• 제목/요약/키워드: collimation

검색결과 114건 처리시간 0.028초

복부팬텀을 이용한 SID 변화와 부가필터 유무에 따른 피폭선량에 관한 연구 (Study on Exposure Dose According to Change of Source to Image Distance and Additional Filter Using Abdomen Phantom)

  • 김기원;손진현
    • 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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    • 제39권3호
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    • pp.407-414
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    • 2016
  • 본 연구의 목적은 엑스선 선원과 검출기사이의 거리(SID)변화와 부가필터 사용 유무에 따른 피폭선량을 측정하여 환자선량을 최소화 하는 것이다. 연구를 위해 사용한 기기 및 팬텀은 DR시스템, 복부 조직 등가팬텀 그리고 알루미늄 필터를 사용하였다. 촬영 조건으로는 관전압을 80 kVp로 고정하고, 선량은 자동노출제어 장치를 통해 설정 하였다. 또한, 조사야는 $16{\times}16inch$를 사용하였다. 실험방법으로는 SID를 100 cm, 110 cm, 120 cm, 130 cm로 변화를 주어 각각 10회 측정하였고, 조사야 중심에 Piranha657 선량계를 위치시켰다. 촬영된 영상은 이미지J 통해 분석하였다. 실험 결과는 관전류량은 SID가 증가함에 따라 증가한 반면, 입사표면선량(ESD)은 SID가 증가함에 따라 급격히 감소하였다. 이는 낮은 에너지를 갖는 X선 광자들이 여과판사용으로 인해 제거되어 ESD의 감소로 기인한 것으로 사료되며, 이미지 J를 통한영상의 히스토그램 분석결과 SID 변화에 따라 ESD와 조사조건의 차이가 나타나지만 영상의 히스토그램상의 분포는 큰 차이는 없었다. 따라서, SID를 크게 할수록 환자의 선량을 줄일 수 있으며, 아울러 소아 등을 촬영할 때, 부가필터를 사용하면 환자선량을 더욱 줄일 수 있을 것이라 사료된다.

선형가속기를 이용한 방사선 수술의 선량분포의 실험적 확인 (Verification of Dose Distribution for Stereotactic Radiosurgery with a Linear Accelerator)

  • 박경란;김계준;추성실;이종영;조철우;이창걸;서창옥;김귀언
    • Radiation Oncology Journal
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    • 제11권2호
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    • pp.421-430
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    • 1993
  • The calculation of dose distribution in multiple arc stereotactic radiotherapy is a three-dimensional problem and, therefore, the three-dimensional dose calculation algorithm is important and the algorithm's accuracy and reliability should be confirmed experimentally. The aim of this study is to verify the dose distribution of stereotactic radiosurgery experimentally and to investigate the effect of the beam quality, the number of arcs of radiation, and the tertiary collimation on the resulting dose distribution. Film dosimetry with phantom measurements was done to get the three-dimensional orthogonal isodose distribution. All experiments were carried out with a 6 MV X-ray, except for the study of the effects of beam energy on dose distribution, which was done for X-ray energies of 6 and 15 MV. The irradiation technique was from 4 to 11 arcs at intervals of from 15 to 45 degrees between each arc with various field sizes with additional circular collimator. The dose distributions of square field with linear accelerator collimator compared with the dose distributions obtained using circular field with tertiary collimator. The parameters used for comparing the results were the shape of the isodose curve, dose fall-offs fom $90\%$ to $50\%$ and from $90\%\;to\;20\%$ isodose line for the steepest and shallowest profile, and $A=\frac{90\%\;isodose\;area}{50\%\;isodose\;area-90\%\;isodose\;area}$(modified from Chierego). This ratio may be considered as being proportional to the sparing of normal tissue around the target volume. The effect of beam energy in 6 and 15 MV X-ray indicated that the shapes of isodose curves were the same. The value of ratio A and the steepest and shallowest dose fall-offs for 6 MV X-ray was minimally better than that for 15 MV X-ray. These data illustrated that an increase in the dimensions of the field from 10 to 28 mm in diameter did not significantly change the isodose distribution. There was no significant difference in dose gradient and the shape of isodose curve regardless of the number of arcs for field sizes of 10, 21, and 32 mm in diameter. The shape of isodose curves was more circular in circular field and square in square field. And the dose gradient for the circular field was slightly better than that for the square field.

