• 상하수도학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.39-46
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• 1993

In this experimental study, it is concerned to develop a simple equation using jar-test results in order to predict the optimum dosage of coagulant, PAC(polyaluminum chloride). Considering the relationships with the reactions of coagulation and flocculation, the four independent variables (e.g. turbidity, temperature, pH and alkalinity) are selected out of many parameters and they are put into calculations to develop an equation by means of multi-regression method. As the result, the dosing rate of PAC is proportional to turbidity, pH and alkalinity, but in inverse to temperature. And the developed equation is as follow, $$D_c=\frac{3.2{\cdot}T^{0.37}{\cdot}A^{0.04}{\cdot}P^{0.5}}{t^{0.1}},\;(R^2=0.9443)$$ And also, comparing between the estimated value from the equation and the real dosing rate in the plant, Kwangam and Tdukdo, during 1988~1991, it is represented an agreement having a relative error of 16.4%, 17.8%, respectively.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.1-9
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• 1993

In public water supply systems, Alum and/or PAC being used as a coagulant. It is well known that their use increased frequently the concentration of residual aluminum in filtered water upon operating conditions. This study was conducted to find the optimum conditions that both the concentration of residual aluminum and turbidity are minimized by changing such factors as pH, temperature, alum dosage, mixing rate, alkalinity and hardness. The results can be summarized as follows: The pH values for the minimum concentration of residual aluminum and turbidity as a given experimental condition were found at pH 6 and pH 7 respectively, the apparent clarity was best at pH 8. The floc settling rate was the greatest at pH 6.5, but the turbidity was high at the same condition. The more alum dosage, the higher the concentration of residual aluminum. However the alum dosage less than 15 mg/l tend to decrease in turbidity. Restabilization and enmeshment occurred near 15 mg/l and 20 mg/l of alum dose respectively. With the increase of mixing rate (rapid and slow), the concentration of residual aluminum and turbidity are increased and the same trend was found in increment of mixing time. At low water temperature, the concentration of residual aluminum was decreased, but turbidity was increased. It was confirmed that alkalinity had an effect on the coagulation efficiency, but hardness did not.

• 멤브레인
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.135-141
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• 2012

본 연구는 Y 정수장의 세라믹 정밀여과막 공정을 위한 최적의 응집 조건을 도출하고자 수행되었다. 쟈테스트 결과 Y댐 원수의 pH를 7로 조정 시 응집효율이 가장 우수하였으며, 원수 탁도가 10 NTU 이하인 평상시 탁도 조건하에서 최적 응집제 주입량은 3 mg/L (as $Al_2O_3$)인 것으로 나타났다. 최적 응집제를 선정하기 위하여 응집제 종류(PAC, PACS (II), PAHCS)별로 미니모듈 실험장치를 이용하여 평가한 결과 PAC를 주입하고 원수 pH를 7로 조정한 경우 비여과유속 감소율이 가장 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 원수 탁도를 10~150 NTU로 변화시키며 미니모듈에서 비여과유속 감소율을 평가한 결과 원수탁도 10~30 NTU 조건에서는 응집제 주입량 증가에 따라 비여과유속 감소율이 크게 감소하였으나 원수탁도가 50 NTU 이상에서는 응집제 주입량을 증가시켜도 비여과유속 감소율에 큰 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 Y 정수장을 위해서 는 원수탁도 10 NTU 이하에서는 PAC (11% as $Al_2O_3$) 30 mg/L, 10~50 NTU에서는 30~50 mg/L, 50 NTU 이상에서는 50 mg/L이 적절하다.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.101-109
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• 2004

