• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.28-36
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• 2018

Background: This study investigated the effects of acupuncture at Sobu (HT8) and Haenggan (LR2) on scopolamine-induced, cognitively impaired rats. Methods: Scopolamine-treated Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 6 groups; normal, control, HT8, LR2, HT8 + LR2 and sham group. Cognitive impairment was induced by scopolamine, in control, and then in HT8, LR2, HT8 + LR2 and sham groups. Acupuncture treatment was performed at HT8, LR2, HT8 + LR2, and a random acupoint, respectively, every other day for 2 weeks. After each treatment, behavior change was observed and the rats were sacrificed. The change in brain-derived neurotrophic factor, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase activity was evaluated by polymerase chain reaction. Results: Latency time to target in Morris Water-Maze test for the HT8 + LR2 group showed a significant decrease compared with control (p<0.05). Target crossing times and time zone ratios in Morris Water-Maze test for HT8 + LR2 group showed a significant increase compared with control (p<0.01). In the Y-Maze test the HT8 + LR2 group showed a significant increase compared with control (p<0.05). Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase, in the HT8 + LR2 group, showed a significantly increased level compared with control (p<0.05). Neural activity of acetylcholine esterase in HT8 + LR2 group showed a significant decrease compared with the control group (p<0.01), choline acetyltransferase activity in the HT8 + LR2 group showed a significant increase compared with control (p<0.05). Conclusion: Acupuncture at HT8 + LR2 restored scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment, suggesting acupuncture could be an alternative to improve cognitive function.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.211-219
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• 2016

Background: Panax ginseng root is used in traditional oriental medicine for human health. Its main active components such as saponins and polysaccharides have been widely evaluated for treating diseases, but secondary active components such as oligosaccharides have been rarely studied. This study aimed to assess the impact of water-soluble ginseng oligosaccharides (WGOS), which were isolated from the warm-water extract of Panax ginseng root, on scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment in mice and its antineuroinflammatory mechanisms. Methods: We investigated the impact of WGOS on scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment in mice by using Morris water maze and novel object recognition task. We also analyzed the impact of WGOS on scopolamine-induced inflammatory response (e.g., the hyperexpression of proinflammatory cytokines IL-$1{\beta}$ and IL-6 and astrocyte activation) by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) immunohistochemical staining. Results: WGOS pretreatment protected against scopolamine-induced learning and memory deficits in the Morris water maze and in the novel object recognition task. Furthermore, WGOS pretreatment downregulated scopolamine-induced hyperexpression of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-$1{\beta}$ and IL-6 mRNA and astrocyte activation in the hippocampus. These results indicate that WGOS can protect against scopolamine-induced alterations in learning and memory and inflammatory response. Conclusion: Our data suggest that WGOS may be beneficial as a medicine or functional food supplement to treat disorders with cognitive deficits and increased inflammation.

• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.657-670
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• 2012

Background: Today, numerous telematics technologies, i.e., technologies developed by integrating telecommunications with information processing, are applied in vehicles. One such developmental application of this technology to vehicles is to increase the safety or convenience of drivers by providing them with necessary information such as warnings and information on emergencies and traffic situations. However, under certain conditions, there is a high probability of traffic accidents if the driving workload is high. Nowadays, the navigation system is frequently used in the vehicles, this system provides various information including route to the driver. But, the existing navigation systems are not only considered a driver's reaction but also provide unilaterally to the information regardless of them. Such one-side information service type may miss important information to the driver. In addition, it sometimes interferes safety driving. Objective: To solve this problem, the intelligent navigation system needs to the providing way that it checks the driver's reactions after providing information. Namely, if the driver passes the information received from the navigation, then the intelligent system provides more loudly and more frequently. Method: Therefore, in this study we introduce the intelligent navigation system that it automatically controls modality type and its strength when the driver misses or overlooks the information for their safety and entertainment and we analyze the driver's cognitive responses about the modality type and its strength. Results: To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed system, we analyzed the reaction time and driving workload for each type of the information, modality and its strength. Also we evaluated the users' subjective satisfaction and understanding based on a questionnaire.

