• Asian Journal of Business Environment
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.5-15
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• 2020

Purpose: This study examines the impact of individual reciprocal preferences on coalition formation. The reciprocal model considers a player's own payoff, the player's perception of others' payoffs, and others' perceptions of the player's payoff. Research design, data and methodology: A reciprocal model is built to illustrate how reciprocity influences individual decisions in a coalition game and its formation. The prediction is examined with experimental evidences from a dictator game and a membership game. Results: The theoretical result suggests that the coalition formation could be unstable due to negative reciprocal kindness. The experimental findings support that negative reciprocal kindness could lead players participating in a coalition, no matter their dominant strategies are. When subjects were essential to make contributions to a coalition, they were more likely to cooperate if they were treated badly. In contrast, when subjects were unnecessary, the reciprocal kindness could enhance cooperative tendencies. Conclusions: This study reveals that the reciprocal behavior could influence individual decisions and reshape the coalition formation. In terms of policy implications, this study has shown that coalition formation could be reshaped by reciprocal prefe rences. Due to the strategic and complicated decision process in an interactive environment, a comprehensive investigation of factors would be required in a climate coalition in practice.

• 한국유통학회지:유통연구
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.87-115
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• 2012

제휴 로열티 프로그램(coalition loyalty program; 이하 CLP라고 한다)이란 하나의 로열티 프로그램 안에 다수의 제휴 기업들이 참여하며, 이들과 독립된 (로열티 프로그램 운영)기업이 관리하는 로열티 프로그램으로 정의된다(Blattberg 등 2008). 본 연구의 목적은 고객의 브랜드에 대한 사전 선호 수준에 따라, CLP가 고객 충성도를 증가시키는 원인과 제휴 네트워크 안의 주체 간 인식의 전이에 차이가 있을 것임을 밝히는 데에 있다. 고객 충성도의 동기는 전환장벽(switching barrier) 관점(Balabanis 등 2006; Colgate와 Lang 2001; Jones 등 2000)에 따라 자발적인 이유(브랜드 매력도)와 비자발적 이유 (브랜드 전환비용)로 설명하였다. CLP안에서 브랜드(비선호)-CLP-브랜드(선호)간 전이효과(spillover effect)는 인지적 일관성(Aaker과 Keller 1990; Hamilton 등 1989)과 정보 통합 이론(Anderson 1981; Simon과 Ruth 1998)을 적용하였다. 연구 결과는 다음 세 가지로 학문적 실무적 의의를 갖는다. 첫째, 브랜드에 대한 사전 태도에 따라 정보처리 경향이 달라진다는 소비자 행동 연구의 견해를 CLP 제휴 상황에서 검증하였다. 고객은 브랜드 선호가 높을수록 자발적 동기를 강화하고, 반대의 경우 비자발적 동기를 강화한다. 둘째, 브랜드에 대한 사전 태도가 해당 브랜드와 연관된 주체 간 인식 전이에 긍정적 조절효과를 함을 검증하였다. 즉 선호 브랜드와 어떤 주체가 연관될 때(비선호 브랜드와 연관된 경우에 비해) 인식의 전이가 더 많이 발생한다. 셋째, 기업이 CLP가입에 대한 전략적 선택을 할 때 마케팅 목적에 따라 고려해야할 사항이 달라진다. 기업의 목적이 충성고객의 유지라면, 로열티 프로그램 자체의 보상 방식과 활용 방식 등이 고려되어야한다. 하지만 목적이 비충성고객의 확보라면, 유명 브랜드의 제휴 여부를 따져야 한다. 또한 기업은 CLP의 효과(브랜드 충성도)에 안주할 것이 아니라 그 원인을 알아야 하는데, 비선호 브랜드처럼 비자발적 동기 강화에 따른 충성도 증가는 장기적으로 바람직하지 못하다는 견해가 있다(Egans 2001).

• 대한정형외과학회지
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• 제55권4호
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• pp.324-330
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• 2020