본 연구는 응집 및 부상분리를 이용하여 돈사폐수의 고액분리 특성을 조사하였다. 응집은 jar-tester를 이용하여 응집제 종류 및 주입량에 대해, DAF를 이용한 부상분리에서는 돈사폐수 원수 자체에 대한 부상조건과 pH만을 조정한 원수, 그리고 응집제를 주입한 후 부상을 통한 고액분리 특성을 실험적으로 연구하였다. 돈사폐수를 무기응집제 만으로 응집침전 처리하는 경우 $FeCl_3$ > PAC > Alum 순으로 응집침전효과가 나타났으며, 적정 응집제 주입량은 각각 $1,000mg/{\ell}$, $1,500mg/{\ell}$, $1,500mg/{\ell}$으로 나타났다. 고분자응집제 만으로 응집침전 처리하는 경우 양이온 응집제만이 유효한 응집침전 효과가 나타났으며 적정 응집제 주입량은 $200mg/{\ell}$로 나타났다. 무기응집제와 고분자응집제를 혼합 적용한 경우 각 무기응집제를 $500mg/{\ell}$ 투여한 후 양이온 고분자응집제 주입 농도를 달리하여 응집침전효과를 고찰한 결과 무기응집제의 처리 효율은 $FeCl_3$ > Alum > PAC순으로 나타났으며, 적정 양이온 응집제 주입농도는 $25mg/{\ell}$, $25mg/{\ell}$, $100mg/{\ell}$로 나타났다. DAF를 이용한 부상분리 실험에서 응집처리를 하지 않은 원수와 pH만을 조정한 원수에서의 실험결과를 종합하여 순환비 400%, 압력 4 atm, pH 3이하에서 DAF의 적정 운전 조건이 나타남을 알 수 있었다. 그러나 응집처리를 하지 않은 돈사폐수 원수를 대상으로 DAF를 적정하게 운전하기는 곤란한 것으로 판단되었으며, 또한 무기응집제로만 응집처리한 후 부상분리를 실시하였을 경우 floc의 강도가 약해 floc의 깨짐 현상이 나타나 부상분리가 이루어지지 않았다. 한편 무기응집제와 고분자응집제를 혼합하여 응집처리한 후 부상분리를 실시하는 경우 효과적인 부상분리가 이루어졌으며, Alum $500mg/{\ell}$를 기준으로 양이온 고분자응집제 주입농도가 $50mg/{\ell}$에서 가장 양호한 처리 결과를 나타내었다.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.437-445
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• 2005

Zeta potential is a key parameter of double layer repulsion for individual particles and can usually be used to interpret the trend of coagulation efficiency. This study focused on the measurement of zeta potential of algae and clay under various experimental conditions including water characteristics (pure water, stream water, reservoir water) and coagulant dose (10~50 mg/L). Results showed that the variation of zeta potential was highly sensitive depending on the water characteristics and coagulation conditions. Zeta potential of two genera of algae (anabaena sp. and microcystis sp.) were changed highly with coagulant dosage, especially. On the basis of trajectory analysis, bubble-floc collision efficiency simulated in terms of zeta potential was fitted well with removal efficiency of chlorophyll-a from algae particles. It was found that the control of zeta potential was important for effective removal of algae particles.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.21-29
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• 2007

For this study, we polymerized polyacrylamide base flocculants (PAA) and tested their properties and settling efficiency as a treatment for potable water. The most common chemicals for potable water treatment in Korea are alum or PAC. However, due to various reasons (such as rainy season or algae), inorganic flocculants cannot be solely depended on to solve all the problems caused by the poor quality of inflow water. When PAA coupled with coagulants in a potable water purification process is used, the turbidity removal efficiency increases by a factor of three on a single chemical system using PAC (Raw water: 5.21 NTU; Treated PAA+PAC: 0.34 NTU; and, Treated PAC: 1.04 NTU). It is possible to offset the toxic effect of residual monomers in treated water using PAA, because the concentrations of residual acrylamide are less than 400 mg/L in the polymer itself and less than $0.04\;{\mu}g/L$ in the treated water base at a dosage of 0.1 mg/L. Therefore, PAAs may be a workable, and dependable, potable water treatment process for the high pollutant level of resource water.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.115-121
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate applicability of pretreatment on the existing biological treatment for domestic wastewater reclamation. From Jar Tests, it was found that optimum dosage of coagulant was PAC 0.5mg/L and $FeCl_3$ 180mg/L for urban sewage. In this study, PAC 0.5mg/L was selected considering sludge production and the amount of coagulant required. In a continuous experiment performed with combining chemical coagulation and biological treatment, a considerable removal efficency was obtained in term of BOD, SS, T-N, T-P and ABS. When the raw sewage was supplied into the pre-chamical treatment facility, the removal of BOD and SS was 48.3% and 81.1%. However T-N removal was very low which means T-N consists of $NH_3-N$ mostly. T-P was almost completely recluced by the chemical addition. The effluent BOD & SS was 57~76 and 21~43mg/L, which could reduce the size of biological treatment facility. From the cost estimation pre-chemical treatment could save around half of the area required for biological treatment with post ceagulation.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제11권9호
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• pp.955-960
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• 2002

