• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.36-46
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• 2022

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the consumption pattern of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) and compare body composition changes by SSB consumption based on 28 days of dietary records from a four-week time-restricted eating intervention among young adults in Korea. Methods: A total of 33 participants completed the four-week dietary intervention with 8-hour time-restricted eating (TRE). The body composition was measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis at baseline, and daily dietary records were collected for 28 days during the intervention after 4 weeks. Results: Based on 924 days of dietary records, the average eating occasion of SSB was 0.9 times per day, and the average amount of SSB was 205.8 g/times. Based on an individual's usual intake of 28 days, the average eating frequency of SSB was 16.6 times out of 28 days, and the average amount of SSB was 184.0 g/day. The average energy intake from SSB was 131.0 kcal /day (8.7% of energy), and sugar intake from SSB was 18.2 g/day (4.9% of energy). The sugar intake was 2.6% of energy from sweetened dairy products, followed by 2.0% from coffee drinks, 0.5% from soda and juice and 0.2% from others. When subjects were divided into high (14 days or more) and low (less than 14 days) SSB groups based on eating frequency, the weight change in the low SSB group was -2.0 kg over 4 weeks, which was significantly lower than -0.7 kg in the high SSB group. However, no significant difference was found in muscle mass, fat mass and body fat percent between the two groups. Conclusions: This study suggests that low consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages is more desirable in weight management despite having the dietary intervention of time-restricted eating without counting calories. Thus, further longitudinal studies on the association between SSB and obesity in Korean adults are necessary.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제38권6호
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• pp.709-720
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• 2009

