• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.107-115
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• 2002

This study was carried out to compare artificial soil formulated by blending calcined clay and coconut peat with perlite, then to evaluate this soil as a perlite substitute for use as an artificial planting medium. To achieve this, a determination of the physico-chemical properties and it's effect on plant growth were conducted by comparing those with large perlite grains and small grains. The results are summarized as follows: 1) The bulk density was 0.41g/㎤. This density was lower than that of field soil, but higher than that of large perlite grain(0.23g/㎤) and small grain(0.25g/㎤). The porosity, field capacity, and saturated hydraulic conductivity were 71.3%, 49.2%, and 3.8$\times$10-2cm/s, respectively. The air-permeability, water holding capacity, and drainage were better than or equal to that both large and small perlite grain. 2) It was near-neutral in reaction(pH=6.6). It had a high organic carbon content(65.8g/kg) and a low available phosphoric acid content(84.7mg/kg). It was similar to crop soil in cation exchange capacity(11.4cmol/kg). It had a low exchangeable calcium content(0.71cmol/kg), a low exchangeable magnesium content(0.68cmol/kg), a high exchangeable potassium content(2.54cmol/kg), and a high exchangeable sodium content(1.12cmol/kg). Except for the exchangeable potassium and sodium content, the chemical properties were better than or equal to both large and small grain perlite. The excessive exchangeable potassium or sodium content will inhibit plant growth. 3) In Experiment 1, the plant growth tended to be higher compared to that of large and small perlite gains. But in Experiment 2, it tended to be lower. This might be linked to the excessive exchangeable potassium or sodium content. 4) It could be considered as a renewable perlite substitute for greening of artificial soil. But, it would be necessary to leach the excessive exchangeable potassium or sodium to avoid the risk of inhibiting plant growth.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.47-54
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• 2015

The objective of this study was to optimize the experimental conditions for bioleaching of arsenic (As) using Herbaspirillum sp. GW103 and to understand the interaction between bacteria and As during bioleaching. Five variables, temperature, time, CaCO₃, coconut oil cake, and shaking rate, were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) based Box-Behnken design (BBD). Maximum (73.2%) bioleaching of As was observed at 30℃, 60 h incubation, 1.75% CaCO₃, 3% coconut oil cake, and 140 rpm. Sequential extraction of bioleached soil revealed that the isolate Herbaspirillum sp. GW103 significantly reduced 28.6% of water soluble fraction and increased 38.8% of the carbonate fraction. The results of the study indicate that the diazotrophic bacteria Herbaspirillum sp. could be used for bioleaching As from mine soil.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Resources Recycling Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.170-173
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• 2003

Activated Rice-Hull carbon was developed to remove ammonia compounds in water matrix. Isotherm adsorption tests of ammonia were conducted using a bottle-point technique and column test. Residual ammonia after Jar-Test or passing through the column was determined by Indophenol method, and assessed the removal efficiency for ammonia of the adsorbent. As a result, the adsorption capacity for ammonia of activated racehull carbon was very larger than that of coconut shell carbon, because the rice hull carbon had the higher BET surface area of silicate. The activated racehull carbon is under the development as adsorbent to remove ammonia in drinking water and waste water.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.28 no.12
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• pp.1280-1286
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• 2006

