• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.165-184
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• 2012

To investigate how the valence of unattended background picture modulates perceptual processing of a target letter, participants were required to detect a target letter among six letters superimposed on an IAPS picture. Perceptual load was manipulated by varying the difficulty of letter detection, and behavioral results showed more accurate and faster detection responses at the low-load condition than at the high-load condition. The analysis of ERP data of control condition at which six letters were presented without an IAPS picture showed perceptual load effects on mean amplitude of N1 and P1 ERP components. At experimental condition including an IAPS picture, interaction between valence and perceptual load was observed on mean amplitude of N1 at posterior visual processing area, and the amplitude difference between low-load condition and high-load condition was larger on a negative background picture than on a neutral background picture. The results suggest that more attentional capacity might be consumed by a negative picture than by a neutral picture, and suggest that unattended affective picture is processed automatically and influence the early perceptual processing of target stimulus.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.279-288
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to verify the impact of cognitive factors and GSR on the task performance. For this study 64 students participated. Multiple regression and repeated measures were applied to analyze the data. The result for the survey indicated that previous knowledge, physical efforts, and task difficulty had significant impacts on task performance. Particularly, task difficulty has a negative impact. This can be interpreted as someone who has high prior knowledge inputs higher physical efforts with low task difficulty perception will show high performance. On the other hand, the low arousal level of GSR in the evaluation stage is a prediction variable of task performance. This result shows that high prior knowledge and low arousal level of GSR produces high performance. However, the analysis of difference in GSR between learning and evaluation stages does not show significant difference. It suggests that physiological measure such as GSR is reliable index of cognitive load; however, it partially represents cognitive load. Other crucial factors should be added for comprehensive measures.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.369-396
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• 2008

The purpose of this article is to investigate the effect of visual working memory, the types and contents of graphic annotations on English learning. The participants of the experiments were 5th and 6th graders. The result showed that animation was effective only in the word test for children with large visual working memory, whereas text-only-annotation yielded better performance in the comprehension test in Experiment 1. The effect of relevance of animations was tested in Experiment 2. Context-relevant-animations yielded better comprehension than the animations denoting the typical meaning, whereas the opposite pattern was reported in the word test. The result of the two experiments was interpreted in terms of cognitive load theory and the generative theory of multimedia learning.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.133-156
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• 1988

This study investigated developmental change with reference to continuity theory in the acquisition of concepts of kin relation, task difficulty with reference to cognitive complexity, and interrelationships in the performance of cognitive tasks of kinship concepts with reference to cognitive parallelism. The subjects consisted of 6-, 8-, 10, and 12-year-old randomly selected children attending kindergartens or elementary schools in Seoul. The schools were located in various residental areas regarded as either middle or lower class. The 81 boys and 80 girls participated in 3 experiments on classification, seriation, and grouping. The instrument for the classification, seriation, and grouping tasks was composed of 10 10cm black on white line drawings of the head and upper torso area of persons in kin relationship. The data was analyzed with MANOVA. A significant age effect was found in the 3 quasi- experiments. There were significant effects on task difficulty. The biosocial power distribution indirectly influenced children's acquisition of kin relational concepts; that is, children performed better in male-kin than in female-kin tasks. There was a high correlation in performance between the 3 cognitive tasks. These findings support the continuity theory (except for seriation), a model which arranges kin-names in order of cognitive load, the centric status of men in society, and the theory of cognitive developmental parallelism.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.25-60
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• 2015

Use cases are commonly used to represent customer requirements during systems development. In a large software development environment, finding relevant use cases from a library of past or related projects is a complex, error-prone and expensive task. This study proposes an ontological methodology to support use case retrieval in an interactive manner. The architecture of a prototype system that implements this methodology is presented. To evaluate whether the proposed approach can provide satisfactory results to users, this study develops a research model and hypotheses based on interaction theory. These hypotheses are empirically tested using a laboratory experiment which controls information filtering and perceived interaction. Our study suggests that a system which interacts with a user intelligently reduces cognitive load and increases self-efficacy and satisfaction.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.48-63
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• 2000