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흉부CT 검사 시 HRCT 영상 재구성의 유용성 (Usefulness Evaluation of HRCT using Reconstruction in Chest CT)

  • 박성민;김긍식;강성민;유병규;이기배
    • 대한디지털의료영상학회논문지
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    • 제17권1호
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    • pp.13-18
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    • 2015
  • Purpose : Skip the repetitive HRCT axial scan in order to reduce the exposure of patients during chest HRCT scan, Helical Scan Data into a reconstructed image, and exposure of the patient change and visually evaluate the usefulness of the HRCT images. Materials and method : Patients were enrolled in the survey are 50 people who underwent chest CT scans of patients who presented to the hospital from January 2015 to March 2015. 50 people surveyed 22 people men and 28 people women people showed an average distribution of 30 to 80 years age was 48 years. 50 patients to Somatom Sensation 64 ch (Siemens) model with 120 kVp tube voltage to a reference mAs tube current to mAs (Care dose, Siemens) as a whole, including the lungs and the chest CT scan was performed. Scan upon each patient CARE dose 4D (Automatic exposure control, Siemens Medical Solution Erlangen, Germany) was to maintain the proper radiation dose scan every cross-section through a device that automatically adjusts the tube current of. CT scan is the rotation time of the Tube slice collimation, slice width 0.6 mm, pitch factor was made under the terms of 1.4. CT scan obtained after the raw data (raw data) to the upper surface of the axial images and coronal images for each slice thickness 1 mm, 5 mm intervals in the high spatial frequency calculation method (hight spatial resolution algorithm, B60 sharp) was the use of the lung window center -500 HU, windows were reconstructed into images in the interval -1000 HU to see. Result : 1. Measure the total value of DLP 50 patients who proceed to chest CT group A (Helical Scan after scan performed with HRCT) and group B (Helical Scan after the HR image reconstruction to the original data) compared with the group divided, analysis As a result of the age, but show little difference for each age group it had a decreased average dose of about 9%. 2. A Radiation read the results of the two Radiologist and a doctor upper lobe and middle lobe of the lung takes effect the visual evaluation is not a big difference between the two images both, depending on the age of the patient, especially if the blood vessels of the lower lobe (A: 3.4, B: 4.6) and bronchi(A: 3.8, B4.7) image shake caused by breathing in anxiety (blurring lead) to the original data (raw data) showed that the reconstructed image is been more useful in diagnostic terms. Conclusion : Scan was confirmed a continuous, rapid motion video to get Helical scan is much lower lobe lung reduction in visual blurring, Helical scan data to not repeat the examination by obtaining HRCT images reorganization reduced the exposure of the patient.

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Current Status of the Synchrotron Small-Angle X-ray Scattering Station BL4C1 at the Pohang Accelerator Laboratory