• 감성과학
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.63-76
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• 2014

대부분의 인지적 과제에서 관찰되는 반응시간 자료의 분포는 정적으로 편포되어 나타남에도 불구하고, 반응시간을 종속측정치로 하는 대다수의 연구들은 표본 평균에 근거한 집중경향치 분석에 의존한다. 본 연구에서는 반응시간 자료의 분포특성에 분석의 초점을 맞추어 실험적 처치의 효과를 구체적으로 추론하는 방법을 소개하였다. 평균 반응시간의 변화는 그 분포상 가우시안 및 지수 분포가 혼합된 형태로 나타난다고 가정할 수 있으며, 최대우도 추정법에 근거한 ex-Gaussian 모형 검증을 통해 반응시간 분포 특성을 수치화된 파라미터로 산출하고 확률밀도함수를 구현할 수 있다. 분석 사례를 위해 두 가지 고전적 시각탐색과제에서 얻어진 반응시간 자료를 사용하였으며, ex-Gaussian 함수를 통해 탐색배열의 항목개수의 증가가 초래하는 평균 반응시간의 지연효과에 대한 해석을 시도하였다. 수리적 모형을 통한 반응시간 분포 분석은 고전적 집중경향치 분석의 한계를 넘어 반응시간을 활용한 다양한 이론 및 개인차 연구에서 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 인지과학
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.269-293
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• 2012

본 연구의 목적은 문화성향과 인지양식의 조합 조건에 따라 전역/국소처리에서 어떠한 차이가 관찰되는지 검토하는 것이다. 이를 위해 Singelis 등[1]의 문화성향 질문지(INDCOL)와 Choi 등[2]의 인지양식 질문지(AHS)에 기초하여 실험참가자들의 네 유형의 문화성향(개인주의, 집단주의, 수평 성향 및 수직 성향) 점수와 인지양식 유형(분석적 또는 종합적 사고)에 따라 집단을 분류하고, 복합자극 유형(화살표로 구성된 복합도형 또는 알파벳 낱자로 구성된 복합문자)에 대한 전역/국소처리에서의 반응시간과 오반응율에서의 차이를 집단에 따라 비교하였다. 본 연구의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. (1) 전반적으로 복합문자보다는 복합도형의 경우, 그리고 국소처리 조건보다는 전역처리 조건에서의 반응시간이 더 빨랐다. (2) 개인주의 성향과 수평 성향이 인지양식 유형과 각각 결합된 경우 전역/국소처리에서 집단간 반응시간 차이는 발견되지 않았으나, (3) 집단주의 성향과 수직 성향이 인지양식과 각각 결합된 집단의 경우에는 전역/국소처리에 대한 문화성향과 인지양식의 유의한 상호작용 효과가 모두 관찰되었다. 이러한 결과는 개인주의 성향 또는 수평 성향보다는 집단주의 성향 또는 수직 성향이 종합적 사고 유형과 결합될 때 더 큰 전역선행성 효과를 가져 온다는 것을 시사한다.

• 산업공학
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.178-183
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• 2005

In this study, changes in memory performance, blood oxygen saturation and heart rate according to 30% concentration oxygen supply were observed. Ten healthy male and female college students (male:$25.8{\pm}0.8$ years, female: $24.2{\pm}1.9$ years) participated in the study. The experiment was performed as Rest (1min.), Control task (1min.), Word presentation (1min.), Reaction time task (1min.), Distractor (2min.), and Word recall (1min.) and the physiological signals such as blood oxygen saturation and heart rate were measured throughout the stages. Subjects who received 30% oxygen recalled more words than those who received 21% oxygen, which shows 30% oxygen supply has influenced positively on memory cognitive performance. When 30% concentration oxygen is supplied, the blood oxygen saturation in the task phases was increased and the heart rate decreased when comparing to 21%. It means that 30% oxygen can stimulate brain activation by increasing actual blood oxygen concentration in the process of cognitive performance, and the heart rate decreases because enough oxygen is supplied to process the cognitive performance.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.37-45
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• 1996