서울시내에 유통 중인 음료 140건을 HPLC를 이용하여 분석한 결과로 음료의 유형별 카페인 함량을 파악하였으며, 서울시내 강남 북에 위치한 3개 학교 9학급 267명의 어린이를 대상으로 음료의 선호도 및 섭취량을 설문조사하여 어린이들의 카페인 섭취량을 확인하였다. 이를 토대로 어린이들의 음료를 통한 카페인 섭취의 위해성에 대한 정보를 제공하고, 올바른 식습관을 형성하기 위하여 "카페인 섭취를 줄이자"라는 제목으로 여름방학 전에 강의, 프레젠테이션 및 동영상을 활용한 영양교육을 실시하였다. 영양교육의 효과를 평가하기 위하여 여름방학 후에 음료의 선호도와 섭취횟수를 다시 설문조사하여 교육 전 후의 실생활에서 카페인에 대한 인식과 섭취량의 변화를 토대로 결과를 비교하였다. 교육대상의 연령은 $6{\sim}7$세(2학년)가 88명(33.0%), $8{\sim}9$세(4학년)가 95명(35.6%) 및 $10{\sim}11$세(6학년)가 84명(31.4%)이었으며, 아동의 성별은 남아 142명(53.2%), 여야 125명 (46.8%)으로 연령별 및 성별 비슷한 분포를 보였다. 어린이들의 음료에 대한 선호도는 탄산음료(27%) 및 과실 채소음료(27%)> 이온음료(26%)> 초콜릿음료(7%)> 유제품(6%)> 비타민 및 기능성음료(3%)> 녹차음료(2%)> 홍차음료(1%) > 커피(1%)의 순서였다. 유통 중인 음료의 유형별 카페인 함량은 커피($33.8{\pm}2.4{\sim}49.1{\pm}5.6\;mg/100\;mL$)> 커피우유 ($10.6{\pm}3.3\;mg/100\;mL$)> 콜라($6.0{\pm}2.4\;mg/100\;mL$)> 녹차, 홍차, 및 우롱차함유 액상차($2.3{\pm}1.9{\sim}4.1{\pm}0.6\;mg/100\;mL$) > 초콜릿우유 및 음료($1.6{\pm}0.7{\sim}1.7\;mg/100\;mL$)> 홍차함유 고형추출차($1.3{\pm}1.7\;mg/100\;mL$) 순서로 높았다. 유통음료의 카페인 함량과 어린이들의 음료 섭취빈도를 설문조사한 결과를 토대로 전체 어린이들의 음료를 통한 평균 카페인 섭취량은 $5.9{\pm}11.2$ mg/person/day이었다. 음료를 통한 카페인 섭취량이 $8{\sim}9$세는 $0.0{\sim}22.0$ mg/person/day(평균 $4.2{\sim}5.6$ mg/person/day) 그리고 $10{\sim}11$세는 $0.0{\sim}80.5$ mg/person/day(평균 $7.9{\pm}13.1$ mg/person/day)로 연령이 높아 질수록 섭취량이 늘어났으며, 성별에 따른 섭취량은 남자가 $0.0{\sim}80.5$ mg/person/day(평균 $6.9{\pm}12.8$ mg/person/day), 여자가 $0.0{\sim}67.5$ mg/person/day(평균 $4.8{\pm}9.0$ mg/person/day)로 남자 어린이들의 카페인 섭취량이 여자 어린이들에 비해 높았다. 또한 어린이들이 카페인을 섭취하게 되는 음료의 유형은 커피 57%(평균 3.4 mg/person/day)> 커피우유 20%(평균 1.2 mg/person/day)> 탄산음료 15%(평균 0.9mg mg/person/day)> 초콜릿우유 6%(평균 0.4 mg/person/day)> 비타민 및 기능성음료 2%(평균 0.1 mg/person/day)의 비율이었다. 교육전 후 카페인함유음료의 선호도 및 섭취량 변화를 살펴본 결과, 음료의 선호도 변화는 카페인함유음료 모두 교육 전보다 교육 후에 선호도가 감소하였다. 특히 탄산음료, 커피, 비타민 및 기능성음료의 선호도 평균값이 각각 교육 전 3.25, 2.50 및 3.30에서 교육 후 3.07(t=2.084), 2.29(t=2.174) 및 3.04(t=3.002)로 감소하였다. 즉 교육 전보다 교육 후에 탄산음료, 커피, 비타민 및 기능성음료의 선호도가 유의적으로 감소하여(p<0.05, p<0.05, p<0.01) 카페인 섭취를 줄이고자 하는 영양교육의 효과가 나타났다. 연령별 교육 후의 선호도변화는 선호도가 유의적으로 감소하였던 청량음료, 커피, 비타민 및 기능성음료의 경우 연령이 높아질수록 감소폭이 낮아졌다. 교육전 후 카페인함유음료를 통한 카페인 섭취량 변화는 커피를 제외한 카페인함유음료 모두 교육 후에 카페인 섭취량이 감소하였다. 특히 탄산음료, 초콜릿함유음료, 비타민 및 기능성음료를 통한 카페인 섭취량 평균값이 각각 교육 전 0.88 mg/person/day, 0.36 mg/person/day 및 0.13 mg/person/day에서 교육 후 0.65 mg/person/day(t=2.736), 0.27 mg/person/day(t=2.217) 및 0.08 mg/person/day(t=3.171)로 카페인 섭취량이 유의적으로 감소하여(p<0.01, p<0.05, p<0.01) 영양교육 후의 카페인 섭취에 대한 식습관이 개선되는 영양교육의 효과가 나타났다. 연령별 교육 후의 카페인 섭취량 변화는 유의적으로 감소하였던 초콜릿함유음료, 비타민 및 기능성 음료의 경우 $6{\sim}7$세의 어린이들만 교육 전보다 유의적으로 감소하여(p<0.05, p<0.05, p<0.001), 선호도와 같이 영양교육에 대한 효과가 연령이 높아질수록 낮았다. 성별 변화는 남자아이들의 카페인 섭취량이 영양교육 후에 유의적으로 감소하고(p<0.001, p<0.05, p<0.001), 여자아이들의 경우에는 유의적인 변화를 나타내지 않았다. 그러므로 본 영양교육으로 일부음료에서 카페인 선호도 및 섭취량이 유의적으로 감소하는 결과를 나타내어 어린이들이 카페인 섭취를 줄이려는 의식 및 행동변화를 보임으로써 식습관이 개선되는 효과가 나타났다. 한편 식습관의 변화를 확장하기 위해서는 교육기간의 확대, 교육방법의 변화를 고려하여야 할 것이다.

