파(湛水直播)>건답직파(乾畓直播)>어린모기계이앙(機械移秧)>중묘기계이앙(中苗機械移秧)>관행이앙(慣行移秧)의 순(順)으로 높았다. 나, 벼의 생육량(生育量) : 잡초경합(雜草競合)에 의한 벼 생육억제(生育抑制)의 허용한계(許容限界)를 20%로 보았을때, 최소한(最小限)의 무잡초상태(無雜草狀態) 유지기간(維持期間)은 관행이앙(慣行移秧)과 중묘(中苗) 및 어린모기계이앙(機械移秧)에서는 이앙후(移秧後) 3주간(週間), 담수직파(湛水直播)는 파종후(播種後) 5주이상(週以上), 그리고 건답직파(乾畓直播)에서는 파종후(播種後) 7-8주(週)까지이었다. 반면 잡초발생(雜草發生) 허용기간(許容期間)은 담수직파(湛水直播)가 파종후(播種後) 6주이내(週以內), 건답직파(乾畓直播)와 어린모 기계이앙(機械移秧)은 7-8주(週), 중묘기계이앙(中苗機械移秧과 관행이앙(慣行移秧)은 이앙후(移秧後) 9주(週)로 차이(差異)를 보였다.