Three different virgin activated carbons made of each coal(Calgon), coconut(Samchully) and wood(Picabiol) based activated carbon(AC) were tested for an adsorption performance of 1,4-dioxane in a continuous adsorption column. Breakthrough behavior was Investigated that the breakthrough points of coal, coconut and wood based AC were observed as 3600 bed volumn(BV), 1440 BV and 144 BV respectively. Adsorption capacity(X/M) of coal, coconut and wood based AC was observed. The reported results of adsorption capacity showed that coal based AC was highest(578.9 ${\mu}g/g$), coconut based AC was intermediate(142.3 ${\mu}g/g$) and wood based AC was lowest(7.4 ${\mu}g/g$) due to increasing specific surface area. Moreover, carbon usage rates(CURs) for coal, coconut and wood based AC had been shown as 0.48 g/day, 1.41 g/day and 6.9 g/day respectively. The constant characteristic of the system, k of coal based AC was found to be 91.5 and k of coconut based AC was found to be 17.9. Removal efficiencies of 1,4-dioxane with different ozonation dosages(2 and 5 mg/L) for 20 min ozonation had been shown 38% and 87% respectively. There was no observation for biological removal of 1.4-dioxane by attached micro-organisms when used(3.1 years and over 5 years) biological activated carbon(BAC) without pretreatment of oxidation were employed. When a combination of ozonation(2 mg/L and 5 mg/L) and BAC process for $10{\sim}30$ min was applied, removal efficiency for 1,4-dioxine increased only $2{\sim}6%$ compared to only applying ozonation. Therefore removal efficiency of BAC process prior to using oxidation was proven to negligible. Consequently, the results presented in this paper provide a better insight into the adsorption performance of 1,4-dioxane. This observation suggests that using virgin activated carbon made of coal is the best selection for removal of 1,4-dioxane in the water treatment for an advanced treatment. It is clear from this research that longer EBCT for ozonation or higher ozone concentration are more effective operation methods for removal of 1,4-dioxane than longer EBCT in the BAC process.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.105-111
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• 2001

Improvement of water quality and Investigation of bacterial characteristics have been conducted in a pilot plant using biological activated carbon (BAC) in water treatment process at the downstream of the Nakdong River. Most of water control parameters were highly improved after passing through BAC. Approximately 54% of dissolved organic carbon was removed in coal-based BAC process. Bacterial biomass and bacterial production appeared $9.8{\times}10^8 CFU/g and 7.1mg-C/m^3$.hr in coal-based BAC, respectively. Predominant bacteria species grown in BAC were identified as Pseudomonas, Flavobacterium, Alcaligenes, Acinetobacter and Aeromonas species. Particularly Pseudomonas vesicularis was dominant in both coal-based and coconut-based BACs, while Pseudomonas cepacia was dominant in wood-based BAC.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.352-358
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• 2013

For the germination and differentiation of immature embryos obtained by artificial crossing between tetraploid grape 'Fujiminori' (Vitis vinifera ${\times}$ V. labruscana) and triploid 'Summer Black' (V. labruscana ${\times}$ V. vinifera), were incubated in vitro using MS medium supplemented with $GA_3$ or coconut water (CW) at various concentrations. The percentage of embryo formation of 'Fujiminori' ${\times}$ 'Summer Black' was 64.3%. Embryo germination percentage was higher than 95% in all the $GA_3$ treatments at the concentrations of 0.01, 0.05, 0.25, and $1.25mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$. However, only 15.8-31.6% of the germinated embryos successfully developed into normal plantlets. At higher concentration of $GA_3$, the plantlets developed infirm hypocotyls with over elongated and less enlarged structure. Among the treatments of CW at the concentrations of 5, 10, 15, and 20% (v/v), 10% and 15% were more effective and plantlet achievement percentage were 68.4 and 66.7%, respectively. The addition of 10% CW was most effective to obtain plantlets with optimal shoot length, node and root numbers. 15% CW was suitable to obtain plantlets with longer roots. Accordingly, the embryo culture using the MS medium supplemented with 10-15% CW was observed to be more efficient for germinating and growing the immature embryos produced from artificial crossing between tetraploid grape 'Fujiminori' and triploid 'Summer Black'.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.25 no.3 s.82
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• pp.226-232
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• 1997

The mycelium was isolated from the fruiting body of Tricholoma matsutake collected from Mt. Namsan, Kyongju and it was named as Tricholoma matsutake DGUM 26001. For the mycelial growth of T. matsutake DGUM 26001, the complex media, yeast-malt extract medium and Czapek-Dox medium supplemented with yeast extract, were excellent. The media such as nutrient glucose medium, mushroom complex medium, and Tricholoma matsutake medium (TMM), were effective. However, There was no a mycelial growth in the media used for bacterial cultivation such as colombia medium, brain heart infusion medium, Luria-Bertani medium supplemented with glucose, and brucella medium. When carbohydrate as a carbon and energy source was supplemented in the TMM medium for the mycelial growth, starch as a polysaccharide was best. As a disaccharide, trehalose and maltose were excellent. Sorbitol, xylitol and glucose were excellent carbon sources of monosaccharose. When the mycelia were cultivated for 30 days at $24^{\circ}C$ in the TMM supplemented with 2.0% starch, the dry weight of the mycelia harvested was 8.85 g/L. When organic acid was given as a carbon source, only succinic acid was utilized. As a vitamin source, coconut water and pyridoxine were excellent. After 30 day-cultivation in the TMM medium, the dry weights with coconut water and pyridoxine were 8.65 and 8.32 g/L, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.362-367
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• 2008

