• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권11호
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• pp.1609-1618
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• 2000

Thin stillage and distillers' grains are byproducts remaining after alcohol distillation from a fermented cereal grain mash. Both byproducts are used as energy and protein sources for ruminants. Due to its liquid nature, more than 50% of thin stillage bypasses the rumen. Thin stillage can be fed alone or in combination with distillers' grains. However, a better utilization by beef cattle is anticipated when thin stillage replaces water as a fluid source. Ruminal undegraded protein content of distillers' grains is greatly affected by type of cereal grain and by drying. Corn distillers' grains have a higher ruminal undegraded protein content than wheat distillers' grains while dried distillers' grains have a higher ruminal undegraded protein content than the wet distillers' grains. Wet and dried distillers' grains can replace up to 50% of corn grain in beef cattle diets without affecting animal performance. The estimated NEg of corn distillers' grains for beef cattle ranges from 100 to 169% of that of corn. In general, wet corn distillers' grains have a higher NEg value than dried corn distillers' grains and the addition of thin stillage improves the NEg of distillers' grains. Improved performance of ruminats fed distillers' byproducts can be attributed to high digestible fiber content, improved rumen environment and a shift in organic matter digestion from the rumen to the small intestine.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Applied Microbiology Conference
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• 한국미생물생명공학회 2000년도 Proceedings of 2000 KSAM International Symposium and Spring Meeting
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• pp.108-113
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• 2000

Freshwater borne bacteria transformed with luxAB-containing plasmid were optimized for the toxicity tests of various organic carbons and heavy metals. The EC$\sub$50/ values obtained from tests using the most sensitive bacterium to toxicants, YH9-RC, revealed to be much less than those from the Microtox$\^$/. In addition, some physiological characteristics of this bacterium under the toxic stress conditions such as potential bioluminescence, specific growth rate, and intracellular ATP contents, reproducibly and reliably correlated to the toxicity of the chemicals exposed. The higher concentrations of COD in wastewater samples, the lower EC$\sub$50/ values, therefore the developed toxicity test was found to be easily applicable to the toxicity test for wastewater samples and effluents. The conditions for constructing 384-multiwell plate containing freeze-dried bacterium were also optimized through the addition of 0.16 M trehalose before freeze-drying. Consequently, the advanced test system featuring a continuous measurement of the toxicity, an automated real-time monitoring of its results, and an alerting function was designed and constructed in combination with the microbiological, mechanical, and electronic compartment.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.203-207
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• 2007

Conventional processing of biological materials including nematode parasites for scanning electron microscopy includes fixation with glutaraldehyde and osmium, followed by dehydration in an ascending grade of ethanol, and finally freeze drying. This procedure takes about 8 to 12 h depending on the characteristics of samples. Microwave irradiation of 2,450 MHz enhance the action of cross-linking fixatives and can greatly accelerate various stages of tissue processing. In this study, samples of nematode parasites, Setaria digitata, were fixed by a combination of conventional chemical fixation and the microwave irradiation during the process. The microwave irradiation was also incorporated in the serial dehydration process with ethanol. The complete procedure from the initial fixation to the completion of dehydration with ethanol was reduced to 1 h with good preservation of the ultrastructural details of the specimens.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.31-43
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• 1989

Tidal asymmetry and the associated sediment dynamics in the Keum River Estuary has been investigated from a numerical tidal model. Modeling efforts were focussed on the simulation of large drying sandflat exposed at the mouth of the Estuary and dynamic combination of two-dimensional estuary model and one-dimensional river model. Despite strong frictional attenuation within the estuary, the M4 tides reach significant amplitude, resulting in strong tidal distortion. Model results show that the asymmetry over the area exhibit more intense flood flows transport than do less intense ebb flows of longer duration. This causes filling of the estuary as evidenced by large sandflats spread over the inner area. The spatial distribution of peak bottom stress computed from the tidal model suggest that present tidal sedimentation regime may be altered significantly, especially in the approach channel to outer Kunsan port and downstream part of the dike, due to the construction of cross-channel barrier.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• 제37권5호
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• pp.667-675
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• 2013

After analyzing excavated $17-18^{th}$ century silk fibers through a scanning electron microscopy, we discovered seven different kinds of fracture morphology. Using Morton & Hearle fiber fracture morphology, we classified the findings into four different categories. Type I is tensile failure resulting from brittle fracture, granular fracture, and ductile fracture. Type II is fatigue failure caused by tensile fatigue, flex fatigue, and axial split (fibrillation). Type III is bacterial deterioration discovered only in excavated artifacts. Type IV is a combination of the three above. Humid underground conditions and the infiltration of bacteria caused the fibers to swell and weaken its interfibrillar cohesion. Fractures occur when drying and processing an excavated artifact that is already in a fragile condition. Therefore, one must minimize damage through a prompt cleaning process and make sure that the least possible force is exerted on the fabric during any treatment for repair and exhibition.