The recycled washwater, which has different water quality and is produced about 5 to 20% of the total water volume treated, affects the unit operation of water treatment, especially coagulation process. However, the effects of recycled washwater on unit operation of water treatment have not been fully investigated. In this study, effects of recycled washwater on coagulation process were investigated to find the optimum coagulation condition by analyzing turbidity, $UV_{254}$, TOC removal efficiencies. In addition, effects of recycled washwater on residual Al after coagulation were studied by analyzing soluble and particulate Al. The size distribution and fractal dimension of coagulated also analyzed. The recycled washwater was lower pH than the raw water. And the recycled washwater had higher $UV_{254}$, TOC and residual Al concentration than the raw water. Residual Al concentration of recycled washwater was about 50 times higher than that of raw water. Optimum coagulant dosages on the blending recycled washwater and the raw water for turbidity, $UV_{254}$ and Al removal were lower than that on the raw water. However, TOC removal increased by increasing coagulant dosage. The size and fractal dimension of coagulated particle produced in the blending recycled washwater were larger, which imply faster settling velocity, than those produced in the raw water only.

• 한국지능시스템학회논문지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.53-58
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• 2005

본 논문은 정수장에서 사용하는 응집제의 종류와 주입량을 결정하기 위한 시스템 개발에 관한 내용이다 정수장은 여러 단위 처리장으로 구성되며, 탁도와 색도를 제거하기 위하여 혼화지에서 응집제를 주입하여 침전을 시킨다. 현재까지 응집제 결정을 위해 Jar-test를 이용하였는데, 이 방법은 사람의 주관적인 판단에 의존하므로 실험 오차가 발생할 수 있다. 특히정수장의 자동화를 위한 시스템 개발에서 가장 큰 걸림돌로 작용하고 있다. 본 논문은 이러한 문제점을 해결하기 위하여 데이터 마이닝 기법 등을 이용한 응집제 종류와 양을 결정하는 제어기를 개발하였다.

• 대한위생학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한위생학회 2004년도 심포지움
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• pp.54-65
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• 2004

Use of aluminum salts as coagulants In water treatment may lead to increased concentrations of aluminum in finished water. Aluminum is a suspected causative agent of neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. The objective of this study was to examine variation and minimizing in residual aluminum concentration during water treatment process. The aluminum sources at Bokjeong Water Plant were present naturally aluminum in the raw water and derived due to use of PACS as a coagulant. Much of the raw water total aluminum were in particulate and suspended aluminum. In this study was compared the optimize condition to minimize the concentration of residual aluminum using Jar-test with the various coagulants such as alum, PAC, PACS. The results indicated that PACS was more effective than alum, PAC and insufficient or excessive alum, PAC, PACS addition led to increase residual aluminum. Adjustment raw water pH $6.5\~7.0$ before coagulation using PACS was capable of minimizing total and dissolved aluminum. Thus it is important that the optimal dosage of coagulant and the optimal pH adjustment before coagulation can decided to minimize the concentration of residual aluminum in treated water.