• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.38-47
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• 1999

This study is the study on health promoting behaviors of 6th grade students according to sex. The purpose of this study is to find the difference in the value of health in their lives among 6/sup th/ grade students according to sex, to examine the differences in practicing health promoting behaviors, and to determine the correlation between the practice of health promoting behaviors and the characteristics of these students. The subjects of this study were 177 6/sup th/ grade students who were randomly selected from two elementary schools in Taegu City. The tools used to measure health promoting behaviors were the measuring utility for practicing health promoting behaviors developed by Kyung-Suk Ki (1983) and the utility for the values of health in lives developed by Wallston, Maides and Wallston and translated by Gin Yoon (1989). The data collected were analyzed with t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient, and descriptive statistics using SPSS program. The results of the present study were as follows : 1) According to the results of the value placed in health in their lives, the number of students who placed health high in their lives was 69 boys (75%) and 64 girls (75.3%). 2) According to the results obtained from comparing the degree of practicing health promoting behaviors according to sex, in the field of personal hygiene and daily habits, the girls showed a higher degree of practice with 3.26±0.33 and the boys, 3.05±0.45(t=-3.484, p=0.001) : and in the field of contagious diseases, the girls scored significantly higher with 3.40±0.39 than the boys with 2.99±0.54(t=-2.363, p=0.019). In the filed of preventing accidents, the girls showed a meaning high significant result with 3.16±0.46 than the boys with 2.99±0.54(t=-2.362, p=0.019). When the results from the total questions in the field of health promoting behaviors were compared, the girls showed a meaningfully high correlation with 3.19±0.28 than the boys with 3.07±0.36(t=-2.601, p=0.010). Thus, the results showed that the girls, compares with the boys, practice more behaviors of personal hygiene & daily habits, prevention of communicable diseases, and prevention of accidents. 3) According to the results of the relationship between the subjects’ characteristics and their health promoting behaviors according to set in the case of the boys, they showed a meaningful positive correlation with health promoting behaviors and the current status of health (r=0.266, p=0.005). Thus, for the boys, as their health status was better, the more health promoting behaviors they showed. In the case of the girls, the meaningful variables had a correlation with the health promoting behaviors were the number of extra-curricula activities(r=0.182, p=0.047) and the birth order(r=-0.192, p=0. 024). In overall regardless of sex, the health status (r=0.188, p=0.006) and birth order(r=-0.149, p=0.024) showed a meaningful correlation with practicing health promoting behaviors. With the above results, we suggest the following proposals. 1) In elementary children of lower and upper classmen as applied with the current school age, developing a utility to measure health promoting behaviors is needed since the physical, emotional and intellectual development of these children exist. 2) According to the results of this study, developing a program for health promotion is needed in 6/sup th/ grade students.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.71-84
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• 2003

The metallic shell of soil-steel structures are so weak in bending moment that it should sustain the applied load by the interaction of the backfill soil around the structures. The shell can be subjected to excessive bending moment during side backfilling or under live-load when the soil cover is less than the minimum value. The current design code specifies the allowable deformation and Duncan(1979) and McGrath et al.(2001) suggested the strength analysis methods to limit the moments by the plastic capacity of the shell. However, the allowable deformation is an empirically determined value and the strength analysis methods are based on the results of FE analysis, hence the experimental verification is necessary. In this study, the full-scale tests were conducted on the high-profile arch to investigate its behaviors during backfilling and under static live-loads. Based on the measurements, the allowable deformation of the tested structure could be estimated to be 1.45% of rise, which is smaller than the specified allowable deformation. The comparison between the measurements and the results of two strength analyses indicate that Duncan underestimates the earth-load moment and overestimates the live-load moment, while McGrath et al. predicts both values close to the actual values. However, as the predicted factors of safeties using two methods coincide with the actual factor of safety, it can be concluded that both methods can predict the structural stability under live-loads adequately when the cover is less than the minimum.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.327-335
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• 2016