목적: 족근골 유합의 유병률에 대한 국내의 연구가 드물고 특히 성인에서의 다발성 족근골 유합은 국내뿐만 아니라 외국에서도 유병률에 대한 연구가 부족하기 때문에 본원에 내원한 환자를 대상으로 시행한 영상 검사를 이용하여 한국인의 족근골 유합의 양상 및 유병률에 대해 알아보고자 한다. 대상 및 방법: 2009년 3월부터 2019년 2월까지 본원에서 시행한 족부 및 족관절의 컴퓨터 단층촬영 검사 및 자기공명영상 검사를 시행한 족관절 염좌 및 골절 환자 총 4,711명(남성 4,454명, 여성 257명)을 대상으로 족근골 유합의 유병률 및 양상에 대하여 후향적으로 조사하였다. 결과: 10년동안 총 78명(1.7%)의 환자에서 족근골 유합이 관찰되었고 전체 족근골 유합 환자 중 25명(32.1%)에서 다발성 족근골 유합이 확인되었다. 해부학적 위치에 따라 거골-종골 유합이 단발성(31명 37예, 62.7%) 및 다발성(22명 23예, 45.1%) 족근골 유합 모두에서 가장 흔하게 관찰되었고 단발성 유합에서는 종골-주상골 유합(10명, 16.9%), 주상골-설상골 유합(9명, 15.3%), 입방골-주상골 유합(3명, 5.1%)의 순서로, 다발성 유합에서는 종골-주상골 유합(14명 14예, 27.5%), 거골-주상골 유합(6명 6예, 11.8%)의 빈도 순으로 관찰되었다. 또한 총 60예의 거골-종골 유합 중 후방 관절소면에서 24예(40.0%)의 유합이 확인되었고 중간 관절소면에서 18예(30.0%), 전방 관절소면에서 4예(6.7%)가 관찰되었다. 그리고 조직학적인 분류에 따라 연골성 유합이 단발성(32명 35예, 59.3%) 및 다발성(20명 37예, 72.5%) 4예(6.7%)모두에서 가장 많이 관찰되었다. 결론: 기존의 문헌들을 통해서 알려진 바와 같이 본 연구에서는 거골-종골 유합이 가장 흔하게 나타나는 것으로 확인하였다. 하지만 거골-종골 유합은 대부분 중간 관절소면에서 주로 나타난다고 알려져 있는 것과는 달리 본 연구에서는 후방 관절소면에서 더욱 많이 관찰되었다. 그리고 극히 드물게 관찰되는 것으로 알려진 다발성 족근골 유합은 이제까지 알려진 바와 달리 다양한 양상으로 드물지 않게 발견되는 것을 확인하였다.

• 대한족부족관절학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.36-38
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• 2016

Tarsal coalition is an abnormal union between two or more bones of the hind- and mid-feet, which can occur at various rates from cartilaginous to osseous union. Talonavicular coalition is reported less frequently than calcaneonavicular or talocalcaneal coalition and has been associated with various abnormalities, including symphalangism, clinodactyly, ray anomaly, clubfoot, other tarsal coalitions, and a ball-and-socket ankle joint. Patients with talonavicular coalitions are usually asymptomatic and rarely require surgical treatment. We review the literature and report on a case of 59-year-old male patient with talonavicular coalition.

• 한국경영과학회지
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.89-111
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• 2012

Coalition loyalty programs, loyalty cash-back programs that enable their members to accrue and redeem points at a wide-range of affiliated outlets, are emerging. In a coalition loyalty program, unlike in a single-brand loyalty program, points accrued from one outlet can be redeemed in other outlets which even may be of other brands than the very one where the points were from. However, in spite of such systematic characteristic of coalition loyalty programs, there is only little research on the effect of the program. The present study is aimed at examining the difference between the effects of a coalition and a single-brand loyalty program in terms of acquisition and retention of customers and tries to provide strategic implications for a firm to run a loyalty program. We classify purchase conditions into two types-acquisition vs. retention. Then we compare the effects of a coalition and a single-brand loyalty program on the purchase intention, under both the acquisition and the retention conditions. The result shows that the effect of the coalition loyalty program is stronger than that of the single-brand loyalty program under the acquisition condition. On the other hands, the single-brand loyalty program is more effective than the coalition loyalty program under the retention condition, at least for the minor brand.

• 대한족부족관절학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.41-46
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• 2003

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the results of surgical treatments for tarsal coalitions. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted between October 1995 and September 2002. Four cases of talocalcaneal coalitions and two cases of calcaneonavicular coalitions were included. We did bone excision for three cases of talocalcaneal coalitions and two cases of calcaneonavicular coalitions. In one case of talocalcaneal coalition, we did subtalar fusion. Follow-up averaged 43 months. We evaluated both the patients' satisfaction rates by Mann and Reynolds scorring and compared the radiographic results between preoperative and final radiography. Results: The satisfaction outcomes at the last follow-up were two excellent and two good in talocalcaneal coalitions and all excellent in calcaneonavicular coalitions. Two cases of talocalcaneal coalition who did excision of coalition complained mild pain in hindfoot, however, symptoms improved than preoperation. In calcaneonavicular coalition, pain is subsided at mean post-operative 13 weeks. During follow-up period, there were no radiographic changes and recurrence in all cases. Conclusion: In small cases, we think the cause of subsidence of symptoms maybe reconstruction of normal joint motion after excision of tarsal coalition. But, we try to warn the patients with talocalcaneal coalition that the symptom may not be completely subsided after the excision of coalitions.

• 대한족부족관절학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.65-69
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• 2012

Talocalcaneal coalition known as the most common tarsal coalition is a congenital failure of segmentation. Talocalcaneal coalition with complete bone bridge is very rare, and there are few references in the literature about the clinical results and the operative method for this type of tarsal coalition. We report a case of 15 years old female with complete talocalcaneal coalition, who showed good clinical results by lateral sliding calcaneal osteotomy.