  • Jorg Bolze;Kim, Jehan;Huang, Jung-Yun;Seungyu Rah;Youn, Hwa-Shik;Lee, Byeongdu;Shin, Tae-Joo;Moonhor Ree
    • Macromolecular Research
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    • 제10권1호
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    • pp.2-12
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    • 2002
  • The small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) beamline BL4C1 at the 2.5 GeV storage ring of the Pohang Accelerator Laboratory (PAL) has been in its first you of operation since August 2000. During this first stage it could meet the basic requirements of the rapidly growing domestic SAXS user community, which has been carrying out measurements mainly on various polymer systems. The X-ray source is a bending magnet which produces white radiation with a critical energy of 5.5 keV. A synthetic double multilayer monochromator selects quasi-monochromatic radiation with a bandwidth of ca. 1.5%. This relatively low degree of monochromatization is sufficient for most SAXS measurements and allows a considerably higher flux at the sample as compared to monochromators using single crystals. Higher harmonics from the monochromator are rejected by reflection from a flat mirror, and a slit system is installed for collimation. A charge-coupled device (CCD) system, two one-dimensional photodiode arrays (PDA) and imaging plates (IP) are available its detectors. The overall performance of the beamline optics and of the detector systems has been checked using various standard samples. While the CCD and PDA detectors are well-suited for diffraction measurements, they give unsatisfactory data from weakly scattering samples, due to their high intrinsic noise. By using the IP system smooth scattering curves could be obtained in a wide dynamic range. In the second stage, stating from August 2001, the beamline will be upgraded with additional slits, focusing optics and gas-filled proportional detectors.

디지털 심혈관조영장치의 기하학적 특성에 따른 선량 감소 (Reduction of Radiation Dose according to Geometric Parameters from Digital Coronary Angiography)

  • 강영한;조평곤
    • 한국방사선학회논문지
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    • 제7권4호
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    • pp.277-284
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    • 2013
  • 심혈관 촬영 시 선량감소를 위해 실무자가 조절 가능한 기하학적 특성을 살펴보고, 각 특성에 따른 유효선량을 비교해 보았다. 인체 모형 팬텀을 이용하여 투시촬영과 영화촬영을 시행하였고, 선량의 측정은 심혈관 장치의 DAP meter를 이용하여 DAP 값을 유효선량으로 환산하였다. 먼저 영화촬영은 투시촬영에 비해 기하학적 특성 전반에 걸쳐서 선량이 약 6-7배 높았다. FPS mode에 따른 선량은 FPS를 낮게 설정할수록 선량이 70%까지 감소하였다. 선관 각도에 따른 선량은 LAO $45^{\circ}$+Caudal $30^{\circ}$이 가장 높게 측정되었고, 조사야 조절장치를 많이 적용할수록 선량은 감소하였다. X-선관과 영상증배관의 거리가 10 cm 멀어질수록 투시촬영과 영화촬영에서 각각 선량이 25-35%까지 증가하였다. FOV가 확대될수록 선량이 1.21-2배 증가하였고, 테이블과 영상증배관 거리가 10cm 멀어질수록 선량은 1.11-1.25배 까지 증가하였다. 따라서 본 연구에서 실험한 기하학적 특성인 FPS mode, 선관 각도, 조준기, 선관과 영상증배관 거리, 테이블과과 영상증배관 거리, FOV 영상 확대 등은 중재적 시술 시 실무자가 수시로 조절 가능한 인자이며, 각 특성에 따라 선량 감소 효과를 기대할 수 있다.

Study on the neutron imaging detector with high spatial resolution at China spallation neutron source

  • Jiang, Xingfen;Xiu, Qinglei;Zhou, Jianrong;Yang, Jianqing;Tan, Jinhao;Yang, Wenqin;Zhang, Lianjun;Xia, Yuanguang;Zhou, Xiaojuan;Zhou, Jianjin;Zhu, Lin;Teng, Haiyun;Yang, Gui-an;Song, Yushou;Sun, Zhijia;Chen, Yuanbo
    • Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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    • 제53권6호
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    • pp.1942-1946
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    • 2021
  • Gadolinium oxysulfide (GOS) is regarded as a novel scintillator for the realization of ultra-high spatial resolution in neutron imaging. Monte Carlo simulations of GOS scintillator show that the capability of its spatial resolution is towards the micron level. Through the time-of-flight method, the light output of a GOS scintillator was measured to be 217 photons per captured neutron, ~100 times lower than that of a ZnS/LiF:Ag scintillator. A detector prototype has been developed to evaluate the imaging solution with the GOS scintillator by neutron beam tests. The measured spatial resolution is ~36 ㎛ (28 line pairs/mm) at the modulation transfer function (MTF) of 10%, mainly limited by the low experimental collimation ratio of the beamline. The weak light output of the GOS scintillator requires an enormous increase in the neutron flux to reduce the exposure time for practical applications.

