• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.117-137
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• 2007

Objectives & Methods : The purpose of this study is to observe the effects of Gentianae macrophyllase Radix herbal-acupuncture solution(GR-HAS) at Joksamni(ST36) on Collagen-induced arthritis(CIA) in DBA/1J mice. The author performed several experimental items to analyze arthritis evaluation, change of weight, spleen size and adhesion rate, change of cytokine level, IgG, IgM and anti-collagen II , change of immunocyte count, histological change of CIA mouse joint related with RA. Results : 1. In the GR-HA group, the arthritis index, the incidence of arthritis and joint edema were significantly decreased. 2. In GR-HA group, there were no weight loss and similarly maintained as normal group. Spleen size, adhesion rate and the edema and transformation of knee joint were low and similarly maintained as normal group. 3. In the GR-HA, cytokine level, IgG, IgM and anti-collagen II were significantly decreased. 4. In the GR-HA, the change of immunocyte count were similarly maintained as normal group. 5. In the histological changes of the CIA mouse joint, the cartilage destruction and synovial cell proliferation were decreased in the GR-HA(Hematoxylin and eosin stain). The collagen fiber expressions in the GR-HA were similar with that of the normal group(Masson's Trichrome stain) Conclusions : These results suggest that GR-HA at ST36 has an effect to control immune reaction and suppress inflammation, synovial cell proliferation and cartilage destruction in rheumatoid arthritis.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2011

Objectives : The present study was undertaken to determine whether an ethanol extract of Citri Pericarpium (CP-E), which is the pericarp of Citrus unshiu Markovich is efficacious against collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in mice. Methods : CIA was induced in male DBA/1J mice by intradermal injection of bovine collagen-II in Freund's incomplete adjuvant (IFA). The mice in the onset of arthritis were treated daily with oral administration of CP-E ethanol extract at different doses (50 and 100 mg/kg/bw) for 28 days. Arthritis index, histopathologic changes and the levels of TNF-${\alpha}$ as well as anti-CII IgG in blood were evaluated to confirm the anti-arthritic effect of CP-E on CIA in rats. Results : The results showed that comparing with untreated CIA mice, treated with CP-E extract significantly decreased the arthritic scores and the pathological changes of knee joint tissues, and also reduced the serum levels of TNF-${\alpha}$ and anti-CII IgG in CIA-mice. These results indicate that CP-E extract may effectively alleviate inflammatory response on CIA, and its anti-inflammation can be attributed, at least partially, to the inhibition of proinflamamtory cytokine, TNF-${\alpha}$ in CIA. Conclusions : This study suggest that CP-E has a therapeutic potential in inflammatory joint diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.137-154
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• 2006

Results: 1. In the AlPR-HA group, the incidence of arthritis and arthritis index were significantly decreased. 2. In the AlPR-HA group, the levels of $IL-6,\;IFN-{\gamma},\;TNF-{\alpha},\;IL-1{\beta},\;IgG,\;IgM,\;Anti-collagen\;II$ in serum of the CIA mouse were significantly decreased. 3. In the AlPR-HA group, the levels of $IFN-{\gamma:,\;IFN-{\gamma}\;/IL-4$ in spleen cell culture of the CIA mouse were significantly decreased. 4. In the Hematoxylin and eosin stain, the cartilage destruction and synovial cell proliferation were decreased in the AIPR-HA group. 5. In the Masson's trichrome stain, the collagen fiber expressions were similar with that of the Normal group. 6. In the AlPR-HA group, the expression ratio of $CD3e^+$ to $CD19^+$ cell and $CD4^+$ to $CD8^+$ cell were similarly maintained as Normal group in the CIA mouse lymph nodes. 7. In the AlPR-HA group, $CD3e^+/CD69^+$ cells in the CIA mouse joint and $CD11a^+/CD19^+$ cells and $CD11b^+/Gr-1^+$ cells in the CIA mouse lymph nodes were significantly decreased. 8. In the AIPR-HA group, $CD4^+/CD25^+$ cells were significantly decreased in the CIA mouse spleen cell and were similarly maintained as Normal group in the CIA mouse lymph nodes. Conclusions: These results suggest that AlPR-HA at 51'36 has an effect to control synovial cell proliferation and cartilage destruction in rheumatoid arthritis.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.25-55
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• 2008

