• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.45-54
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• 2011

The results of examining the architectural features and changes of the main building of Dogapsa temple which is multi roofs wooden structure are as follows. The passage comparing 'Dogapsa' of <>, account of Lee Ha Gon's trip as the literature showing the appearance of Dogapsa temple in the early 18th century to Borimsa through verse of 'Dutacho' was noticeable. Dogapsa temple at Yeongam was distant over 100 ri from Borimsa temple at Jangheung and it was considered that there were many temples at Mt. Wolchul, Yeongam and there were also many temples to be comparable with it. But, Dogapsa temple was compared to Borimsa temple because verses 'many-storied building is high and immense' of 'Dogapsa' at <> and 'Dogapsa is lower than Borimsa at Jangheung' at 'Dutacho' of <> were interpreted as the existence of multi roofs Buddhist temple which had something in common with Dogapsa and Borimsa and was comparable to them. According to existing materials, it was assumed that the main building of Dogapsa was burnt through the Japanese invasion of Korea in the 52nd year of the sexagenary cycle (Eulmyooebyeon, 1555) and Jungyujaeran (1597), but record of major history of the main buildings of Dogapsa and Borimsa indicated that multi roofs wooden structure of the two temples were built at the same period. Since multi roofs wooden structure of main building of Borimsa was rebuilt in 1692, these buildings existed from the early 18th century to middle 18th century.

• Geotechnical Engineering
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.35-48
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• 1991

Based on centrifuge model tests, the failure mechanism of reinforced earth retaining wall under strip load was investigated in this paper. Tests were performed by changing the materials of reinforcing strips, strip lengths, and strip arrangements. The strips were strain-gauged to measure the tensions in strips. The results were analyzed and compared with various design methosds in use to verify their feasibility. Consequently, a centrifuge model test was an effective method of investigating the behavior of reinforced earth retaining wall. The 2 : 1 stress diffusion method showed comparable results with tests in estimating the capacity of the reinforced earth wall under strip load. The superposition of tensions due to selfweight of the backfill and strip load was valid to estimate total tensions mobilized in strips. Using the elasticity theory to estimate the maximum tension mobilized in strips due to surcharge, while solutions of Boussinesq and Westergaard underestimated less tensions than the measured valises, Frohlich solution showed the comparable results with tests.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.1364-1369
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• 2017

There is a growing demand for natural sleep aids due to various side effects of long-term administration of pharmacological treatments for insomnia. Honey has been reported to exhibit numerous potential health benefits, and it is hypothesized that honey may favorably affect insomnia treatment. Therefore, this study was performed to investigate the possible hypnotic effect of clover honey (CH) and to determine its in vivo mechanism. The total flavonoid content (TFC) of CH and fractions extracted with ethylacetate (EtOAc) and $H_2O$ was measured. The pentobarbital-induced sleep test using $GABA_A$-benzodiazepine (BZD) agonists and antagonists was conducted to evaluate the potential mechanism of action behind the sedative-hypnotic activity of CH in mice. The results showed that administration of 500 and 1,000 mg/kg of CH significantly (p<0.01) reduced the sleep latency to a level similar to that of diazepam (DZP, 2 mg/kg), and 1,000 mg/kg of CH significantly (p<0.01) prolonged the sleep duration, which was comparable to that of DZP (2 mg/kg). Administration of the EtOAc fraction with a higher TFC significantly reduced the sleep latency at 50 to 200 mg/kg and prolonged the sleep duration at 100 to 200 mg/kg, which were comparable to those after administration of DZP (2 mg/kg). However, co-administration of CH and EtOAc with flumazenil, a specific $GABA_A-BZD$ receptor antagonist, blocked the hypnotic effect. Our findings suggest that the hypnotic activity of CH may be attributed to allosteric modulation of $GABA_A-BZD$ receptors. The TFC of CH is expected to be a key factor that contributes to its hypnotic effect.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.51-53
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• 2003