• 한국환경성돌연변이발암원학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.63-68
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• 2006

There are $10{\sim}30%$ polyphenol and $2{\sim}4%$ caffeine in green tea. Caffeine is a kind of alkaloid containing nitrogen which cause stimulation, impatience, headache, insomnia, low birth weight infant. Because of these negative effect, decaffeined beverage came out and decaffeined coffee already have a big market since 1970s. Having proving the physiologic functions of green tea, high consumption of coffee is shifting to green tea. Because of the carcinogenic effect of the organic solvents, decaffeine processing with supercritical carbon dioxide has industrialized and have an advantage in environment-friendly and minimized flavor loss. Decaffeined green tea using supercritical carbon dioxide is considered to be safe but there are not enough study, We investigated the chromosome aberration test with mammalian cell line, CHL. When the cells were treated with 5000, 2000, 1000 ${\mu}g/ml$ and compared with the negative controls, there were no significant (P>0.05) increased chromosome aberration. Same results was observed when adding S9 mixture or not. As a result, water extract of decaffeined green tea using supercritical carbon dioxide does not induce chromosome aberration.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제40권sup권
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• pp.9-21
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• 2007

This study aimed to assess the total sugar intake for Korean and to identify major food sources contributing to those food components. Korean adults aged over 20 years old from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2001 and 2002 were selected. The data were analyzed to obtain nationally and seasonally representative information on the health and nutritional status of the Korean. Forty food groups were used in identifying food sources of total sugar and energy intake. Total sugar contents of foods in the KNHANES data sets were estimated by food code matching technique with Release 18 of the USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference. Sample weighted means, standard errors, and population percentages were calculated using SAS and SUDAAN. The mean total sugar intake of the Korean was 60.3g in 2001, 40.9g in spring 2002, 45.7g in summer 2002, and 52.1g in fall 2002, which were 30-44% of intake of US people. Fresh fruit was identified as the most significant food source for total sugar intake in Korean population in all age groups and all seasons. The next major food sources following fresh fruits were candy/jelly/syrup/honey, coffee/coffee caream, vegetables, Kimchi, soft drinks, milk, fruit juice, cookie/cracker/cake, and vegetable juice/grain juice, which showed similar results through the seasons. While carbonated soft drink was the most significant food sources for total sugar or added sugar intakes for US people. The total sugar intakes were significantly higher in women, higher educational level, and residing in metropolitan area. As intake of total sugar increased, intakes of protein, fiber, calcium, phosphorus, iron, Vit A, B1, B2, C, niacin showed significantly increased, while high intakes of added sugars showed low intakes of some micronutrients in the US people. Percentages of people who consumed nutrients below EAR were less in higher total sugar intake group than in lower intake group. From these results, we can conclude that the food consumption habits including the total sugar intake of Korean people seems relatively good so far. More reliable database of total sugar and added sugar composition tables in public domain should be established in the future, and also more researches about total sugar and added sugar for Koreans should be continued.

• 한국환경성돌연변이발암원학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.119-124
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• 2006

There are $10{\sim}30%$ polyphenol and $2{\sim}4%$ caffeine in green tea. Caffeine is a kind of alkaloid containing nitrogen which cause stimulation, impatience, headache, insomnia, low birth weight infant. Because of these negative effect, decaffeined beverage came out and decaffeined coffee already have a big market since 1970s. Having proving the physiologic functions of green tea, high consumption of coffee is shifting to green tea. Because of the carcinogenic effect of the organic solvents, decaffeine processing with supercritical carbon dioxide has industrialized and have an advantage in environment-friendly and minimized flavor loss. Decaffeined green tea using supercritical carbon dioxide is considered to be safe but there are not enough study. We investigated the chromosome aberration test with mammalian cell line, CHL. When the cells were treated with 5000, 2000, 1000 ${\mu}g/ml$ and compared with the negative controls, there were no significant(P>0.05) increased chromosome aberration. Same results was observed when adding S9 mixture or not. As a result, water extract of decaffeined green tea using supercritical carbon dioxide does not induce chromosome aberration.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제38권6호
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• pp.419-431
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• 2005

The prevalence of atopic dermatitis (AD) continues to increase in the industrialized countries related to Western lifestyle and dietary patterns. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the nutritional status, dietary patterns and dietary quality of AD patients. AD patients (n=50) and gender age matched healthy control (HC) were studied in case-control clinical trail. Preference and frequencies of consumption for 98 foods were estimated by questionnaires. Dietary pattern, current nutrients intake, and dietary quality were evaluated by the 3-day food records. As a result, anthropometric measurements from HC and AD patients were not significantly different. AD patients had significantly lower preference for buckwheat, some fishes (shellfish, flatfish, salmon), egg yolk, some vegetables (onion, garlic, Chinese-cabbage, radish, pepper, mushroom), coffee, and snack than those of HC had (p<0.05). AD patients had significantly lower frequency for pea, some fishes (shellfish, herring, flatfish, salmon, codfish), egg, some vegetables (spinach, pumpkin, mushroom), margarine/butter, nuts, coffee and apple juice, fried chicken, coke than those of HC had (p<0.05). The intake of vitamin $B_1$, vitamin $B_2$ (p<0.05) and vitamin E (p<0.001) of AD patients were significantly lower than those of HC. The intake for Ca and Zn of AD patients were remarkably lower than RDA for each nutrient. Moreover, AD patients' index of nutritional quality (INQ) and nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) of vitamin E, vitamin $B_1$, vitamin $B_2$ were lower than those of HC. AD patients' dietary quality including dietary diversity score (DDS), dietary variety score (DVS), DMGFV (dairy, meat, grain, fruit, vegetable), dietary quality index (DQI) was poor. This results indicate that atopic dermatitis patients had significantly different food preference and food frequency when these were compared with those of healthy people. The dietary diversity, dietary variety and dietary quality of atopic dermatitis patients were very limited.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.57-68
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• 1986