The study is enforce to study image quality evaluation of condition provide the IEC and combination of clinical conditions each quality of radiation that image quality to assess the conditions provided to IEC in the clinical environment to conduct image quality assessment of the digital radiography system in the detector have environmental limits. First, image quality evaluation was evaluated by measuring the MTF, NPS using four quality of radiation and Using MCNPX simulation lastly DQE make a image quality evaluation after calculating the particle fluence to analyze spectrum quality of radiation. Second, Using MCNPX simulation of four quality of radiation was evaluated absorbed dose rate about electronic 1 per unit air, water, muscle, bone by using Radiation flux density and energy, mass-energy absorption coefficient of matter. Results of evaluation of image quality, MTF of four quality of radiation was satisfied diagnosis frequency domain 1.0 ~ 3.0 lp/mm of general X-ray that indicated 1.13 ~ 2.91 lp/mm spatial frequency. The NPS has added filter, spatial frequency 0.5 lp/mm at standard NPS showed a tendency to decrease after increase. Unused added filter, spatial frequency 0.5 lp/mm at standard NPS showed a certain NPS result value after decrease. DQE in 70 kVp / unuesd added filter(21 mm Al) / SID 150 cm that patial frequency 1.5 lp/mm at standard showed a tendency to decrease after certain value showed. Patial frequency in the rest quality of radiation was showed a tendency to decrease after increase. Results of evaluation of absorbed dose, air < water < muscle < bone in the order showed a tendency to increase. Based on the results of this study provide to basic data that present for the image quality evaluation method of a digital radiation imaging system in various the clinical condition.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.387-395
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• 2009

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of starch concentrations and heating conditions on the gel characteristics of arrowroot starch. Arrowroot starch gels with various pHs, and starch concentrations, were prepared using different temperatures and heating times, and then stored for 24 hrs at $4^{\circ}C$. The hardness of sample gels made at pH 2.0 and 4.0 increased as the starch concentration increased from 7% to 10%, with the maximum value of 94 N being obtained when the gel was prepared at pH 4.0 with a starch concentration of 10%. The maximum hardness of samples prepared with concentrations of starch ranging from 7~9% appeared at $80^{\circ}C$, regardless of the heating temperature and time. Furthermore, the hardness of samples prepared at greater than $100^{\circ}C$ was relatively lower than that of samples prepared at other temperatures. When a starch concentration of 8% was used, the degree of gelatinization(DR) increased as the heating temperature increased, with the maximum value of DR being about 76% at $120^{\circ}C$, regardless of heating time. After storage for 24 hrs, the hardness of samples prepared at $70^{\circ}C$, $80^{\circ}C$ and $90^{\circ}C$ appeared to decrease, while that of samples prepared at $100^{\circ}C$, $110^{\circ}C$ and $120^{\circ}C$ increased. The correlation between hardness and the degree of gelatinization or retrogradation was very high when samples were prepared at $80^{\circ}C$ with a starch concentration of 9%, as indicated by a correlation coefficient of greater than 0.95. Overall, the microstructures of freeze-dried arrowroot starch gel were composed of a continuous network of amylose and amylopectin with fragmented ghost structures in an excluded phase, but these ghost structures were more evident after storage and with increased heating temperature.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.279-288
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• 2005

The vascular plant at Korea CC was researched in 95 taxa and Korea CC had the highest number of vascular plants among the ponds of 9 golf courses in the capital region. The number of vascular plants at Eunhwasam CC was 21 taxa which followed as the second most. Most of the vascular plants surveyed consist of a mon-ocotyledon with 1-2 years of life and a dicotyledon as perennial. The ratio between an introduced species of pond vegetation and planting species from Jisan CC is $52.3\%$, which is the highest. The lowest ratio of those is $21.1\%$, which is from Pine Creek Cc. Pine Creek CC has 25 plant communities in total, with 16 semi-natural and natural communities and 9 planting or introduced communities. Pine Creek CC has the most varied plant communities among 9 golf clubs. There are plant communities of semi-natural and natural vegetation from all ponds, and there are 12 aquatic plant communities at disturbance or planting vegetation. We found out that Pine creek CC has more natural communities than disturbance or planting communities compared to other golf clubs, and there is not any natural vegetation at Pristine Valley CC. According to value grade from assessment indicator, the natural aspect of Seseoul CC and Eunhwasam CC are the lowest among 9 golf clubs. Taeyoung CC, Eunhwasam CC, Jisan CC, Seseoul CC are superior in made vegetation among the group in terms of euclidean similarity coefficient on natural aspect and are classified as one group. Korea CC and Pristine Valley CC have distinguished semi-natural vegetation and Midas Valley CC and Pine Creek CC, which have a relatively high natural aspect, are classified as one group. Blue Heron CC is separated from other groups into its own group because it has a high value of scenery in particular. In conclusion, there is a correlation between the natural aspect of a pond and size of vegetation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.10
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• pp.1544-1557
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• 2020