흉부 전·후방향 검사 시 고관전압 및 산란선 후처리 소프트웨어 적용이 화질과 선량에 미치는 영향 (Effect of High Tube Voltage and Scatter Ray Post-processing Software on Image Quality and Radiation Dose During Chest Anteroposterior Radiography)

  • 김종석;주영철;이승근
    • 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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    • 제44권4호
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    • pp.295-300
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    • 2021
  • This study aims to present new chest AP examination exposure conditions through a study on the effect on image quality and patient dose by applying high tube voltage and scatter ray post-processing software during chest AP examination in digital radiography equipment. This study was used a human body phantom and in the chest AP position, the dosimeter was placed horizontally at the thoracic spine 6. The experiment was conducted by dividing into a low tube voltage (70 kVp, 400 mA, 3.2 mAs) group and a high tube voltage (100 kVp, 400 mA, 1.2 mAs) group. The collimation size (14″× 17″) and the source to image receptor distance(110 cm) were same applied to both groups. Radiation dose was presented to dose area product and entrance surface dose. Image quality was compared and analyzed by comparing the difference between the signal-to-noise ratio and the contrast-to-noise ratio of the image according to the application of the scatter ray post-processing software under each condition. The average value of the entrance surface dose in the low and high tube voltage conditions was 93.04±0.45 µGy and 94.25±1.51 µGy, which was slightly higher in the high tube voltage condition, but the dose area product was 0.97±0.04 µGy and 0.93±0.01 µGy. There was a statistically significant difference in the group mean value(p<0.01). In terms of image quality, the values of the signal-to-noise ratio and the contrast noise ratio were higher in the high tube voltage than in the low tube voltage, and decreased when the scattering line post-processing function was used, but the contrast resolution was improved. If there is a scatter ray post-processing function during chest AP examination, it is helpful to actively utilize it to improve the image quality. However, when this function is not available, I thought that applying a higher tube voltage state than a low tube voltage state will help to realize images with a large amount of information without changing the dose.

붕소 중성자 포획 치료에서 치료 영역 영상화를 위한 예비 연구 (Preliminary Study for Imaging of Therapy Region from Boron Neutron Capture Therapy)

  • 정주영;윤도군;한성민;장홍석;서태석
    • 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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    • 제25권3호
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    • pp.151-156
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    • 2014
  • 본 연구의 목적은 붕소 중성자 포획 치료 시 집적된 붕소 영역에서 중성자 선속의 변화와 그에 따른 방출된 즉발 감마선의 검출 시뮬레이션을 통하여 치료 영역에 대한 영상화의 가능성을 확인하고자 함이다. 전산 모사를 통하여 (1) 붕소 유무에 따른 중성자의 영향, (2) 내부와 외부에서의 즉발 감마선량 검출, (3) 즉발 감마선에 대한 에너지 스펙트럼 검출을 수행하였다. 모든 전산 모사는 Monte Carlo n-particle extended (MCNPX, Ver.2.6.0, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA)를 이용하여 가상의 물 팬텀과 열중성자(thermal neutron) 소스, 붕소 영역을 지정하였다. 열중성자의 에너지는 1 eV 이하의 에너지였으며 선속은 2,000,000 n/sec.로 설정하였다. 이 때, 발생된 즉발 감마선의 검출은 물 팬텀과 수직 방향으로 위치시키고 납으로 둘러싸인 lutetium-yttrium oxyorthosilicate (Lu0,6Y1,4Si0,5:Ce; LYSO) 섬광체 검출기를 이용하였다. 붕소가 존재하는 영역인 5 cm 깊이에서의 28 분할로서 대략 0.18 cm의 bin을 도출하여 붕소 영역의 얕은 깊이에서부터 급격하게 저하되는 것을 확인하였다. 또한 붕소 영역이 시작되는 지점인 9 cm 깊이에서 감마선의 피크 레벨을 확인하였다. 그리고 478 keV 지점에서 정확한 즉발 감마선 피크가 관찰되는 것을 확인하였다. 478 keV의 즉발 감마선 피크는 41 keV의 반치폭으로 에너지 분해능 값은 8.5%로 측정되었다. 결론적으로 붕소 중성자 포획 치료 시 발생되는 즉발 감마선의 계측으로 치료가 행해지는 부위를 감마 카메라 또는 단일 광자 방출 단층 촬영 기기에서 영상화할 수 있는 가능성을 확인하였다.