This study was designed and undertaken to find out the degree of powerlessness, perception of health and cognitive level of elderly home residents and to determine the factors influencing powerlessness, perception of health and cognitive level. The data were collected from October 1st to 20th, 1998. The subjects in this study were 271 elderly home residents over the age 60 living in Taejon city. The study tool for measuring powerlessness was developed by S.E. Chung(1998), the other for measuring perception of health was a self-rating scale defined by Mossey & Shapiro (1982), and the tool for measuring cognitive level was developed by Kahn, Goldfarb, Pollack and Peck(1960). Data were analysed for percentage, mean, t-test, and ANOVA using the SPSS program. The results of this study were as follows ; 1. The degree of powerlessness, perception of health and cognitive level was scored above the median. 2. The degree of the elderly' powerlessness was statistically significantly different in three demographic variables; sex, one's state of health compared to other elderly' and living expense load. 3. Perception of one's health was statistically significantly different in four demographic variables; sex, marital status, educational level and monthly money. 4. Cognitive level of the elderly was statistically significantly different in three demographic variables; age, educational level and one's health of state compared to other elderly' health. In conclusion, the factors influencing the elderly' powerlessness, perception of health and cognitive level generally were age, sex, their economic independence, marital status, and educational level. Also, this study indicates that social welfare for the elderly could be effective in reducing their powerlessness and enhancing their health of state and cognitive level.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.39-59
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• 2018

To elucidate the effect of working memory (WM) load on negative facial emotion processing, we examined ERP components (P1 and N170) elicited by fearful and neutral expressions each of which was presented during 0-back (low-WM load) or 2-back (high-WM load) tasks. During N-back tasks, visual objects were presented one by one as targets and each of facial expressions was presented as a passively observed stimulus during intervals between targets. Behavioral results showed more accurate and fast responses at low-WM load condition compared to high-WM load condition. Analysis of mean amplitudes of P1 on the occipital region showed significant WM load effect (high-WM load > low-WM load) but showed nonsignificant facial emotion effect. Analysis of mean amplitudes of N170 on the posterior occipito-temporal region showed significant overall facial emotion effect (fearful > neutral), but, in detail, significant facial emotion effect was observed only at low-WM load condition on the left hemisphere, but was observed at high-WM load condition as well as low-WM load condition on the right hemisphere. To summarize, facial emotion effect observed by N170 amplitudes was modulated by WM load only on the left hemisphere. These results show that early emotional processing of negative facial expression could be eliminated or reduced by high load of WM on the left hemisphere, but could not be eliminated by high load on the right hemisphere, and suggest right hemispheric lateralization of negative facial emotion processing.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.16 no.9
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• pp.405-412
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• 2018

When a film company decides whether to invest or not in a scenario is the appropriate time to predict box office success. In response to market demands, AI based scenario analysis service has been launched, yet the algorithm is by no means perfect. The purpose of this study is to present a prediction model of movie scenario's box office hit based on human brain processing mechanism. In order to derive patterns of visual, auditory, and cognitive stimuli on the time spectrum of box office animation hit, this study applied Weber's law and brain mechanism. The results are as follow. First, the frequency of brain stimulation in the biggest box office movies was 1.79 times greater than that in the failure movies. Second, in the box office success, the cognitive stimuli codes are spread evenly, whereas in the failure, concentrated among few intervals. Third, in the box office success movie, cognitive stimuli which have big cognition load appeared alone, whereas visual and auditory stimuli which have little cognitive load appeared simultaneously.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.11 no.12
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• pp.986-997
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to verify the cognitive theory of Multimedia learning in a Smart Pad environment. Specifically, the viability of the multimedia principle and individual difference principle was tested for this study. To accomplish this, participants were divided into two groups based on their prior knowledge level (high/low), and members of each group were given one of two Smart Pad based programs, one text-based and the other text and image based. Results indicate that the use of images and the interaction between image use and prior knowledge did not have a significant effect on cognitive load levels. However, there were significant effects on learning achievement. This study implies that when developing Smart Pad based learning content, the small screen size compared to PC monitors, types and functions of images, and learning objectives should be considered.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.1-22
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• 2022

Lavie's perceptual load theory (Lavie, 1995) proposes that the influence of distractors would be blocked as the load gets higher. Studies of perceptual load have usually adopted the flanker task, developed by Eriksen and Eriksen (1974), which measures reaction time on the target flanked by distractors. In the post-cueing forced task, participants should report the identity of the target cued later, and negative repetition effect (NRE) has often been observed. NRE means the effect that the accuracy of identification is worse when the target is flanked by the same nontargets than when flanked by different nontargets. This study has tried to check whether perceptual load has an effect on identification rate and NRE. Experiment 1 manipulated the similarity between targets and a distractor, and observed a tendency of NRE, but not the effect of perceptual load. Experiment 2 used 4, 2 (in two kinds of diagonal arrangement), or none distractors of the same identity to burden more perceptual load. NRE was significant and perceptual load showed significance but not a linear trend. Experiment 3 checked again whether NRE would be varied according to two levels of perceptual load strengthened by positional variability of load stimuli, but did not find the effect of perceptual load. It is concluded that perceptual load might have a limited effect on the early stage of perceptual processing due to divided attentional processing of the targets briefly exposed. Implications of this study were discussed.