In order to investigate the effect of plant growth regulators on effective in vitro micropropagation, apical meristems of Pulsatilla cernua var. koreana were cultured on Murashige and Skoog's (MS) medium with 2,4-D, NAA, TDZ and BA. Media containing 2,4-D and kinetin, 2,4-D and TDZ, NAA and TDZ were not effective on callus induction. However, embryogenic or organogenic callus was obtained on media containing NAA and BA. Especially, on MS medium with 0.5mg/L NAA and 1.0mg/L BA was optimal for a high frequency (62%) of shoot or shoot bud obtained from callus. Callus proliferation, shoot multiplication and elongation were significantly increased by adding 10% coconut water on MS media with 0.5mg/L NAA and 1.0mg/L BA. Repeated subculturing of in vitro grown shoots resulted in propagation rate of 12.9 shoots per explant every 30 days. Root formation from the adventitious shoots was not easily achieved. However, roots were only produced through callus on MS medium with 2.0mg/L NAA alone or 0.5mg/L NAA and 1.0mg/L BA. These roots were used materials for callus and shoot production repetitively.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.184-191
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• 2007

Coal-, coconut- and wood-based activated carbons and anthracite were tested for an adsorption and biodegradation performances of nitrogenous chlorinated by-products such as chloropicrin, DCAN, DBAN and TCAN. In early stage of operations, an adsorption performance was a main mechanism for removal of nitrogenous chlorinated by-products, however as increasing populations of attached bacteria, the bacteria played a major role in removing nitrogenous chlorinated by-products in the activated carbon and anthracite biofilter. It was also investigated that the compounds were readily subjected to biodegrade. Whilst the coal- and coconut-based activated carbons were found most effective in adsorption of the compounds, the anthracite was worst in adsorption of the compounds. Highest populations and activity of attached bacteria were shown in the coal-based activated carbon. The populations and activity of attached bacteria decreased in the order: coconut-based activated carbon > wood-based activated carbon > anthracite. The attached bacteria were inhibited for removal of the compounds at temperatures below $10^{\circ}C$. The attached bacteria were more active at higher water temperatures$(20^{\circ}C\;<)$ but less active at love. water temperature$(10^{\circ}C\;>)$. The removal efficiencies of the compounds obtained using coal-, coconut- and wood-based activated carbons and anthracite were directly related to the water temperatures. In particular, water temperature was the most important factor for removal of the compounds in the anthracite biofilter because the removal of the compounds depended mainly on biodegradation. Therefore, the main removal mechanism of the compounds the main mechanism on the removal of the compounds using activated carbon was both adsorption and biodegradation by the attached bacteria. The observation suggests that using coal-based activated carbon is the best for removal of nitrogenous chlorinated by-products in the water treatment.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.260-266
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• 2011

An efficient protocol was established for high frequency somatic embryogenesis through a callus culture of Coelogyne cristata. The best frequency of callusing was obtained from a PLB segment (3-5 mm) cultured on MS medium supplemented with coconut water (CW) and a combination of both 3 $mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ of 2,4-D and BA. When the calli were sub-cultured on the MS medium without any PGRs, the average number of somatic embryos were higher than those with PGRs treatment. NAA is the most critical factor among PGRs, which dramatically hindered for the formation of a somatic embryo. The efficacy of the addition of coconut powder (CP) for somatic embryogenesis was almost the same in all treatments. However, the number of somatic embryos formed distinctly depended on age of the callus. The somatic embryos converted into healthy plants with well-developed shoots on the same medium. Plantlets showed the best responses of root and shoot growth when transferred to $\frac{1}{2}$ MS medium containing 1.5 $g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ of activated charcoal. All plants with above 3.0-cm-high were successfully acclimatized in the greenhouse.