• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.81-91
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• 1990

Nutritional ceroidosis accompanied with histopathological changes such as myopathy and visceral ceroidosis, was experimentally induced by feeding the oxidized feed with the peroxide value of 98meq/kg, to common carp resulting in some motalities of carp. To see the effect of treacetment survivors of the above fish were orally administered by feeding diets containing daily doses of 3mg and 6mg of glutathione per kg fish for 10 days or 20 days. While control and 3mg dosage group retained viscerral ceroidosis and showed evidence myopathy histo pathologically, the fish treated with 6mg of glutathione for 20days showed obvious reduction of macrophages of ceroid in the viscera.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.681-698
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• 2022

The Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus, Atlantic salmon Salmo salar, rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus, common carp Cyprinus carpio, grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella and rohu carp Labeo rohita are farmed commercially worldwide. Production of these important finfishes is rapidly expanding, and intensive culture practices can lead to stress in fish, often reducing resistance to infectious diseases. Antibiotics and other drugs are routinely used for the treatment of diseases and sometimes applied preventatively to combat microbial pathogens. This strategy is responsible for the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance, mass killing of environmental/beneficial bacteria, and residual effects in humans. As an alternative, the administration of probiotics has gained acceptance for disease control in aquaculture. Probiotics have been found to improve growth, feed utilization, immunological status, disease resistance, and to promote transcriptomic profiles and internal microbial balance of host organisms. The present review discusses the effects of single and multi-strain probiotics on growth, immunity, heamato-biochemical parameters, and disease resistance of the above-mentioned finfishes. The application and outcome of probiotics in the field or open pond system, gaps in existing knowledge, and issues worthy of further research are also highlighted.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.363-375
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• 1996

The effects of the yeast, Phaffia rhodozyme in the diet on growth, body composition, muscle elasticity and pigmentation of Israeli strain of common carp, colored carp and Nile tilapia were investigated. Ten percent of the yeast was added to semi purified diet as an experimental feed 1. Ten percent of brewers yeast in the semi purified diet (experimental feed 2) was tested for comparing the growth performance between two semi purified diets. A commercial diet was also used for the check of growth rate of the semi purified diets. All experimental fish were fed for 10 weeks. The weight gains among the experimental fish were not significantly different (P>0.05). There were not significantly different in body composition, muscle elasticity among the the fishes fed three experimental diets. There were significant differences (P<0.05) of pigment deposition in the muscle of Israeli strain of common can and on the skin of colored carp between treated and non treated group. But there were no differences of pigment deposition in flesh and skin of tilapia among the three diets.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.222-224
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• 1975

Three strains of common carp, i. e. , Israeli carp, red-and-white, and golden strains, were stocked in the same pond, and their growth rates were compared with following results: From August 12 to November 21 in 1975, fingerlings of the three strains of common carp, Cyprinus carpo, each weighing about 0.5 g with total length of 2 to 3 cm, were stocked. The pond had an area of $316m^2$ with a mean water depth of 55cm, and the bottom was covered with a 20 to 30 cm thick layer of silt containing a considerable amount of decaying organic materials. Feed given was prepared with equal amounts of fish meal and polished barley, of which, in addition, $10\%$ green grass and $1\%$ table salt were mixed together when prepared into paste feed using a chopper after boiling the barley. Total protein content of the feed was $34.9\%$ in dry state with $5\%$ moisture content. Total feed given was 30.08 kg calculated in dry state to produce 20.588 kg of the common carp fingerlings, thus the feed coefficient being 1.51. By strains, the harvested Israeli carp ranged 98 to 311g each with a mean weight of $172.69g(100\%)$, red-and-white strain 15 to 318g with mean of $104.1g(60.3\%)$, and the golden strain 30 to 268g with mean of $128.7g(74.6\%)$. During the rearing season mean water temperature was $23.9^{\circ}C$ and the assumed main growth period with the water temperature above $15^{\circ}C$ was, upto the end of October, for 80 days with a mean water temperature of $23.9^{\circ}C$. Taking this main growth period as the basis for growth rate analysis, the mean daily increments, expressed as the attained body weight in times of the starting weight, become 1.075786 times (or the Israeli strain, 1.06901 times for the red-and-white strain, and 1.07185 times for the golden strain.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.28 no.11
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• pp.1033-1040
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• 2019

The National Environmental Specimen Bank (NESB) has set up a plan to develop reference materials in the facility for assuring analytical quality and validating analytical methods for its monitoring samples. Some of the crucial characteristics that reference materials must consist of are homogeneity and stability of both intra and inter-bottles. In this study, we examined the homogeneity and stability of cryogenically-milled muscle samples, from Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) for total mercury. Homogeneity was tested using ANOVA analysis and regression analysis was used to test short-term stability. The variations of total mercury concentration did not significantly differ between the intra and the inter-bottle (F=0.8, p=0.37). Additionally, relative standard deviation of the total mercury concentration showed low values (2.28%). For the short-term stability test, total mercury variations were not statistically significant as demonstrated by the result of the regression analysis (F ratio = 3.11, p = 0.18). This suggests that the cryogenic-milling process has statistically proven the degree of homogeneity and short-term stability for samples of carp muscles in the chemical analysis for total mercury.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.612-618
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• 2012