Objective: Genomic selection (GS) is becoming popular in animals' genetic development. We, therefore, investigated the single-step genomic best linear unbiased prediction (ssGBLUP) as tool for GS, and compared its efficacy with the traditional pedigree BLUP (pedBLUP) method. Methods: A total of 9,952 males born between 1997 and 2018 under Hanwoo proven-bull selection program was studied. We analyzed body weight at 12 months and carcass weight (kg), backfat thickness, eye muscle area, and marbling score traits. About 7,387 bulls were genotyped using Illumina 50K BeadChip Arrays. Multiple-trait animal model analyses were performed using BLUPF90 software programs. Breeding value accuracy was calculated using two methods: i) Pearson's correlation of genomic estimated breeding value (GEBV) with EBV of all animals (r_M1) and ii) correlation using inverse of coefficient matrix from the mixed-model equations (r_M2). Then, we compared these accuracies by overall population, info-type (PHEN, phenotyped-only; GEN, genotyped-only; and PH+GEN, phenotyped and genotyped), and bull-types (YBULL, young male calves; CBULL, young candidate bulls; and PBULL, proven bulls). Results: The r_M1 estimates in the study were between 0.90 and 0.96 among five traits. The r_M1 estimates varied slightly by population and info-type, but noticeably by bull-type for traits. Generally average r_M2 estimates were much smaller than r_M1 (pedBLUP, 0.40 to0.44; ssGBLUP, 0.41 to 0.45) at population level. However, r_M2 from both BLUP models varied noticeably across info-types and bull-types. The ssGBLUP estimates of r_M2 in PHEN, GEN, and PH+ GEN ranged between 0.51 and 0.63, 0.66 and 0.70, and 0.68 and 0.73, respectively. In YBULL, CBULL, and PBULL, the r_M2 estimates ranged between 0.54 and 0.57, 0.55 and 0.62, and 0.70 and 0.74, respectively. The pedBLUP based r_M2 estimates were also relatively lower than ssGBLUP estimates. At the population level, we found an increase in accuracy by 2.0% to 4.5% among traits. Traits in PHEN were least influenced by ssGBLUP (0% to 2.0%), whereas the highest positive changes were in GEN (8.1% to 10.7%). PH+GEN also showed 6.5% to 8.5% increase in accuracy by ssGBLUP. However, the highest improvements were found in bull-types (YBULL, 21% to 35.7%; CBULL, 3.3% to 9.3%; PBULL, 2.8% to 6.1%). Conclusion: A noticeable improvement by ssGBLUP was observed in this study. Findings of differential responses to ssGBLUP by various bulls could assist in better selection decision making as well. We, therefore, suggest that ssGBLUP could be used for GS in Hanwoo proven-bull evaluation program.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.52-58
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• 2011

Our goal is to assess the suitability of a glass dosimeter on detection of high-energy electron beams for clinical use, especially for radiation therapy. We examined the dosimetric characteristics of glass dosimeters including dose linearity, reproducibility, angular dependence, dose rate dependence, and energy dependence of 5 different electron energy qualities. The GD was irradiated with high-energy electron beams from the medical linear accelerator andgamma rays from a cobalt-60 teletherapy unit. All irradiations were performed in a water phantom. The result of the dose linearity for high-energy electron beams showed well fitted regression line with the coefficient of determination; $R^2$ of 0.999 between 6 and 20 MeV. The reproducibility of GDs exposed to the nominal electron energies 6, 9, 12, 16, and 20 MeV was ${\pm}1.2%$. In terms of the angular dependence to electron beams,GD response differences to the electron beam were within 1.5% for angles ranging from $0^{\circ}$ to $90^{\circ}$ and GD's maximum response differencewas 14% lower at 180o. In the dose rate dependence, measured dose values were normalized to the value obtained from 500 MU/min. The uncertainties of dose rate were measured within ${\pm}1.5%$ except for the value from 100 MU/min. In the evaluation of the energy dependence of the GD at nominal electron energies between 6 and 20 MeV, we obtained lower responses between 1.1% and 4.5% based on cobalt-60 beam. Our results show that GDs have a considerable potentiality for measuring doses delivered by high-energy electron beams.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.147-154
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• 2019

