• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.34-40
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• 2010

1. Objectives: Leptin is ob-gene originated hormone that is concerned with energy metabolism, obesity and asthma which features are supposed to related with Sasangin's 4 viscera physiological theory of Sasang constitutional medicine(SCM). This study aims to investigate whether serum leptin concentration is associated with Sasangin. 2. Methods: Two Way ANOVA analysis was used on the constitution and serum leptin concentration corresponding with BMI among 1054 cases drawn from the Constitutional Information Bank, which was a database with clinically confirmed constitution cases collected from 21 oriental medical institutes in Korea starting from November 2007 to May 2009. The measurement of serum leptin concentration is implemented through radioimmunoassay by request to SCL. 3. Results: Male subjects showed notable difference(p=0.033) in the comparison between constitution and serum leptin concentration corresponding to BMI levels. Tae-eumins showed the highest serum leptin concentration levels in the normal and overweight groups, followed by Soyangin and Soeumin. As the groups changed from overweight to obese, there was an interaction phenomenon in the order of serum leptin concentration levels(p=0.040). As a result, Soeumins showed the highest serum leptin concentration levels and Tae-eumins and Soyangins followed in place. Female subjects did not show statistically notable differences in comparison between constitution and serum leptin concentration corresponding to BMI levels(p=0.239). Serum leptin concentration levels among overweight and obese groups, resulted in the order of Soeumins, Tae-eumins, and Soyangins. But in the as groups changed from overweight to normal the order resulted in Tae-eumin, Soyangin, and Soeumin(p=0.660). 4. Conclusion: Due to a number of limitations in this study, the examination of the relation between constitution and leptin, a main hormone responsible for the digestion, appetite, and energy metabolism, resulted to be uncertain. But statistically notable differences were confirmed in male Tae-eumins with the consideration of BMI. Further examination of the relation between constitution and leptin is necessary through prospective studies with the restriction of confusion variables in the future.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.332-344
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• 1999

Cytokines are hormone-like proteins which mediate and regulate inflammatory and immune responses. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is involved in the final differentiation of B cells into antibody-producing cells. Interleukin-8 (IL-8) is a neutrophil chemotactic factor that plays an important role in the recruitment of neutrophil to inflammatory loci. Inflammatory mediators by cells in the gingiva have been implicated in the initiation and progression of periodontitis and oral infection. The purpose of this study was conducted to investigate the effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), staphylococcus enterotoxin B (SEB) on production of IL-6 and IL-8 by human gingival and facial dermal fibroblasts. Primary cultured human gingival and facial dermal fibroblasts were incubated with LPS (0.01, 0.1, $1.0{\mu}g/ml$), SEB (0.01, 0.1, $1.0{\mu}g/ml$) or LPS $(0.1{\mu}g/ml)$ plus SEB $(0.1{\mu}g/ml)$. Culture supernatants were collected at 24, 48, and 72 hrs and assessed for IL-6 and IL-8 production by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. IL-6 production in gingival fibroblasts stimulated with LPS was higher than that with SEB. IL-6 production by double exposure with LPS plus SEB was amplified in comparison with single exposure of LPS or SEB. IL-6 production in facial dermal fibroblasts was increased only by stimulation with a high concentration of LPS $(1.0{\mu}g/ml)$. Its production in facial dermal fibroblasts by exposure with SEB was decreased in comparison with control, nontreated cells. Therefore, gingival fibroblasts showed higher sensitivity than facial dermal fibroblasts in response to low concentration of LPS. Also, IL-6 production by double exposure with LPS plus SEB was amplified in comparison with single exposure of LPS or SEB. IL-8 production in gingival fibroblasts was enhanced greatly only by stimulation of high concentration of LPS $(1.0{\mu}g/ml)$. That by exposure with SEB was increased only in 24 hrs cultivation. IL-8 production by double exposure with LPS plus SEB was amplified in comparison with single exposure of LPS or SEB. IL-8 production in facial dermal fibroblasts was decreased by LPS and increased only in 48 hrs cultivation by SEB. IL-8 production by double exposure with LPS plus SEB was enhanced only in 48 hrs cultivation in comparison with single exposure of LPS or SEB. therefore, IL-6 and IL-8 production were released at various quantities according to bacterial toxin applied and site of fibroblast harvested. These results suggest that gingival fibroblasts may be concerned with IL-6 and IL-8 related inflammatory response more than facial dermal fibroblasts.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.31-37
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• 2001