• Proceedings of the Materials Research Society of Korea Conference
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• 한국재료학회 2012년도 춘계학술발표대회
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• pp.56.2-56.2
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• 2012

Clinically-favored materials for bone regeneration are mainly based on bioceramics due to their chemical similarity to the mineral phase of bone. A successful scaffold in bone regeneration should have a 3D interconnected pore structure with the proper biodegradability, biocompatibility, bioactivity, and mechanical property. The pore architecture and mechanical properties mainly dependent on the fabrication process. Bioceramics scaffolds are fabricated by polymer sponge method, freeze drying, and melt molding process in general. However, these typical processes have some shortcomings in both the structure and interconnectivity of pores and in controlling the mechanical stability. To overcome this limitation, the rapid prototyping (RP) technique have newly proposed. Researchers have suggested RP system in fabricating bioceramics scaffolds for bone tissue regeneration using selective laser sintering, powder printing with an organic binder to form green bodies prior to sintering. Meanwhile, sintering process in high temperature leads to bad cost performance, unexpected crystallization, unstable mechanical property, and low bio-functional performance. The development of RP process without high thermal treatment is especially important to enhance biofunctional performance of scaffold. The purpose of this study is development of new process to fabricate ceramic scaffold at room temperature. The structural properties of the scaffolds were analyzed by XRD, FE-SEM and TEM studies. The biological performance of the scaffolds was also evaluated by monitoring the cellular activity.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.229-238
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• 2013

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are added to different food products for a long time due to health beneficial effects on human host. LAB is applied in dairy products, such as yoghurt, cheese, and various fermented products, and also in non-dairy products, such as sausages. However, reaching the human gut alive as well as in a sufficient cell amount to exert positive health effects is still a big challenge, due to LAB sensitive character and vulnerability against harsh and detrimental conditions in human digestive system. Keeping physiological activity of sensitive LAB strains alive is for the formulation of novel food products with a probiotic health claim of utmost interest, thus microencapsulation has been applied and investigated as a promising technique for a good and reliable protection. Microencapsulation allows reduced cell injury or cell loss by retaining cells within the encapsulating membrane and can be enforced by spray-drying, emulsion, extrusion, and a range of other technologies in combination with an appropriate coating material, such as alginate, chitosan, and mixture of these two polymers. In this review, established and well-studied microencapsulation techniques with their favored coating materials, as well as the recent applications of microencapsulated LAB into dairy products will be discussed.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.63-69
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• 2002

A new concept of stock preparation for the increase of bending stiffness in paper and board was proposed. The "stiff" fibers, which were mechanically not treated or treated slightly to remove fiber curls, were combined with extensively refined fibers (ERF) to produce higher stiffness papers than those where the whole fibers were refined. The combination of "stiff" fibers and extensively refined fibers produced higher stiffness at the same tensile strength than the control furnish, in which all the fibers are refined together. In this concept, the fibers from recycled papers could be as much useful as the virgin fibers as long as they are stiff enough or they can produce highly bondable fiber fractions by extensive refining. Use of the concept in real paper mill needs considerations such as increase of refining energy, slower drainage, and added drying burden, but savings of wood fibers, utilization of more recycled fibers, and increase of physical properties may offset the negative concerns. The success of this concept implementation in mills, therefore, depends on the wood fiber market around the mills and the proper decision making for the papermakers about how to apply this concept. apply this concept.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.259-264
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• 2019