보건소(保健所)의 방사선과(放射線科) 업무(業務)에 관한 조사연구(調査硏究) (Survery on Business of the Departments of Radiology in Health Centers)

  • 최종학;전만진;허준;박성옥
    • 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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    • 제8권2호
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    • pp.21-28
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    • 1985
  • We serveyed the actual condition of business of the departments of radiology of 45 health conters (except 3) in the area of Seoul, Kyungki and Inchon from March, 1984 to November, 1984. The results are summarized as follows : 1. T.O. of the radiologic technologist is three persons in each health center of Seoul area, and one person in each one of Kyungki and Inchon area. P.O. is 2-5 persons in Seoul area, 1-2 persons in Kyungki or Inchon area. 2. The number of all the radiologic technologists employed now is 75 persons, and among all of them, when analized by position class 7th is 54.7%, class 8th 28.0%, class 9th is 13.3%, and class 6th is 2.7%, and by sex, female is 68.0%, male is 32.0%, by educational background, for the most part, junior college graduates come to 73.3%, by age group 60% of them is in their twenties, 16.0% is in their thirties and forties, 8.0% is in their fifties, and by career after certificate 60% have the career of 1-5 years, 13.3% have the one of 6-7 years or mor than 21 years, and 6.7% have the one of 11-15 years of 16-20 years. 3. All the diagnostic x-ray equipment being kept is 62, and among them flxing equipment is 71.0%, portable equipment is 29.0% and by rating of X-ray equipment, maximum tube current 100 mA is 46.8%, maximum KV 100KVP is 72.6%, the most part. 4. Photofluorographic camera and hood are equipped in every health center. While, as to the radiographic cassettes, $14{\times}14"$ cassetts are equipped in every health center, but cassettes of other sizes are in half of them. 5. Bucky's table is equipped in 11.9% health centers, the automatic processor is in 21.4%, the photofluorographic film changer is 9.5%, the grid is 73.8%, the protective apron is in 88.1%, and the protective glove is in 57.1% health centers. 6. The number of the people who got the x-ray examination for one year (by the year 1989) is the most, 1,000-6,000 in direct radiography of the chest, or 15,0001-45,000 in the health centers of Seoul area, 5,000-20,000 in Kyungki and Inchon area in photofluorography of the chest. Moreover, other radiographies are being taken extremely limitedly in all health centers. 7. In processing types of x-ray film, automatic processing is used in 9 health centers (21.4%), manual tank processing is in 30 (71.4%), and manual tray processing in 3 (7.2%). 8. As for collimation of x-ray exposure field, "continual using restricted by a subject size" has the most part, 78.6% "restricted using at every radiography" has 19%, and the case of "never considered" has 2.4% response. 9. As for the dosimeter used for radiation control, film badge (35.7%) and pocket dosimeter (26.2%) are used, and in 38.1% health centers the dosimeter is not equipped at all. Consideration of the previous radiation exposure is being done in only one health center. 10. Reading of radiographs is mainly depended on the radiologists electively (45.2%) or on the genral practitioners(45.2%).