Deicers have used for melting snow on the road during winter season, but they have largely influenced on environment and public assets and human health. The pollution level of snow and soil contained deicer was analyzed and evaluated the characteristics of deicers. The results were as follows 1. In the result of measurement of pollutants in snow contained deicer, the pH was a little higher than a comparative group and the concentration of $Cl^{-}$ ranged from 0.5% to 0.87%, and the electric conductivity ranged 12.4 to 24.6 mmho/cm. The concentration of Cd, As, and Hg was not detected, but those of Cu, Pb, Cr was higher than a comparative group. 2. In soil of the road spreaded with deicer, the pH is getting alkalized and the concentration of $Cl^{-}$ was high in January and returned the level of a comparative grout) in November by physical and chemical reaction with deicer, but the concentration of heavy metals were not connected with deicers. 3. In comparison of deicing efficiency, the concentration of $Cl^{-}$ was 3.3~5times high in spreading with deicer before snowing than after snowing. The concentration of $Cl^{-}$ in NaCl was higher than $CaCl_2$, but the deicing efficiency of Nacl was better than that of $CaCl_2$. Moreover, the new deicer have no salt, but deicing efficiency of new deicer was less than that of NaCl and $CaCl_2$.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.245-255
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• 2020

Objective: The present study analyzed domestic and overseas academic journals to understand the research status and characteristics of radon concentration distribution in Korea in accordance with environmental conditions. Methods: As part of the meta-analysis, pooled average concentration was calculated using an inverse variance-weighted average of the arithmetic means and standard deviations among the investigated values. Using the obtained pooled average concentration, a Monte-Carlo simulation was performed to increase the reliability of the occurrence possibility of the calculated concentration distribution. A total of 38 research articles were selected, including 27 articles published in domestic academic journals and 11 articles published in foreign academic journals. Results: The comparison results showed differences in radon concentration distribution in accordance with regional and topographical characteristics. Conclusion: Currently, even though research into radon is steadily picking up the pace in Korea much remains to be done. Additional research is thus needed to establish a baseline for radon emissions in Korea.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2022.05a
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• pp.510-512
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• 2022

Various studies are being conducted to improve the accuracy of fine dust, but there is a problem that deep learning models are not well learned due to various characteristics according to the concentration of fine dust. This paper proposes an EEMD-based fine dust concentration prediction model to decompose the characteristics of fine dust concentration and reflect the characteristics. After decomposing the fine dust concentration through EEMD, the final fine dust concentration value is derived by ensemble of the prediction results according to the characteristics derived from each. As a result of the model's performance evaluation, 91.7% of the fine dust concentration prediction accuracy was confirmed.

• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.82-90
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• 2013

Concentration errors critically affect the performance of solar concentrator, so their evaluation is important to the concentrated solar power technology. However, the evaluation is very challenging because error sources are various and not easy to measure individually. Therefore, the integrated effect of concentration errors is often more interesting and useful for large-scale applications. In the present work, we analytically investigate and classify various concentration error sources and then explain that the effect of various concentration errors can be represented in terms of a root mean square value of reflector surface slope error. We present an indirect approach to assessing the reflector surface slope error by comparing solar flux measurement data with modeling calculations. We apply the approach for solar furnaces with different thermal capacity and investigate its advantages and disadvantages.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.565-575
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• 2005

The characteristics for the aerosol number distribution was studied during spring, 2004 in Incheon. Optical Particle Counter (OPC, HIAC/ROYCO 5230) was used in order to measure the number concentration of aerosol in the range of $0.3\~25{\mu}m.$. The obtained results were compared with $PM_{2.5}\;and\;PM_{10}$ data during Asian dust events. The results show that the size resolved aerosol number concentration from OPC measurement has a similar tendency with $PM_{10}\;and\;PM_{2.5}$ mass concentration. During Asian dust periods, the number concentrations in large particle $(CH5\~CH8)$ increase more than small particles which diameter is less than $2.23{\mu}m(CH5)$ and the same results were shown when $PM_{10}$ was compared with $PM_{2.5}$ data compared with non-dust days, Consequently, this study shows that size resolved aerosol number concentration from OPC measurement can be used as a useful tool in comparison of mass concentration data.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.60-68
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• 2009