Objectives : The aim of the present study was to observe the effect of Astragali Radix Herbal-Acupuncture Solution(AR-HAS) at $ST_{36}$(jok-samni, $Z\acute{u}s\bar{a}n$ Li) on collagen- II -induced arthritis(CIA) in mice. Methods : DBA/1J mice were immunized with bovine type II collagen(CII) on days 0 and 21 to induce arthritis. The mice were divided into 5 groups : normal group(no CIA), control group(CIA+no treatment), needle prick group(CIA+single prick with an injection needle), saline group(CIA+saline injection) and ARHA group(CIA+ R-HA treatment). The needle prick, saline injection, and AR-HA groups were injected on the right $ST_{36}$(jok-samni) of mice for 9 weeks, 3 times a week, beginning 4 weeks after the booster immunization. Results : 1. The incidence of arthritis, AI(arthritis index), and joint edema decreased in the AR-HA group. 2. Weight gain, hypertrophy of the spleen, adhesion of the tissues, and transformation of the joint were restrained in the AR-HA group. 3. The concentrations of $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IFN-{\gamma}$ in CIA mouse serum and $IFN-{\gamma}$, IL-10 in the CIA mouse spleen cell culture decreased significantly at $ST_{36}$ in the AR-HA group. 4. Total cell counts increased significantly, and the ratio of $CD3e^+$ to $CD45R^+$, $CD4^+$ to $CD8^+$, and $CD4^+$ to $CD25^+$ cells decreased significantly at $ST_{36}$ in the CIA mouse spleen cell culture of the AR-HA group. 5. Total cell counts decreased significantly, and $CD4^+/CD25^+$ and $CD45R^+/CD69^+$ decreased significantly at $ST_{36}$ in the CIA mouse lymph nodes of the AR-HA group. 6. $CD3e^+/CD69^+$ and $CD11b^+/Gr-1^+$ cells decreased significantly at $ST_{36}$ in the CIA mouse joints of the AR-HA group. 7. The histological examination showed that cartilage destruction and synoviocyte proliferation decreased in the CIA mouse joints of the AR-HA group, and collagen fiber was expressed similar to that seen in the normal group. Conclusions : Our experiments show that at $ST_{36}$, an anti-inflammatory mechanism of AR-HA controls synovial cell proliferation and protects against cartilage destruction in rheumatoid arthritis.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.127-143
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• 2007

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to observe the effects of Chaenomelis Fructus herbal-acupuncture solution (ChF-HAS) at the Joksamni ($ST_{36}$) on arthritis induced by Collagen II in mice. Methods : The author performed several experimental items. The severity of arthritis, changes of mouse weight, size of the spleen and the degree of stenosis, changes of cytokine level, IgG, IgM and anti-collagen II, changes of immunocyte count, histological changes of the CIA mouse joint were analyzed and the conclusions are as follows. Results: 1. In the ChF-HA, the arthritis index, the incidence of arthritis, the degree of joint edema was significantly decreased. 2. In the ChF-HA, weight, spleen size and stenosis rate was low and maintained as the normal group was. 3. In the ChF-HA, cytokine level, IgG, IgM and anti-collagen II were significantly decreased. 4. In the ChF-HA, on changes of immunocyte count were maintained to the levels of normal group. 5. In histological changes of the CIA mouse joint, the cartilage destruction and synovial cell proliferation were decreased. Conclusions: These results suggest that ChF-HA at the $ST_{36}$ has an important role to control the immune reactions and suppress inflammatory response on the collagen induced rheumatoid arthritis. This study can be a significant supporting evidence that ChF-HA is chosen to be the principal therapy for clinical practice of the rheumatoid arthritis in the future.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.81-97
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• 2007