This study was conducted to compare the bioavailability of a generic product of Sinil Atenolol Tablets (Sinil Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Korea) with the innovator product, $Tenormin^{\circledR}$ Tablets in 20 healthy Korean volunteers. The volunteers received a single 50 mg dose of each atenolol formulation according to a randomized, two-way crossover design. Plasma samples were obtained over a 24-hour interval, and atenolol concentrations were determined by HPLC with a fluorescence detector. From the plasma atenolol concentration vs time curves, the following parameters were compared: area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC), peak plasma concentration $(C_{max})$, time to reach peak plasma concentration $(T_{max})$, and terminal first order elimination half-life $(t_{1/2})$. No statistically significant difference was obtained between the $T_{max}$ values, and the logarithmic transformed AUC and $C_{max}$ values of the two products. The 90% confidence for the ratio of the logarithmically transformed AUC and $C_{max}$ values of Sinil Atenolol Tablets over those of $Tenormin^{\circledR}$ Tablets were calculated to be between 0.99 and 1.07, and 1.04 and 1.16, respectively; both were within the bioequivalence limit of 0.80-1.25. The mean of $T_{max}$ in $Tenormin^{\circledR}$ Tablet group was 3.68 hour, and that in Sinil Atenolol Tablet group was 3.65 hour. The values of $t_{1/2}$ between the two products were found comparable, and the mean $t_{1/2}$ values of $Tenormin^{\circledR}$ Tablets and Sinil Atenolol Tablets were 5.9 and 6.0 hour, respectively. Based on these results, it was concluded that Sinil Atenolol Tablets were comparable to $Tenormin^{\circledR}$ Tablets in both the rate and extent of absorption, indicating that Sinil Atenolol Tablets were bioequivalent to the reference product, $Tenormin^{\circledR}$ Tablets

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.53-60
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• 2012

The main object of this paper is to investigate the effects of high temperatures on the physical and mechanical properties of natural sand concrete(NSC) and crushed sand concrete(CSC). Test samples were exposed to high temperature ranging from $200^{\circ}C$ to $800^{\circ}C$. After exposure, various tests were conducted. Color image analysis and weight losses were determined and compressive strength test and splitting tensile strength test were conducted. The results indicated that weight losses increased as exposure temperature increased with comparable decreasing rate. The results also showed that compressive strength and splitting tensile strength and modulus of elasticity decreased as exposure temperature increased. The results also showed that residual compressive strength of NSC decreased more drastically than that of CSC at $200^{\circ}C$ and $400^{\circ}C$. Residual splitting tensile strength of NSC decreased more than that of CSC at $200^{\circ}C$, while NSC and CSC showed comparable residual strength ratio at $800^{\circ}C$.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.17
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• pp.271-280
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• 2001

We report on the applicability oj a method recently developed in our laboratory for measuring the antioxidant potential of isolated chemicals and extracts derived from natural products. Peroxyl radicals generated by thermal homolysis of 2,2'-azobis-amidinopropane (ABAP) oxidize $\alpha$-keto-${\gamma}$-methiolbutyric acid (KMBA) to ethylene, which is monitored by gas chromatography. Inhibition of ethylene formation in the presence of antioxidants that compete with KMBA for peroxyl radicals is the basis of the Total Oxyradical Scavenging Capacity Assay (TOSCA; Winston et al., 1998). Antioxidative activities of water-soluble extracts of American green tea, the anti-hepatotoxic flavonolignan from milk thistle (Silybum marianum) silybin, Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761, and a series of naturally occuring sesquiterpene lactones (all ger-macranolides found in in fungi, liverworts, and plants) were studied. The specific TOSC value per $\mu$M silybin was 5.2, which is essentially comparable to that of Trolo $x^{ⓡ}$, a water-soluble vitamine E analog. Tea and Ginkgo extracts exhibited potent peroxyl radical scavenging capacity with values, respectively of =1700 and 1000 $\mu$mols Trolo $x^{ⓡ}$ equivalent per gram dry matter. The known anti-inflammatory activity of some germacranolides prompted study of their antioxidant capacity. None of the lactones exhibited antioxidant capacity toward peroxyl radicals comparable to Trolo $x^{ⓡ}$; costunilide, the most lipophilic, had a TOSC value = to glutathione. The potential role of peroxyl radicals in lipidperoxidation, other cellular damage, and var-ious disease states suggest a possible preventive role for silybin, green tea and Ginkgo biloba in oxidative stress caused by these free radical species.ecies.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.21-29
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• 2001

