• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.289-294
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• 1984

The energy expended while playing tennis was determined from the players heart rate and from the amount of oxygen they consumed. This study was made using eight healthy but unathletic male college students. Expired air was collected for 2 minute periods during each game by the Douglas bag method. Samples were collected when serving and receiving. The air collected was measured using a wet test gas meter. The amount of air collected was expressed in STPD. Oxygen consumption was determined by measuring the oxygen content of the expired air with a Orzat gas analyzer. The energy expended during the tennis games was calculated indirectly. The caloric coefficient of oxygen was multiplied by the volume of oxygen consumed. The caloric coefficient of oxygen varied from 4.6 to 5.1 kcal/liter of oxygen. In this study the value of 5 kcal/liter of oxygen was used in the calculations. The accuracy of the measurements of energy expended was tested using regression analysis of the measured volume of oxygen. The mean values of heart rate, oxygen consumed and energy expended did not vary when the activity of serving and receiving was compared. The mean value of oxygen consumed during play was $1.4329{\pm}282ml/min$ or $21.6{\pm}4.0ml/kg/min$. The energy expended was $7.15{\pm}1.46kcal/min$ or $6.45{\pm}1.23kcal/kg/min$. The values were equivalent to 5.5 mets. When the levels of oxygen consumed were estimated using the formulas, they were found to be higher than the measured levels. The estimated amounts, however, were within 25% of the measured amounts.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.286-295
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• 2022

Objectives: Sarcopenia is one of the most representative factors of senescence, and nutritional status is known to affect sarcopenia. This study was performed to analyze the relationships between energy and protein intake and sarcopenia. Methods: The study subjects were 3,236 individuals aged ≥65 that participated in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2008 ~ 2011. General characteristics and anthropometric and 24-hour dietary recall data were analyzed. Sarcopenia was diagnosed using a formula based on appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) and body weight. Logistic regression was performed to determine relationships between sarcopenia risk and energy and protein intakes. Results: For energy intake, the odds ratio (OR) of sarcopenia in women was significantly higher those with the lowest intake [OR = 1.680, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.213-2.326] than those with the highest intake (P for trend = 0.001). Regarding protein intake per kg of body weight, the odds ratio of sarcopenia was significantly higher for those that consumed < 0.8 g/kg of protein daily than those that consumed > 1.2g/kg for men (OR = 2.459, 95% CI = 1.481-4.085) and women (OR = 2.178, 95% CI = 1.423-3.334). Conclusions: This study shows a link between sarcopenia and energy and protein intake levels and suggests that energy and protein consumption be promoted among older adults to prevent sarcopenia.

• Proceedings of the SAREK Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.29-29
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• 2004

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.23 no.9
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• pp.55-61
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• 2009

This paper presents a modified Phasor Discrete Particle Swarm Optimization (PDPSO) algorithm to configure Community Energy Systems(CESs) in the distribution system. The CES obtains electric power from its own Distributed Generations(DGs) and purchases insufficient power from the competitive power market, to supply power for customers contracted with the CES. When there are two or more CESs in a network, the CESs will continue the competitive expansion to reduce the total operation cost. The particles of the proposed PDPSO algorithm have magnitude and phase angle values, and move within a circle area. In the case study, the results by PDPSO algorithm was compared with that by the conventional DPSO algorithm.

• Advances in environmental research
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.203-216
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• 2017

For survival of human beings clean water is an essential commodity whereas contamination in drinking water threatens to mankind. The main cause of water contamination is social and development activities of human being along with increasing population. The community in the study area has acute shortage of drinking water along with about 40 to 60% has no access to safe drinking water. This study indicates drinking water quality of two major sources of coastal belt of Karachi one is supplied by Karachi Water & Sewerage Board (KWSB) as tap water and the other through groundwater. The physicochemical analysis was carried out by following the standard methods for checking the quality of drinking water. The analyzed results showed that the quality of groundwater was unfit as potable water. The most critical situation was observed as high level of contamination followed by high turbidity and increased salinity levels. TDS in surface water were found 12% above and TDS in groundwater was 20% below the National Drinking Water Quality Standards (NDWQS) of Pakistan as well as the permissible WHO drinking water quality guidelines.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.62-69
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• 2018