The most principal approach to improve indoor air quality(IAQ) of subway was to examine the fine particulate(PM-10) from the emission sources. Therefore, this study was carried on the investigation the fine particulate for comparison with the removal efficiency of PM-10 in divided the PSD(Platform Screen Door) and Non-PSD subway station from July, 2007 to May 2008. In the monitoring results, the range of PM-10 concentration of Non-PSD station was $44.6{\sim}116.5{\mu}g/m^3$ and the range of PM-10 concentration of PSD station was $23.9{\sim}81.1{\mu}g/m^3$. And then the range of PM-2.5 concentration of Non-PSD station was $17.4-56.6{\mu}g/m^3$, and then the range of PM-2.5 concentration of PSD station was $17.9{\sim}34.4{\mu}g/m^3$. In comparison with the results of the PSD and Non-PSD subway station, we found that the PM-10 removal efficiency of PSD was 30-40%. In conclusion, the PSD will be applied the effective facilities of decreasing PM-10 in subway station in Korea.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.404-414
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• 2008

A Transient Differential Mobility Particle Spectrometer (TR-DMPS) with a short response time was recently developed to monitor high concentration of ultrafine particles emitted from vehicles. To investigate the availability of the TR-DMPS for monitoring transient roadside aerosols, the number size distribution of ultrafine particles was monitored at the Cheongnyangni roadside in Seoul on March 23, 2007 together with a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS). The roadside aerosols were monitored every 5 min and 0.1 sec by using the SMPS and the TR-DMPS, respectively. The concentration of ultrafine particles at the roadside was highly fluctuated for a short duration. From the comparison of particle number concentrations and size distributions between two instruments, it was confirmed that the SMPS provided fairly good time-averaged number size distribution although it did not follow rapid change of particle number concentration at the roadside. The TR-DMPS quickly responded to a rapid change of particle number concentration due to abrupt traffic flow. However, the TR-DMPS frequently showed electrical noise events, resulting in underestimated particle contamination. A more stable operation of the TR-DMPS is needed in application of roadside aerosol monitoring.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.139-152
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• 2018

The urban model inter-comparison study (UMICS) was conducted in order to improve the performance of air quality models (AQMs) for simulating fine particulate matter ($PM_{2.5}$) in the Greater Tokyo Area of Japan. UMICS consists of three phases: the first phase focusing on elemental carbon (UMICS1), the second phase focusing on sulfate, nitrate and ammonium (UMICS2), and the third phase focusing on organic aerosol (OA) (UMICS 3). In UMICS2/3, all the participating AQMs were the Community Multiscale Air Quality modeling system (CMAQ) with different configurations, and they similarly overestimated $PM_{2.5}$ nitrate concentration and underestimated $PM_{2.5}$ OA concentration. Various sensitivity analyses on CMAQ configurations, emissions and boundary concentrations, and meteorological fields were conducted in order to seek pathways for improvement of $PM_{2.5}$ simulation. The sensitivity analyses revealed that $PM_{2.5}$ nitrate concentration was highly sensitive to emissions of ammonia ($NH_3$) and dry deposition of nitric acid ($HNO_3$) and $NH_3$, and $PM_{2.5}$ OA concentration was highly sensitive to emissions of condensable organic compounds (COC). It was found that $PM_{2.5}$ simulation was substantially improved by using modified monthly profile of $NH_3$ emissions, larger dry deposition velocities of $HNO_3$ and $NH_3$, and additionally estimated COC emissions. Moreover, variability in $PM_{2.5}$ simulation was estimated from the results of all the sensitivity analyses. The variabilities on CMAQ configurations, chemical inputs (emissions and boundary concentrations), and meteorological fields were 6.1-6.5, 9.7-10.9, and 10.3-12.3%, respectively.