An experiment was conducted with twenty crossbred male lambs to assess the effect of cotton (Gossypium) seed meal (CSM) on blood constituents and immunity. Lambs were randomly assigned to a reference diet (30% deoiled peanut meal, DPNM) and four test diets containing 40% of either raw, 45 minutes cooked, 1% $Ca(OH)_2$ and iron (1 free gossy-pol, FG : 0.3 Fe) treated CSM (replacing approximately 50%, reference concentrate mixture). These isonitrogenous and isocaloric concentrate mixtures were fed to meet 80% of protein requirements (NRC, 1985) along with ad lib maize hay for 180 days. Blood was collected at 60, 120 and 180 days post feeding. The lambs were sensitized with Brucella abortus S99 antigen after 140 days and were subjected to ELISA and delayed type hypersensitivity. Blood haemoglobin, erythrocyte count, leucocyte count, total protein, total albumin, total globulin, urea, creatinine concentration and aspartate aminotransferase activity in lambs fed on raw or processed CSM were comparable to the values of reference lambs. The higher (p<0.01) blood glucose levels observed in CSM fed lambs at 60 days of feeding was latter reduced to the levels comparable with those on reference diet at 120 and 180 days of feeding. The alanine amino transferase activity was lower in lambs fed raw and cooked CSM containing diets at 120 and 180 days of feeding. A marginal increase in serum iron and alkaline posphatase activity was observed in iron treated group and raw CSM fed lambs, respectively. The humoral immune response and DTH reactivity was lower (p<0.05) in lambs fed raw CSM (consuming 302.83 mg FG/day). Cooking, $Ca(OH)_2$ and iron treatment of raw CSM showed a positive response in alleviating the suppression of immune response owing to the reduced consumption of FG by 40.19, 17.40% and 26.73%, respectively in these diets. The present study thus indicated that consumption of 40% raw CSM (302.83 mg FG/day) though did not affect majority of the haematological and blood biochemical parameters, but markedly suppressed the immune mechanism of lambs.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.927-932
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• 2006

S-Adenosylmethionine (SAM) is a ubiquitous biomolecule serving mainly as a methyl donor. Our recent studies revealed that SAM controls antibiotic production in Streptomyces. In this study, the functional mode of SAM was studied in S. coelicolor and S. antibioticus ATCC11891, employing S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH), a methylation reaction product of SAM. Actinorhodin biosynthesis did not require SAM as a methyl donor, whereas SAH enhanced the actinorhodin biosynthesis up to the level comparable to SAM, and the most effective concentration of SAH was higher than that of SAM. In the case of oleandomycin that requires SAM for its biosynthesis, both SAM and SAH at the concentration as low as 100 mM showed comparable efficacy in enhancing the production; SAM at 1 mM concentration additionally stimulated to give a 5-fold enhancement of oleandomycin production. In vitro autophosphorylation of protein kinase AfsK was found to be activated by both SAM and SAH, as well as other structurally related compounds. Our studies demonstrate that SAM regulates antibiotic biosynthesis in a mode independent of its role as a methyl donor and suggest that SAM acts directly as an intracellular signaling molecule for Streptomyces.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.288-297
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• 2015

In this study, wind conditions and its energy potential have been assessed by conducting a Weibull analysis of the wind speed data (over the period of 2002-2011) measured from a port city (Mongla) and an isolated island (Sandwip) in Bangladesh. The monthly mean wind speed at Mongla ranged from 1.60 m/s (December) to 2.47 m/s (April). The monthly values of Weibull shape parameter (k) were from 1.27 to 2.53. In addition, the values of the scale parameter (c) and the monthly wind power density ranged from 1.76 to 2.79 m/s and 3.95 to $17.45W/m^2$, respectively. The seasonal mean wind speed data varied from 1.72 (fall) to 2.29 m/s (spring) with the wind power density from 5.33 (fall) to $14.26W/m^2$ (spring). In the case of Sandwip, the results were comparable to those of Mongla, but moderate reductions in all the comparable variables were observed. The wind data results of these two areas have been compared with those of eight other locations in the world with respect to wind power generation scale. According to this comparison, the wind power generation scale for Mongla and Sandwip was adequate for stand-alone small/micro-scale applications such as local household consumption, solar-wind hybrid irrigation pumps, and battery charging.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.163-168
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• 2012

Elderly women are reported to have greater risk of falls. The purpose of this paper was to investigate the possible gender differences in the reaction performance of ankle joint muscles, which have dominant role in the control of sagittal plane balance. Twenty-six elderly men and women with comparable mean age participated in this study. Reaction times to the audible beeps were measured in the tibialis anterior muscle and gastrocnemius muscle. Reaction time variables included premotor time, electromechanical delay and total reaction time. Gender difference in each reaction time was investigated by independent t-test. In both muscles, premotor time was longer in men but the electromechanical delay was longer in women (p < 0.05). Resulting total reaction time was longer in men in tibialis anterior muscle (p < 0.01) and it tended to be longer in men also in gastrocnemius muscle (p = 0.25). The results demonstrates that the overall reaction performances of elderly women is better than or comparable to those of elderly men in ankle joint muscles. This suggests that the reaction performance of ankle muscles is hardly the cause of the greater risk of falls in elderly women.