Objective: The purpose of this study was to observe the effects of Cnidii Rhizoma herbal-acupuncture solution(CR-HAS) at Joksamni($ST_{36}$) on arthritis induced by Collagen II in mice. Methods : The author performed several experimental items. The severity of arthritis, changes of mouse weight, size of the spleen and the degree of stenosis, changes of cytokine level, IgG, IgM and anti-collagen II, changes of immunocyte count, histological changes of the CIA mouse joint were analyzed. Results: 1. In the CR-HA, the arthritis index, the incidence of arthritis, the degree of joint edema was significantly decreased. 2. In the CR-HA, weight, spleen size and stenosis rate was low and maintained as the normal group was. 3. In the CR-HA, cytokine level, IgG, IgM and anti-collagen II were significantly decreased. 4. In the CR-HA, on changes of immunocyte count were maintained to the levels of normal group. 5. In histological changes of the CIA mouse joint, the cartilage destruction and synovial cell proliferation were decreased. Conclusions : These results suggest that CR-HA at the $ST_{36}$ has an important role to control the immune reactions and suppress inflammatory response on the collagen induced rheumatoid arthritis. This study can be a significant supporting evidence that CR-HA will be chosen to be the principal therapy for clinical practice of the rheumatoid arthritis in the future.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제10권2호통권23호
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• pp.31-40
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• 2007

Objective : The aim is to examine the effect of Soyeum Pharmacopuncture (SPP) on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in DBA/1OlaHsd mice. Methods : To determine the effect of SPP on chronic IFNlammatory joint disease, we induced CIA in DBA/1OlaHsd mice by immunization with bovine type II collagen. Animals were treated with intraperitoneal injection doses of 2 mg/kg of SPP, beginning 3 days before the expected onset of disease symptoms. Inhibitory Effects of SPP were observed by serum levels of TNF-${\alpha}$, and IFN-${\gamma}$,,, or cell proliferation in the spleen cell culture and histological examination of knee joint. Results : In the CIA Mice, serum levels of TNF-${\alpha}$, and IFN-${\gamma}$,, production in the spleen cell culture were reduced. At the histopathological examination of knee joint, chondropathy of cartilage in the synovial joint in the SP group was repaired while compared with control group. Conclusion : These results suggest that the SPP may be effective for the prevention and treatment of rheumatoid arthritis disease.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.33-49
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• 2010

Objectives : This study was designed to elucidate the anti-pathogenetic and curative effects of Gyehyeoldeungbokhap-bang(Jixietengfuge-fang, GCP) on Type II collagen-induced arthritis(CIA) in mice. Methods : In experiment, twenty four mices were divided into non-treated normal group(n=6), bovine type II collagen-induced control group(n=6), collagen immunized and treated two group medicated with extract of GCP(concentration of extraction: 200 mg/kg n=6, 400 mg/kg n=6) for 4 weeks after collagen immunization, Various experimental such as arthritis, incidence, index, total cell number of spleen, total cell number of peripheral lymph node(PLN), paw joint total cell number, analysis on the percentage of immunofluorescent cells of spleen in CIA induced mice, effects of inflammatory gene expression in spleen, PLN and paw joint of CIA mice, production of cytokine(IFN-${\gamma}$, IL-4, TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6), analysis of rheumatoid factor(anti-collagen lgG, lgM level in serum) and histopathological study on the paw joint. The arthritis index, incidence were measured a week over 4 weeks after second boosting. Total cell number of spleen, peripheral lymph node, paw joint were measure after performed experiment over 7 weeks. Concentration of cytokine and rheumatoid factor in serum were measured after experiment finished. Histopathological study on the paw joint was measured after 40 days medicated with extract of GCP. Results : 1. Incidence of arthritis and index of arthritis were significantly decreased in treated group with 400 mg/kg. 2. Total cell number of spleen, PLN and paw joint were significantly decreased in treated group. 3. Analysis on the percentage of immunofluorescent cells of spleen in CIA induced mice were significantly controled compare with control group. 4. Effects of inflammatory gene expression in spleen, PLN and paw joint of CIA induced mice were significantly controled compare with control group. 5. IFN-${\gamma}$, IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$, concentration($pg/m{\ell}$) in serum of treated group was significantly decreased compare with control group. But IL-4 was significantly increased. 6. lgM and lgG concentration($pg/m{\ell}$) in serum of treated group was significantly decreased compare with control group. 7. Histopathologically, suppurative and destructive lesion of synovial membrane, articular cartilage and subchondral bony tissue in treated group were alleviated compare with those of control group. Conclusions : Based on the results described above, it might be consider that Gyehyeoldeungbokhap-bang(Jixietengfuge-fang, GCP) has antiarthritic and analgesic effects and also inhibitory effects on the progression of collagen-induced arthritis mice.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.51-62
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• 2004