In the present study, long-term heavy metals (HMs) contaminated soil samples from a well-known Pb/Zn smelting area in the southwest of China were collected, and physicochemical and biological characteristics of these samples were evaluated. Soil samples contained different concentrations of HMs, namely Pb, Zn, Cu, and Cd. Enzyme activity analyses combined with microcalorimetric analysis were used for soil microbial activity evaluation. Results showed that two soil samples, containing almost the highest concentrations of HMs, also shared the greatest microbial activities. Based on correlation coefficient analysis, high microbial activity in heavily HMs contaminated soil might be due to the high contents of soil organic matter and available phosphorus in these samples. High-throughput sequencing technique was used for microbial community structure analysis. High abundance of genera Sphingomonas and Thiobacillus were also observed in these two heavily contaminated soils, suggesting that bacteria belonging to these two genera might be further isolated from these contaminated soils and applied for future studies of HMs remediation. Results of present study would contribute to the evaluation of microbial communities and isolation of microbial resources to remediate HMs pollution.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.51-65
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• 2008

The increasing demand for energy in the near future has created strong motivation for environmentally clean alternative energy resources. Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) have opened up new ways of utilizing renewable energy sources. MFCs are devices that convert the chemical energy in the organic compounds to electrical energy through microbial catalysis at the anode under anaerobic conditions, and the reduction of a terminal electron acceptor, most preferentially oxygen, at the cathode. Due to the rapid advances in MFC-based technology over the last decade, the currently achievable MFC power production has increased by several orders of magnitude, and niche applications have been extended into a variety of areas. Newly emerging concepts with alternative materials for electrodes and catalysts as well as innovative designs have made MFCs promising technologies. Aerobic bacteria can also be used as cathode catalysts. This is an encouraging finding because not only biofouling on the cathode is unavoidable in the prolonged-run MFCs but also noble catalysts can be substituted with aerobic bacteria. This article discusses some of the recent advances in MFCs with an emphasis on the performance, materials, microbial community structures and applications beyond electricity generation.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.06a
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• pp.678-683
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• 2005

Korea is utilizing geothermal resources mainly in the bathing and swimming facilities with very few applications for industrial processes or space heating. It is estimated that geothermal capacity and annual utilization are 36.2MWt and 761TJ/year as compared to global capacity and annual utilization of 15,145MWt and 190,699 TJ/year. RETScreen software is a user's friendly tool for analyzing the technical and financial pre-feasibility of potential Renewable Energy (RE) projects that promotes the use of RE applications through the capacity building of planners, decision-makers and industries for successful implementation of RE projects. Strong ties between Canada and Korean organizations such as Korean Solar Energy Society (KSES) and the Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER) exist for knowledge transfer about RETScreen. In this paper, an overview of RETScreen and its ground source heat pump (GSHP) model with a practical example of an existing project of a community hall in Canada are described to illustrate effectiveness of RETScreenin the implementation of RE technologies. The same community hall project is then evaluated hypothetically considering its location at Kangnyng, Korea. The main objective is to demonstrate how RETScreen GSHP model can also be utilized effectively for GSHP applications in Korea.

• Proceedings of the SAREK Conference
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• 2008.06a
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• pp.825-832
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• 2008

A simulation program is developed for analysing thermal networking process between the District heating and the CES(Community Energy Supply) systems. The effects of thermal networking on the District heating facilities previously being operated are implemented using mathematical correlations in terms of the fuel consumption and energy load such as heating and electricity. The operational characteristics according to the prime movers is modeled based on the materials of efficiency as a function of operational load. The unit energy load model is also developed extensively for several building types such as apartment complex, hotel, hospital, buildings for business and commercial use respectively. The specific features of the newly developed program in simulation of thermal networking process in district heating is described in terms of the reliability and the easiness for operating it etc.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.105-109
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• 2000

To investigate the correlation between college women's energy intake and body fat percentage, this study was undertaken with 116 college women aged 19-24 years. The subjects were 20.9 years old on the average, and mean height and weight was 161.3 cm, 51.2 kg. Blood pressures were 112.4 mm Hg(systolic pressure), 70.2 mmHg(diastolic pressure). The number of pulse was 75.5 count/min. The energy intake and percent body fat were examined. The average intake of energy was 7652kcal/day(82.3% of RDA), which was lower than the recommended amount. It was similar to the level of energy intake of Korean women. BMI was 19.7 and body fat percent was 24.4%, so they appeared plump. According to BMI, 43.1% of subjects was grouped into normal, 56.9% was thin ; there was no difference between groups in age and stature. Also, normal group(27.1%) shoed significantly higher body fat percent(27.1%) than thin group(22.3%). But, body fat percent of thin group according to BMI was shown normal. Therefore, it may be thought that BMI is unsuitable indicator in this study. As a result of analyzing the correlation between body-measuring value and food intake, body fat percent against body weight and BMI was significant at the level p<0.001, but thee was no significant correlation with food intake. Therefore, it is desirable to recommend a healthful dietary lifestyle and activities for young women who want to reduce body weight due to excessive concerns regarding their outward figure.