• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.635-649
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• 2006

The static and dynamic responses of guyed telecommunication towers can be determined by using two models, the space truss element model, and the equivalent beam-column element model. The equivalent beam-column analysis is based on the determination of the equivalent shear, torsion, and bending rigidities as well as the equivalent area of the guyed mast. In the literature, two methods are currently available to determine the equivalent properties of lattice structures, namely: the unit load method, and the energy approach. In this study, an equivalent beam-column analysis is introduced based on an equivalent thin plate approach for lattice structures. A finite-element modeling, using suitably modified ABAQUS software, is used to investigate the accuracy of utilizing the different proposed methods in determining the static and dynamic responses of a guyed tower of 364.5-meter high subjected to static and seismic loading conditions. The results from these analyses are compared to those obtained from a finite-element modeling of the actual structure using 3-D truss and beam elements. Good agreement is shown between the different proposed beam-column models, and the model of the actual structure. However, the proposed equivalent thin plate approach is simpler to apply than the other two approaches.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제41권5호
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• pp.681-695
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• 2021

Many existing transmission or communication towers designed several decades ago have undergone nonreversible performance degradation, making it hardly meet the additional requirements from upgrades in wind load design codes and extra services of electricity and communication. Therefore, a new-type non-destructive reinforcement method was proposed to reduce the on-site operation of drilling and welding for improving the quality and efficiency of reinforcement. Six built-up steel angle members were tested under compression to examine the reinforcement performance. Subsequently, the cyclic loading test was conducted on a pair of steel angle tower sub-structures to investigate the reinforcement effect, and a simplified prediction method was finally established for calculating the buckling bearing capacity of those new-type retrofitted built-up steel angles. The results indicates that: no apparent difference exists in the initial stiffness for the built-up specimens compared to the unreinforced steel angles; retrofitting the steel angles by single-bolt clamps can guarantee a relatively reasonable reinforcement effect and is suggested for the reduced additional weight and higher construction efficiency; for the substructure test, the latticed substructure retrofitted by the proposed reinforcement method significantly improves the lateral stiffness, the non-deformability and energy dissipation capacity; moreover, an apparent pinching behavior exists in the hysteretic loops, and there is no obvious yield plateau in the skeleton curves; finally, the accuracy validation result indicates that the proposed theoretical model achieves a reasonable agreement with the test results. Accordingly, this study can provide valuable references for the design and application of the non-destructive upgrading project of steel angle towers.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.353-366
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• 2001

With respect to serviceability, antenna masts should be designed so that wind-induced motion will not cause unacceptable lack of transmission for broadcasting users and wireless communication. For such antenna masts with directional radio transmission the serviceability limit state is predominantly governed by the tolerable change of the broadcasting angle of the mounted antenna assembly and therefore by the tip distortion of the mast. In this paper it will be shown that refinements of the present state of design of antenna masts are possible by using the statistics of extremes applied to extreme wind situations and by consideration of the statistical and reliability requirements given by the operator such as frequency and return period of passing the serviceability limit.

• 한국전자통신학회논문지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.171-179
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• 2010

일반적으로 송전용 전력선 및 절연체의 감시 및 유지 보수를 위한 한 방법으로서 유인 헬기를 이용하여 가시영상 및 적외선 열영상을 측정하고 이를 분석하는 방법이 이용되고 있다. 이러한 감시 및 유지보수 방법을 무인화하기 위해 항공 영상으로부터 전력선의 자동 추출에 대한 연구가 진행 되어 왔다. 본 논문에서는 열영상 기반의 전력선 영상에서 전력선을 효과적으로 검출하기 위해 Hough변환 및 전력선의 방향성을 이용하는 방법을 제안하고자 한다. 제안된 방법은 얻어진 에지성분을 바탕으로 하프변환을 하고 방향성분을 분석하여 전력선의 분포특성을 얻고 이를 이용하여 전력선을 검출한다. 특히 얻어진 항공영상에서 전력선이 평행한 경우와 원근법에 의해 평행하지 않은 경우 모두 양호한 검출특성을 보인다. 모의실험을 통하여 이러한 전력선 검출 방법은 배경 영상의 복잡성과 항공영상의 전력선 방향에 무관하게 유효한 방법임을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국전자통신학회논문지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.613-618
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• 2019

EMF (전자기장)는 지식 기반 정보 사회에서 살기위한 귀중한 자원 중 하나다. EMF는 우리의 삶을 쉽고 편리하게 만들어주는 가전제품과 휴대 전화, 개인용 컴퓨터, 의료 기기 및 방송 타워 등의 정보 통신 기기에 사용된다. 그러나 EMF 노출과 관련된 생물학적 유해성은 전기 통신 장치로부터의 신호도 증가하고 있다. 인체에 대한 EMF 노출의 영향에 대한 연구가 오랫동안 수행되었지만 EMF 효과가 유해한 지 여부는 아직 증명되지 않았다. 본 논문에서는 생활주변의 각종 전자기기로부터 방출 되는 전자장과 그 영향에 대해서 고찰한다.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.1319-1327
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• 2015