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방사선 입체조형치료에 대한 종양치유확율과 정상조직손상확율에 관한 연구 (Study on Tumor Control Probability and Normal Tissue Complication Probability in 3D Conformal Radiotherapy)

  • 추성실
    • 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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    • 제9권4호
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    • pp.227-245
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    • 1998
  • 방사선치료 성과의 기준을 정량적으로 평가할 수 있는 종양치유확율 (Tumor Control Probability)과 정상조직 손상확율(Normal Tissue complication Probability)의 수학적 관계식을 유도하여 방사선업체조형치료 (3-D conformal radiotherapy) 효과를 평가하며 간단한 동물실험과 임상결과를 참고하여 종양치료성적의 예측과 종양선량의 증가 및 치료의 질적상황을 정량적 척도로 평가하고져한다. 방사선량과 체적크기에 민감한 병렬반응구조 (Parallel architecture)로 구성된 장기중 발생빈도가 많은 간종양을 대상으로 업체조형치료방법에 따른 체적선량분포도 (Dose Volume Histogram)를 3차원 방사선치료계획 컴퓨터(ADAC-Pinnacle #3)를 이용하여 계산하고 각 선량에 대한 체적분포를 판별이 쉽도록 도표화하였다. 종양치유확율(Tumor Control Probability)과 정상조직 손상확율(Normal Tissue complication Probability)은 방사선량에 대한 세포생존곡선의 오차함수 (error function)를 기본수식으로하고 선량 체적인자를 삽입한 반실험식으로 구성되었으며 실효선량 또는 실효체적에 따라 각각 계산하였다. 정상간의 실질적 손상을 관찰하기 위하여 방사선치료를 받은 환자의 통계와 계획적 연구를 위하여 황구를 이용하였다. 방사선조사방법은 대항2문, 쐐기 3문, 4문 회전업체치료와 비회전축 5문입체조형치료로 구분하였으며 업체조형치료는 컴퓨터 조종형 선형가속기 (Varian Clinac-2100C/D)와 다엽콜리메이터(Multi Leaf Collimator, MLC-52LS)를 이용하였다. 방사선조사방법에 따른 체적선량분포 (DVH)는 종양과 주위건강조직에대한 체적과 방사선량을 직관적으로 판단할수있었다. 간종양의 방사선치료에서 TCP와 NTCP 의 체적인자는 0.32를 이용하였고 대항2문 입체치료 및 5문입체치료에서 종양중심선량 50Gy일 때 종양의 TCP는 각각 0.763과 0.793 이였으며 정상간의 NTCP는 각각 0.156와 0.008로서 수치상 완전 구별이 가능하였고 종양 투여 선량이 70Gy 일 때 종양의 TCP 는 각각 0.982 와 0.995로서 종양치유에 충분한 선량이며 정상간의 NTCP 는 각각 0.725 와 0.142로서 현저한 차이가 있었다. 간손상은 간염유발을 기준으로 하였으며 간손상정도와 NTCP의 관계는 상호비례하였고 일정한 발기점(Threshold value)을 구할수 있었다. DVH 와 확율적 수학식인 TCP, NTCP 동은 방사선치료성과를 판단할 수 있는 정량적분석방법으로 가능성이 있다고 생각된다. 또한 건강조직을 최대한 보호하고 종양에 집중 방사선을 조사할 수 있는 입체조형치료는 간, 폐, 신장등 방사선 병렬반응장기에 적합하며 DVH와 TCP, NTCP등 수학적 척도를 이용하여 평가함으로서 치료성과의 예측, 종양선량의 증가(Dose escalation), 방사선수술의 지표 및 방사선치료의 질적상황을 정량적 숫치로 평가할 수 있어 방사선치료성과 향상에 기여 할 수 있다고 생각한다.

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