Objective: To investigate the analgesic effect and its serotonergic mechanism, especially related with 5-HTI and 5-HT2 receptor, of electroacupuncture(EA) in the rat model of collagen-induced arthritis(CIA). Methods : Immunization of male Sprague-Dawley rats with bovine type II (C II) collagen emulsified in Freund's incomplete adjuvant, followed by a booster injection 14 days later, leads to development of arthritis in more than 70% of rats by 21 days postinjection. After three weeks of first immunization, EA stimulation(2 Hz, 0.07 mA, 0.3 ms) was delivered into Jogsamni($ST_{36}$) for 30 minutes. Analgesic effect was evaluated by tail flick latency(TFL). We compared the analgesic effect of EA with TFLs between pretreatment of normal saline and pretreatment of spiroxatrine (5-HT1 receptor antagonist, 1mg/kg, intraperitoneal) and spiperone (5-HT2 receptor antagonist, 1 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) in CIA. Results : 1. TFLs were gradually decreased in CIA as increasing severity of arthritis. 2. Jogsamni($ST_{36}$) EA stimulation in CIA increased TFLs and the effect lasted for 60 minutes. 3. Increased TFLs with Jogsamni($ST_{36}$) EA stimulation were inhibited by pretreatment of spiroxatrine and spiperone in CIA. Conclusions : Jogsamni($ST_{36}$) EA showed analgesic effects in CIA The analgesic effects of Jogsamni($ST_{36}$) EA were inhibited by spiroxatrine and spiperone pretreatment. These observations suggest that 5-HT1 and 5-HT2 serotonergic receptor, which involve the release of serotonin neurotransmitter, play an important roles in analgesic mechanism of EA stimulation.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.35-44
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• 2014

Objectives : Evodia rutaecarpa (Juss.) Benth.(ER) and Chaenomeles sinensis Koehne (CS) have multiple applications and were known to have anti-inflammatory effects. In the current study, we investigated to clearly understand the mechanism of therapeutic role for CS, ER and their combination in CIA model mice. Methods : DBA/1OlaHsd mice were immunized with bovine type II collagen. After a second collagen immunization, mice were treated with CS, ER and their combination once a day for 7 weeks. Cytokine production and gene expression were assessed during CIA (collagen-induced arthritis) model mice in knee joint, lymph node (LN) using ELISA and FACS analysis. The severity of arthritis within the knee joints was evaluated by histological assessment of cartilage destruction and pannus formation. Result : Oral administration of CS, ER and their combination (150 mg/kg) significantly suppressed the progression of CIA, and significantly suppressed the progression of CIA and inhibited the production of TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-6 in serum. The erosion of cartilage was dramatically reduced in mouse knees after treatment with CS plus ER. Conclusion : These result suggest that CS plus ER significantly suppressed the progression of CIA and that this action was characterized by the decreased production of TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6 and collagen II specific antibody in serum.