The present survey was designed to investigate correlations among blood pressure, nutritional intakes, and various environmental factors in Korean adult males, and to observe the difference in dietary intakes between hypertensive patients and normotensive subjects. Two hundred forty-three adult men from Seoul and rural areas were interviewed about their food intakes, dietary patterns, food habits, and general environmental factors from December 20, 1982 to February 15, 1983. Their dietary intakes were surveyed by means of 24-hour recall diet method. Dietary score card was used in order to evaluate the quality of routine diet of the subject. Variables of environmental factors and factors related to hypertension were expressed as percentage, and the differences in nutrient intake and food score of each sub-group were examined by means of t-test. Correlation of all the variables were analyzed by Pearsons Correlation Coefficient. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. 38% of the subjects were between the ages of 40~49, and about one-half of the subjects were middle or high school graduates. 28% of the subjects earned 210, 000~350, 000 Won per month, and income distribution was almost identical to that of the urban population of Korea. 2. There was more overweight or obese found in the hypertensive patients than in the normotensive subjects. About 40% of the hypertensive patients reported a family history of hypertension, and their knowledge about hypertension was rather poor, but slightly better than the normotensive subjects. The patient group had less adherence to smoking and alcohol compared with the normotensive subjects, but no difference was observed in coffee drinking. The mean value of the blood pressure for the normotensive subjects was 127/86mmHg and 175/109mmHg for the hypertensive group. 3. Nutrient intake for the hypertensive group was lower for most of nutrients than in the healthy group. Hypertensive patients on diet therapy consumed less calories and carbohydrates compared with those who do not follow diet therapy. 4. There was no difference intake of these food groups between patients and the healthy group. Food score was strongly related to consumption of animal protein, saturated fats, Calcium, Iron, Vitamin A, Riboflavin, and Vitamin C, which are prone to be deficient in the typical Korean diet. 5. Blood pressure had a strong positive correlation with age, body weight, and socioeconomic level. In addition, monthly income was positively related with age and education level. 6. Three was a positive relationship between blood pressure and consumption of vegetable protein, and a negative relationship with consumption of Calories, Carbohydrates, Calcium, Iron, Vitamin A, Vitamin B1, Niacin, and Vitamin C. Animal protein intake increased as income and education levels increased, but this tendency was opposite for carbohydrates. In summary, nutritional intakes are strongly correlated with various environmental factors and the level of blood pressure. There was no difference between normotensive and hypertensive subjects with respect to the quality of food consumed except restricting energy and carbohydrate in the patient group.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제50권4호
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• pp.336-349
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• 2017