Objectives : Cognitive dysfunction, including inattention, is often observed in patients with depression. Inattentive symptoms in patients with depression is similar to those among attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) patients. It is important to diagnose the two diseases accurately, because the treatment varies depending on the cause of inattention. This study aimed to investigate the coexistence rate of ADHD and the correlation between ADHD symptoms and depression in patients with depression. Methods : Participants in this study were 158 outpatients presenting with depression, who visited the psychiatric department from March 2015 to July 2018. Participants divided into a depression and a non-depression group according to the Korean version of the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) score and were administered the following : a sociodemographic variables form (age, sex, academic background, occupation), the self-reporting test for adult ADHD (Adult Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder self-report scale-V 1.1; ASRS V1.1), and the Korean version of the Connors adult ADHD rating scale (K-CAARS). Descriptive statistical analysis, crossover analysis, t-tests, and Pearson's correlation coefficient were conducted on the data. Results : The coexistence rate of adult ADHD symptom was as high as 36.7% in patients with depression (p<0.001). In K-CAARS, the depression group (Inattention=1.80, Hyperactivity=1.92, Impulsivity=1.56, Self-concept=2.06) showed higher average scores on ADHD symptoms than the non-depressive group (Inattention=1.28, Hyperactivity=1.25, Impulsivity=1.09, Self-concept=1.42, p<0.001). Conclusions : This study confirmed that ADHD symptoms coexist in the depression group. When evaluating the symptoms of patients who complain of depression, it is suggested that they should be accurately diagnosed and appropriately treated with interest to the coexistence of ADHD symptoms and the possibility for ADHD diagnosis.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.121-130
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• 2012

In analyzing pesticide residue, LLE (liquid liquid extraction) is generally applied as one of the existing methods, but needed quite a lot of organic solvents and analytical apparatuses for the sample pre-treatment. In addition to its long analysis time and complex analytical processes, it is required to develop a more rapid and efficient method at present. In order to establish an economic and simple pesticide residue analytical method, this study carried out a comparative experiment on the existing analytical method with a new sample pre-treatment method named QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe), which extracts and refines pesticide components by directly adding solid powder into the sample. Both the two analytical methods showed favorable values of correlation coefficient ($R^2$ > 0.99) of calibration curves. In terms of the detection limit (identification limit), imidacloprid showed 0.02 mg/kg, while the rest of pesticides showed a level around 0.05 mg/kg. The results of this experiment revealed that the recovery of LLE was 92.8-100.9% and the RSD was below 2.5%. On the other hand, the recovery of QuEChERS was 92.2-101.6% and RSD was below 1.9%. As a result of comparing the amount of pesticide residue by the time between the two analytical methods by using Paired t-Test, there was no significant difference between the two analytical methods as the p-value ranged from 0.3148-0.9890. Considering the results of the two methods, the QuEChERS method had similar recovery, compared to the analytical method using the existing LLE, and the analytical time was shortened by about one fourth of that of the existing method. Moreover, since it excludes the use of harmful organic solvents like dichloromethane during the process of extraction, thus leading to protecting experimenters health and remarkably reducing the amount of disused solvents, it is judged as an echo-friendly and economic analytical method.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.303-312
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• 2007

In order to investigate the dynamics of phytoplankton standing crops affecting by environmental factors, biological and environmental factors, this study was examined in the marine ranching ground of Tongyeong coastal waters from 2000 to 2007. During the study, mean water temperature and salinity were 16.7$^{\circ}C$ and 32.9 psu, respectively. pH, DO and SS varied from 7.81$\sim$8.09, 3.02$\sim$8.97 mg $L^{-1}$ and 2.7$\sim$32.2 mg $L^{-1}$, respectively. Mean concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen, phosphate and silicate were 21.75 ${\mu}M$, 0.90 ${\mu}M$ and 14.38 ${\mu}M$, respectively. Chlorophyll a concentrations varied from 0.02 ${\mu}g$ $L^{-1}$ to 25.29 ${\mu}g$ $L^{-1}$ with mean a value of 2.0 ${\mu}g$ $L^{-1}$. These factors did show significant differences on each layer and season, while did not show on the sampling stations. Phytoplankton standing crops varied from $4.21\times10^3$ cells $L^{-1}$ to $1.44\times10^6$ cells $L^{-1}$ with a mean value of $1.92\times10^5$ cells $L^{-1}$. Especially, variations of phytoplankton standing crops had an unimodal pattern as only bloomed in autumn rather than a bimodal pattern as generally bloomed in spring and autumn. In results of stepwise multiple regression analysis, the coefficient of determination $(R^2)$ for total standing crops was 0.35 and the standing crops were affected by water temperature, salinity, phosphate and silicate. The factors affected were different seasonally; water temperature in spring, salinity in summer, water temperature, salinity and silicate in autumn and water temperature, salinity and suspended solids in winter. Therefore, the results from the statistical analysis showed that the environmental factors influencing on the variations of the phytoplankton standing crops were predominantly water temperature and salinity.