Cost effective clay adsorptive microfiltration membranes were synthesized to remove Cr (III) from high polluted water. Raw and calcined bentonite were mixed in order to decrease the shrinkage and also increase the porosity; then, 20 wt% of carbonate was added and the samples, named B (without carbonate) and B-Ca20 (with 20 wt% calcium carbonate) were uniaxially pressed and after sufficient drying, fired at $1100^{\circ}C$ for 3 hours. Then, physical and mechanical properties of the samples, their phase analyses and microstructure and also their ability for Cr(III) removal from high polluted water (including 1000 ppm Cr (III) ions) were studied. Results showed that the addition of calcium carbonate lead the porosity to increase to 33.5% while contrary to organic pore formers like starch, due to the formation of wollastonite, the mechanical strength not only didn't collapse but also improved to 36.77 MPa. Besides, sample B-Ca20, due to the presence of wollastonite and anorthite, could remove 99.97% of Cr (III) ions. Hence, a very economic and cost effective combination of membrane filtration and adsorption technology was achieved for water treatment which made microfiltration membranes act even better than nanofiltration ones without using any adsorptive nano particles.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.37-48
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• 1973

The purpose of this studies is to improve the cohesion of raw silk through various analyses on cocoon drying, cooking, reeling, re-reeling, and on the properties of water. Also we investigated the correlation between silk testing items which we have reached to the following results. 1. Drying of cocoon When cocoons were slowly dried with 100$^{\circ}C$, the results of cohesion became much better. On the other hand, the results were considerably decreased in case the temperature with 115$^{\circ}C$. 2. Cooking of cocoon In case of the cooking of cocoon, we found that the result of cohesion was best with incomplete cooking, that of the control was next, while in over cooking, the results were very low. Also the results of cohesion were much better when using the method of over cooking with sericin arrestive agent than that of incomplete cooking with sericin agglutinating agent. 3. Reeling of cocoon A) When the temperature of reeling bath was 25-45$^{\circ}C$, the results of cohesion test were much better, but at the temperature below 25$^{\circ}C$ or above 45$^{\circ}C$, the results became worse. B) With out the process of croissieur, the results of cohesion were too bad, but in case of croissieur more than 1cm, cohesion became better rapidly. Further more, we understood that the results of cohesion were improving slightly with longer length of croissieur. C) When the velocity of reeling was increased, the results of cohesion also improved. The best results were shown when reeling velocity was 180-220 r.p.m. But when the velocity was increased more than 220 r.p.m., the results of cohesion got worse more or less. D) When the temperature of the drying pipe in reeling machine was raised, the results of cohesion also showed a tendency to improve. 4. Re-reeling A) We could net reach a conclusion as to have correlation between the number of dipping repeat in vacuum tank and the results of cohesion before re-reeling process. B) When we used Seracol 500 as an agglutination protective agent with l/1000 to l/2000 of water, the results of cohesion test were better. C) When we used Pearl-lite as an agglutination protective agent with 1/1000 to 1/2000 of water, the results of cohesion were considerably better. D) We gained tile best results when used Cohesion Improving Chemical, A-80, with 500-1500 times diluted. 1) Results of cohesion was improved when humidity was low or temperature was high in the rereeling machine. 5. Filature water A) The water pH near the isoelectric point of protein showed the best cohesion, but the farther water pH, the worser results were obtained. B) With the increasing of M-alkalinity in filature water, the results of cohesion were worse. Above all, we understood the tendency of the results of cohesion get worse when the M-alkalinity is increased above 200 ppm. C) By increasing the total hardness of the filature water, it improved the results of cohesion. Especially, when the total hardness was above 300ppm, the results were extremely high. 6. Effects combination of each results A) The result of effects combination in filature processes with the obtained best conditions was distinctively improved. But the results could not reach in mathematicaly double effect. When reelied under worse conditions, the results of cohesion test were too bad. There was "effect limit" for the promotion. B) Generally the results of cohesion were bad when the filature conditions(the temperature, pressure and the properties of water, etc) are processed as sericin loss to be high. On the other hand, the results were very good when lower sericin loss was controlled in filature conditions. C) When filature conditions such as reeling velocity and croissieur length provide pysical cohesion ability and when raw silk dry fast during reeling and re-reeling, we found the result of cohesion was better. 7. Correlation of silk testing items. A) A negative correlation exists between the results of cohesion test and cleanness defect. Another word, the result of cohesion test was found to be worse as cleanness defect increased. B) In cleanness, cohesion has negative correlation against the number of slugs, but we could not find any correlation against long loops, loose ends. C) Cohesion has negative correlation against average neatness and low neatness defect. The better the results of neatness respectively, the better the results of cohesion found. D) There is no correlation between tenacity and the results of cohesion test, but there was high positive correlation between the results of elongation and those of cohesion test. The more elongation, the better the results of cohesion was found.