본 연구에서는 한국인유전체역학조사사업에서 수집한 2001~2002년 기반조사 자료와 2009~2010년 4차 추적조사의 자료를 이용하여 건강한 한국 성인 3,506명의 8년 동안의 체중 변화를 파악하고, 체중 증가와 관련된 사회인구학적 요인과 식이요인을 분석하였다. 신장은 8년 동안 남자의 경우 평균 0.3 cm, 여자의 경우 0.4 cm가 감소하였으며, 체중은 남자 0.35 kg, 여자 0.65 kg 감소하였다. 허리둘레는 남자 1.71 cm, 여자는 1.85 cm 증가하였고, BMI는 남자에게서는 차이가 없었으며, 여자는 $0.2kg/m^2$ 감소하였다. BMI $25kg/m^2$ 이상의 비만율 수치가 남자는 34.5%에서 33.5%, 여자는 38.0%에서 36.7%로 감소하였으며, 복부비만율은 남자가 14.8%에서 22.2%, 여자는 28.8%에서 35.4%로 증가하였다. 기반조사에서 BMI를 기준으로 정상체중군, 과체중군, 비만군으로 분류된 집단 중 정상체중군과 비만군의 약 80%는 8년 후에도 분류 집단이 유지된 반면, 과체중군은 60% 미만이 유지되고, 약 20% 내외가 각각 정상군 또는 비만군으로 바뀌었다. 8년 동안의 체중증가에 영향을 준 일반적 특성은 남녀 모두 연령이었으며, 남자의 경우 흡연과 관련이 있었다. 또한 여자의 경우 도시거주자, 40대, 대졸이상, 소득수준이 높은 집단, 음주군의 체중 감소량이 적었다. 허리둘레는 남자의 경우 거주지역, 연령, 교육수준, 소득수준, 직업, 흡연 여부에 따라, 여자의 경우 거주지역, 교육수준, 소득수준, 직업, 흡연여부에 따라 차이가 있었다. BMI 변화에 따라 체중감소군, 체중유지군, 체중증가군으로 분류하였을 때, 8년 동안 BMI가 $1kg/m^2$이 증가한 집단은 전체의 19.5%이었으며, BMI가 $1kg/m^2$이 감소한 집단은 23.0%이었고, 남녀 모두 비슷한 분포이었다. 체중증가군은 체중, 허리둘레, BMI가 모두 증가한 집단으로 이들의 에너지 섭취량을 에너지필요추정량의 비율로 계산하여 비교한 결과 남녀 모두 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 그러나 당이 많이 들어 있는 가공식품 또는 음료의 섭취량을 비교한 결과 체중증가군의 커피믹스와 우유의 섭취량이 체중 감소군의 섭취량에 비해 유의적으로 많았다. 본 연구에서는 우리 국민들이 선호하는 커피믹스와 장기간의 체중증가와의 관련성을 제시하여 앞으로 비만 예방을 위한 영양교육과 건강증진 전략에 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 생각한다.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제44권9호
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• pp.21-29
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate the preferences and utilization of green tea and its products for adults living in Chonbuk area. Self-administered questionnaires were collected from 388 (117 male, 271 female) subjects. who were classified into 5 groups by age. Data were analysed by chi-square and ANOVA. The results can be summarized as follows. On the investigation of preferences, there was a significant difference between and among the age groups(p<.001). More than 20% of the subjects in the $20{\sim}29$ years group preferred coffee and juice. A half of the elderly over 60 years preferred a kind of green tea. The frequency of green tea drinking was not significantly influenced by age. Drinking green tea less than once a day was replied by 59.0% of the subject of whom 44.3% drank the green tea at home. and 42.0% got information about green tea from TV or radio. Regarding the satisfaction with products using green tea, 62.6% of the subjects responded only 'mediocre.' The brown rice-green tea was marked to be the highest in terms of recognition among all kinds of products. The green tea-related products were rated higher by the elder group. In conclusion, future research should focus on the development of green tea and its products in accordance with the consumption pattern in each age group.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.539-553
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• 2011

This study was intended to examine the continuance and transformation of food culture during the enlightenment and Japanese ruling era by analyzing the novel of "Toji". In the novel "Toji", the chaotic political and economic situation is reflected, along with the peoples' hard lives in the latter era of the Choson Dynasty. After the full-fledged invasion of China by the Japanese, the shift to a wartime posture was accompanied by an increased need for food. This led to a rationing and delivery system for rice in the late 1930s. While it was hard for people to obtain even brewer's grains and bean-curd dregs, food distribution officers were well off. Another distinctive feature of the food culture during the enlightenment and Japanese ruling era was that foreign food and recipes were introduced naturally to Korea through the influx of various foreigners. The industry of Choson was held by Japanese monopolistic capital, as a result, Choson had equal to the role as a spending site and was only gradually left destitute. In the Japanese ruling era, there were new type of business including such as patisserie of the types of civilization in the town, and those tempted Korean people. However, the Japanese and pro-Japan collaborators dominated commercial business. Being urbanization through the modernization, it was became patronized fast food in the populous downtown, and the change of industry structure and life style greatly influenced into our food culture. Acceptance the convenient Japanese style fast food such as Udong, pickled radish made was actively accepted with a longing for the advancement civilization. After the enlightenment, many Japanese exchange students went to Tokyo to get advanced civilization and provided urban mood according to their consumption of bread, coffee, Western food, which were considered a part of the elite culture.