The proximate and fatty acid compositions of the edible portion of three species of cultured freshwater fish (common eel Anguilla japonica, rainbow trout Onchorhynchus mykiss, and Israeli carp Cyprinus carpio) were compared between imports from China and domestically produced specimens. The lipid contents of cultured common eel and rainbow trout were rich in imported fishes (20.4 and 12.2%, respectively) compared with those in domestic ones (16.0 and 8.01%, respectively), while those of Israeli carp were rich only in the domestically produced specimens (8.06 and 3.07%, respectively). There was a negative correlation between the lipid and moisture contents in all fish samples (r =-0.86). The protein contents ranged from 16.6 to 21.3% in domestic fishes and 15.3 to 19.1% in imported ones. The most prominent fatty acids in the fishes were: saturated fatty acids, 16:0, 18:0 and 14:0; monounsaturated fatty acids, 18:1n-9, 16:1n-7 and 18:1n-7; and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), 18:2n-6, 22:6n-3 (docosahexaenoic acid, DHA), and 20:5n-3 (eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA). The percentage of n-3 PUFA (e.g., DHA, 22:5n-3, EPA, and 18:3n-3) was higher in domestic common eel and Israeli carp than in imported ones, but similar in domestic and imported rainbow trout, and higher in domestic wild rainbow trout than in cultured ones. On the other hand, all of the cultured freshwater fishes contained a relatively large amount of 18:2n-6, which is a characteristic fatty acid in cultured fish lipids.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.233-238
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• 1981

A recirculating water system without filter bed was used for a high density experimental rearing of common carp, Cyprinus carpio, during the summer of 1981. Of the water system, 3 tanks were used for stocking each tank with 10,000, 20,000 and 30,000 common carp fingerlings which averaged 0.6 g. The water in the system was maintained in dark green colour by heavy growth of phytoplankton during the most period of the experiment. In this experiment, the best daily growth rate, $3.7\%$, was obtained from the 10,000 fish group followed by $2.8\%\;and\;3.0\%$ from the 20,000 and 30,000 fish groups respectively. Thus there was no significant difference between the latter two groups. Especially, notably high concentration of total ammonia, $5\sim7$ ppm ammonia-N, in the culture water appeared during the most experimental period, but this did not seem to have affected feeding and growth of the fish when the water was kept at heavy bloom. It was also obvious that the outbreak of columnaris disease was effectively depressed in this green water recirculating system compared to that in clarified recirculating system. One tank ($7m^2$) of this system was stocked with 446 common carp of intermediate size averaging 352.2 g and after 40 day rearing they grew to 486.3 g in average with a daily growth rate of $0.8\%$. This result was a little inferior to that reared in a tank of the clarified water system as control which showed $1.0\%$ daily growth rate. Therefore, before an initiation of the commercial production of fish in this method, further studies concerning the amount of ammonium with its effect on the fish under rearing in this system and the columnaris disease problem should be carried out.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.189-200
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• 2007

To investigate the innate immune response involved in early stage of anti-viral defence, carps were injected with UV-inactivated spring viraemia of carp virus (SVCV), poly inosinic:cytidylic acid (Poly I:C) and concanavalin A (Con A), respectively and examined lysozyme activity, serum complement activity and chemiluminescent (CL) response of leucocytes isolated from head kidney at 3 days post-injection. There was no significant difference in plasma lysozyme activities among all experimental groups. However, lysozyme activities of head kidney in the groups injected with antiviral activity inducers were significantly higher than those of the control injected with physiological saline. Bactericidal activities of serum of the groups injected with antiviral activity inducers were not significantly different from control group. However, the CL responses were significantly higher at lower dose of Poly I:C and Con A, whilst dose-dependent increase was shown in UV-inactivated SVCV-injected group. In the challenge test with 1×104 TCID50/fish of SVCV at 4 days post-injection, UV-inactivated SVCV- and Poly I:C-injected groups showed higher relative percent survival (RPS) than Con A-injected group. Furthermore, strong protection was observed in the group injected higher dose of Poly I:C although showed lower activities in lysozyme and CL response. These results suggested that Poly I:C might stimulate other factors belonging to non-specific immune system have induced protective immunity against the SVCV challenged.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2012

It has been reported that various anti-oxidant substances stimulate non-specific immune responses in fishes. In this study it was examined whether N-acetylcysteine (NAC), an anti-oxidant glutathione (GSH) precursor, can modulate non-specific immune parameters in 8 different fishes. NAC was intraperitoneally administered at 10 mg/kg to catfish (Silurus asotus), loach (Misgurnus mizolepis), common carp (Cyprinus carpio), crucian carp (Carassius carassius), eel (Anguilla japonica), snakehead (Channa argus), tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and mullet (Mugil cephalus). Forty-eight hours later, chemiluminescence (CL) response of head-kidney leukocytes and serum lysozyme activity were assessed. In all fishes except crusian carp and loach, CL responses were amplified by NAC. Lysozyme activity was increased by NAC in all fish species but not in tilapia. This result suggests that NAC stimulates non-specific immune responses in various species, and that such effects may have beneficial significance in aquaculture for practical utilization.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.298-302
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• 1982

In order to elucidate the taste compounds of wild common carp, Cyprinus carpio, and Korean snakehead, Channa argus, organic acids, sugars ana minerals were analyzed as a part of the study on the taste compounds of fresh-water fishes. Among organic acids, the contents of succinic acid, butyric acid, propionic acid and valeric acid were fairly high, while those of oxalic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid and citric acid were trace. As for the sugars, glucose was found to be the most predominant monosaccharide of the species. Extremely small amounts of fructose and arabinose were also detected and inositol and ribose were trace in content. Among minerals, $K^{+},\;Na^{+},\;PO_{4}^{3-}\;and\;Cl^{-}$ were found to be the major ions and small amounts of $Ca^{2+}\;and\;Mg^{2+}$ were detected.