• Strategy21
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• 통권41호
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• pp.174-207
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• 2017

Human history shows diverse strategies for survival and prosperity. This study introduces the concept of the expansion of wealth as a key to explain choice and behavior of political entities. American scholar, -Bruce Bueno de Mesquita-, offers theoretical grounds for this concept in that the cores of selectorate theory is settled. The political entity consists of two groups, -the winning coalition that has power to replace leader and non-winning coalition that has not. Leaders implement policies serving for the welfare of winning coalition in return for their loyalty. Both internal problems caused by demographic changes and external ones of climate changes, epidemic disease, or invasion compel leader and winning coalition to adopt policies of expansion that they believe may lead to the acquisition of wealth needed to counter those problems. The process starts by occupying one spot where other entities reside and then connecting it to its own. The line between spots functions as a foothold to form a new line to other spots. By repeating this process, a space is created in which new laws and orders are instated. In the early stage of expansion, war is hardly avoidable. Once finished successfully, the political circumstance tilts to encourage economic activities in order to generate national revenues to strengthen political power of winning coalition. However, as scale of economic activities grows, so does political power of civic classes in production and trade. To gain financial support required to run the political entity, delegation of power or bestowing autonomy to non-winning coalition is inevitable. Thus, expansion is not the ultimate solution, only to prolong the political survival if succeed. Maritime power came to attractive option when overland expansion had become obstructed. It offered much greater advantages in terms of political risks and financial burdens in exploring new regions of precious commodities than overland expansion. Each political entity around world have been, for the first time in human history, connected by maritime means since 15th century. It is worthy of noting that land conditions propelled people out to sea. Political and economic situations created opportunities to exploit geographical position in pursuit of wealth. In the 21st century, we witness the operation of international winning coalition that presides over the rules of expansion. Competing for market is synonymous to the expansion in this era, the cause and aim of it has not been changed though. Energy and dollars are key factors of expansion since the end of the 2nd world war. No matter what the forms and conditions change, naval power is still the most relevant means for expansion as it retains unique characters of maneuver, flexibility, continuity, display and projection of power. The strategy for using naval power should be in line with two different approaches for expansion: Approaches to the international winning coalition by making contribution to world order, and approaches to the non-international winning coalition by enhancing military diplomatic activities. The former will serve our share of winning coalition while the latter will open chances to acquire further prosperity.

• 대한족부족관절학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.238-243
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• 2007

Purpose: Study was to evaluate the operative results for tarsal coalition with tarsal tunnel syndrome. Materials and Methods: From Jan. 2005 to Mar. 2006, among a number of patients who were diagnosed with tarsal tunnel syndrome caused by tarsal coalition and treated surgically, 5 patients were closely observed for more than 12 months. All cases were talocalcaneal coalition and there were two male and three female patients with a mean age of 36 years (22-50 years). We used the Takakura rating scale as clinical evaluation. Results: All five patients had a burning pain in the sole or extended to toes and showed positive Tinel's sign. Sensory disturbances were observed in the distribution of the medial plantar nerves in four patients and in the area of the medial and lateral plantar nerves in one. Atrophy and weakness of the plantar muscles were seen in two patients. The mean Takakura scale in preoperative and postoperative was 3.4 points (1 to 5 points), 8.6 point (6 to 10 points). The mean follow up was 14.4 months (12 to 16 months). The postoperative results were excellent in two patients, good in two and fair in one. As postoperative complications, there were persistent swelling in one patient and a flexion disturbance of Hallux in one. Conclusion: The coalition resection performed on tarsal tunnel syndrome caused by tarsal coalition could improve a level of pains and neurological symptoms significantly. However, since there were some undesirable complications, a detailed explanation to patients is required prior to surgical treatment and study of such complications may be required.

• 한국전자거래학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.91-109
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• 2011

오늘날 로열티프로그램은 매우 보편적으로 사용되고 있다. 그 중에서도 통합 로열티프로그램이 증가하고 있다. 통합 로열티프로그램은 하나의 허브(hub) 회사가 참여회사들의 네트워크를 만들어 사용자들이 수많은 참여회사에서 점수를 모으고 사용할 수 있게 하는 프로그램이다. 이 논문은 한국에서 최초로 만들어지고, 가장 큰 통합 프로그램인 오케이케쉬백의 성공요인을 조사한다. 이 연구는 프로그램 수의 증가, 사용자 수의 증가 및 소비자 행동에 미치는 영향력에도 불구하고 충분한 연구가 이루어지지 않은 통합 로열티프로그램에 대한 지속적인 연구 필요성을 제기하는 데 첫 번째 의의가 있다. 단일 로열티프로그램과 통합 로열티프로그램의 성공요인을 고찰함으로써, 본 연구는 점점 더 정교해지는 정보기술 및 데이터 수집/분석 기법을 통해 혁신적인 로열티프로그램을 개발하는 데 기여할 수 있다.