As wind power farm (WPF) installations continue to grow, monitoring and controlling large-scale WPFs presents new challenges. In this paper, a hierarchical network architecture is proposed in order to provide remote monitoring and control of large-scale WPFs. The network architecture consists of three levels, including the WPF comprised of wind turbines and meteorological towers, local control center (LCC) responsible for remote monitoring and control of wind turbines, and a central control center (CCC) that offers data collection and aggregation of many WPFs. Different scenarios are considered in order to evaluate the performance of the WPF communications network with its hierarchical architecture. The communications network within the WPF is regarded as the local area network (LAN) while the communication among the LCCs and the CCC happens through a wide area network (WAN). We develop a communications network model based on an OPNET modeler, and the network performance is evaluated with respect to the link bandwidth and the end-to-end delay measured for various applications. As a result, this work contributes to the design of communications networks for large-scale WPFs.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• 제21권12호
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• pp.9-20
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• 2021

Abstraction applied in computer networking hides network details behind a well-defined representation by building a model that captures an essential aspect of the network system. Two current methods of representation are available, one based on graph theory, where a network node is reduced to a point in a graph, and the other the use of non-methodological iconic depictions such as human heads, walls, towers or computer racks. In this paper, we adopt an abstract representation methodology, the thinging machine (TM), proposed in software engineering to model computer networks. TM defines a single coherent network architecture and topology that is constituted from only five generic actions with two types of arrows. Without loss of generality, this paper applies TM to model the area of network monitoring in packet-mode transmission. Complex network documents are difficult to maintain and are not guaranteed to mirror actual situations. Network monitoring is constant monitoring for and alerting of malfunctions, failures, stoppages or suspicious activities in a network system. Current monitoring systems are built on ad hoc descriptions that lack systemization. The TM model of monitoring presents a theoretical foundation integrated with events and behavior descriptions. To investigate TM modeling's feasibility, we apply it to an existing computer network in a Kuwaiti enterprise to create an integrated network system that includes hardware, software and communication facilities. The final specifications point to TM modeling's viability in the computer networking field.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.387-398
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• 2019

On the basis that ground motions may arrive at a structure from any horizontal direction and that different directions of seismic incidence would result in different structural dynamic responses, this paper focuses on orienting the crucial seismic incidence of transmission tower-line systems based on the wavelet energy method. A typical transmission tower-line system is chosen as the case study, and two finite element (FE) models are established in ABAQUS, with and without consideration of the interaction between the transmission towers and the transmission lines. The mode combination frequency is defined by considering the influence of the higher-order modes of the structure. Subsequently, wavelet transformation is performed to obtain the total effective energy input and the effective energy input rate corresponding to the mode combination frequency to further judge the critical angle of seismic incidence by comparing these two performance indexes under different seismic incidence angles. To validate this approach, finite element history analysis (FEHA) is imposed on both FE models to generate comparative data, and good agreement is found. The results demonstrate that the wavelet energy method can forecast the critical angle of seismic incidence of a transmission tower-line system with adequate accuracy, avoiding time-consuming and cumbersome computer analysis. The proposed approach can be used in future seismic design of transmission tower-line systems.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.17-24
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• 2023

The objective of this paper is to use Geographical Information Systems for identifying Digital Divide in Riyadh Neighborhoods, Saudi Arabia. Geo-database was created that includes Streets, Neighborhoods, ICT Access Data and Coverage Map for Riyadh. We used QGIS and overlay for analysis, intersection selected as tool for this paper. The results indicate that after analyzing the use of information communication technology in all regions of the Kingdom it turns that Riyadh, Ash Sharqiyyah and Makkah in average with percentage 50%, While Al Jawf, Al Madinah, and Najran are the least with percentage 42%. Then we focused on Riyadh to analyze the digital divide because it is the capital of Saudi Arabia and occupations the highest percent of communications towers in the KSA due to population density. Regarding coverage of the 4G, the neighborhoods at the center have recorded very high coverage score. While neighborhoods at the edges of the city have low values of coverage score. Same for 3G, it is more intense in the center and the coverage percentage is higher than 4G. For 2G we found it had the highest coverage compared to 3G or 4G

• 한국전자파학회논문지
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• 제19권12호
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• pp.1394-1401
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• 2008

본 논문은 800 MHz 대역의 CDMA 이동 통신 기지국의 안테나에서 보편적으로 발생되고 있는 수동 상호 변조 왜곡 특성에 대하여 조명해 보고 진동이 수동 상호 변조 왜곡에 미치는 영향을 분석하여 그에 대한 개선 방안을 연구하였다. 이동 통신 기지국은 대부분 건물 옥상이나 철탑 등 고지대에 위치하게 된다. 그렇기 때문에 비, 바람 등 자연 환경적인 요인이나 차량 등 생활 환경적인 요인에 의해 미세한 흔들림 곧, 진동이라는 영향을 수없이 받고 있다. 이에 착안하여 이동 통신 안테나가 진동에 의해 영향을 받고 있다는 것을 실험을 통해 입증해 냄으로써 실제 이동 통신 운용 필드에서 진동이라는 요인에 의해 안테나의 수동 상호 변조 왜곡 특성이 쉽게 열화된다는 것을 증명해 보였다. 또한, 진동에 잘 견딜 수 있는 안테나 구조에 대한 개선 방안을 제시하였고, 구조 개선 전후 안테나의 수동 상호 변조 왜곡 특성을 실험적으로 비교함으로써 그 열화 정도를 35 dB 이상 향상시킬 수 있었다.