• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
• /
• v.50 no.2
• /
• pp.157-167
• /
• 2024

Background: Several previous studies have shown that commuting is a source of stress for undergraduate students. However, few studies have investigated the effect of commuting on academic stress among undergraduate students, and there has been little awareness of the environmental impact of commuting. Objectives: To evaluate the associations between commute type and/or time and academic stress among undergraduate students in South Korea, focusing on environmental sustainability. Methods: We conducted an online survey and obtained information on commute types, commute times, and academic stress from 510 undergraduate students aged ≥19 years. Academic stress was comprised of five sub-categories of stress, and total academic stress ranged from 5 to 25 points. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to analyze the associations between commute type and commute time and academic stress. Furthermore, the students were grouped into 21 categories based on their transportation mode for commuting. CO₂ emission factors per each commuting category were calculated using the transportation type's CO₂ emission data from previous studies. Spearman's correlation analysis was used to confirm the correlation between CO₂ emission factors and total academic stress. Results: Students using home-to-school transportation without transfers (vs. walking) showed a significantly higher total academic stress of 2.19 points (95% CI: 0.58, 3.80). In contrast, students using school-to-home transportation without transfers (vs. walking) showed a significantly lower total academic stress of 1.96 points (95% CI: -3.55, -0.38). Moreover, students using transportation with lower CO₂ emission factors had lower academic stress scores (home-to-school: correlation coefficient = 0.507, p<0.001; school-to-home: correlation coefficient = 0.491, p<0.001). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that both commute type and time are significantly associated with academic stress among South Korean undergraduate students. When students select environmentally-friendly transportation, they may not only improve their mental health but also improve climate resilience.

• Honam Mathematical Journal
• /
• v.16 no.1
• /
• pp.41-45
• /
• 1994

• East Asian mathematical journal
• /
• v.7 no.1
• /
• pp.61-70
• /
• 1991

• Proceedings of the KGS Conference
• /
• 2006.06a
• /
• pp.61-63
• /
• 2006

• Korean Journal of Mathematics
• /
• v.3 no.2
• /
• pp.309-314
• /
• 1995

• Honam Mathematical Journal
• /
• v.5 no.1
• /
• pp.139-149
• /
• 1983

• Communications of the Korean Mathematical Society
• /
• v.8 no.3
• /
• pp.409-413
• /
• 1993

• Communications of the Korean Mathematical Society
• /
• v.8 no.3
• /
• pp.415-418
• /
• 1993

• Communications of the Korean Mathematical Society
• /
• v.9 no.4
• /
• pp.873-879
• /
• 1994

• Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society
• /
• v.44 no.1
• /
• pp.211-235
• /
• 2007

In this paper, first we introduce the full expression of the curvature tensor of a real hypersurface M in complex two-plane Grass-mannians $G_2(\mathbb{C}^{m+2})$ from the equation of Gauss and derive a new formula for the Ricci tensor of M in $G_2(\mathbb{C}^{m+2})$. Next we prove that there do not exist any Hopf real hypersurfaces in complex two-plane Grassmannians $G_2(\mathbb{C}^{m+2})$ with parallel and commuting Ricci tensor. Finally we show that there do not exist any Einstein Hopf hypersurfaces in $G_2(\mathbb{C}^{m+2})$.