Recent studies on long-term outcome of schizophrenia revealed that schizophrenic symptoms recover in more than 50%, while it remains severe in less than 20% after 20 years or more from the onset. Psychopharmacological studies indicate that 75% of remitted schizophrenics may recur within 2 years after discontinuation of maintenance pharmacotherapy. In addition, family studies revealed that schizophrenic decompensation may occur significantly more frequent in discharged patients with high expressed emotion family than in low expressed emotion family. These findings strongly support a clinical validity of stress-vulnerability concept of schizophrenia which open a new viewpoint to two central problems in schizophrenia treatment, i.e. psychotic relapses and chronification of the fist episode schizophrenia. Moreover, recent psychopathological studies argue that schizophrenic symptoms are manifestations of psychological reaction secondary to a primary cognitive impairment(neurobiological vulnerability), which is originated in neurobiological changes in the brain. Recent approaches to the vulnerability to schizophrenic symptoms or schizophrenic decompensation are reviewed.

• Industrial Engineering and Management Systems
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.288-291
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• 2011

Recommendations for older driver-friendly automobile interior design have been determined by taking into account older people's physical and cognitive characteristics. Twenty three older people (aged from 54 to 78) and five younger people (from 20 to 29) performed several tasks in actual driving conditions, in which their reaction times and performance errors were recorded. Some design factors were found to be related to older drivers' visibility and controllability. Several design recommendations were proposed in terms of cluster color and font, display location, and HVAC control type. Proposed recommendations are expected to satisfy a wider range of older drivers as these will facilitate automobile interior designs which are fitter to older drivers' visual, cognitive, and manual capabilities.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.405-408
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• 2012

Purpose: We examined the effect of dual-task and single-task training on serial reaction time (SRT) task performance to determine whether SRT is based more on motor or perception in a dual-task. Methods: Forty healthy adults were divided into two groups: the dual-task group (mean age, $21.8{\pm}1.6$ years) and the single-task group (mean age, $21.7{\pm}1.6$ years). SRT task was conducted total 480 trial. The four figures were presented randomly 16 times. A unit was set as 1 block that would repeat 10 times. Thus, there were a total of 160 trials for each of the three color conditions. The dual-task group performed an SRT task while detecting the color of a specific shape. The end of the task, subjects answered the specific shape number; the single-task group only performed the SRT task. The study consisted of three parts: pre-measurement, task performance, and post-measurement. Results: Differences of pre and post reaction time between two group was higher for the dual-task group as compared to the single task group and there was a significant interaction between time and group (p<0.05). Conclusion: Our results indicate that. short term period SRT is not quiet effective under dual-task conditions, individuals need additional cognitive processes to successfully navigate a task This suggests that dual-task training might not be appropriate for motor learning enhancement, at least when the training is over a short period.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.70-74
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• 2020

Purpose: This study examined whether 1) the motor inhibition response as cognitive-behavioral component is learning though a stop signal task using stop-signal paradigm, and 2) whether there is a difference in the learning degree according to imagery training and actual practice training. Methods: Twenty young adults (males: 9, females: 11) volunteered to participate in this study, and were divided randomly into motor imagery training (IT, n=10) and practice training (PT, n=10) groups. The PT group performed an actual practice stop-signal task, while the IT group performed imagery training, which showed a stop-signal task on a monitor of a personal computer. The non-signal reaction time and stop-signal reaction time of both groups were assessed during the stop-signal task. Results: In the non-signal reaction time, there were no significant intra-group and inter-group differences between pre- and post-intervention in both groups (p>0.05). The stop-signal reaction time showed a significant difference in the PT group in the intra-group analysis (p<0.05). On the other hand, there was no significant intra-group difference in the IT group and inter-group difference between pre- and post-intervention (p>0.05). Conclusion: These results showed that the motor inhibition response could be learned through a stop-signal task. Moreover, these findings suggest that actual practice is a more effective method for learning the motor inhibition response.