• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.494-502
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• 2016

A 1-dimensional heterogeneous reactor model with the gas-solid interfacial phase gradients was developed for the simulation of the packed bed reactor where the exothermic reversible water gas shift reaction for the natural gas steam reformed gas was proceeding in adiabatic mode. Experimental results obtained over the WGS catalyst, C18-HA, were best simulated when the frequency factor of the reaction rate constant was adjusted to a half the value reported over another WGS catalyst, EX-2248, having the same kinds of active components as the C18-HA. For the reactor of the inside diameter 158.4 mm and the bed length 650 mm, the optimum feeding temperature of the reformed gas was simulated to be $194^{\circ}C$, giving the lowest CO content in the product gas by 1.68 mol% on the basis of dried gas. For reactors more extended in the bed length, the possible lowest CO content in the product gas with the optimum feeding temperature of the reformed gas were suggested.

• 소성∙가공
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.164-170
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• 2014

To predict the deformation and fracture during tube expansion using the finite element (FE) method, a material model is considered that incorporates the damage evolution due to the deformation. In the current study, a Rice-Tracey model was used as the damage model with inclusion of the hydrostatic stress term. Since OFHC Cu is not significantly affected by strain rate, a Hollomon flow stress model was used. The material parameters in each model were obtained by using an optimization method. The objective function was defined as the difference between the experimental measurements and FE simulation results. The parameters were determined by minimizing the objective function. To verify the validity of the FE modeling, cross-verification was conducted through a tube expansion test. The simulation results show reasonable agreement with the experiments. The design for a minimum diameter of expansion tube using the FE modeling was verified by a simplified tube expansion test and simulation results.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.52-62
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• 1998

Laser beam welding of zinc-coated steel, especially lap joints, has a problem of zinc vapor produced during welding which has a low vaporization temperature of 906.deg. C. It is lower than the melting temperature of steel (1500.deg. C). The high pressure formed by vaporization of zinc during laser welding splatters the molten pool and creates porosities in weld. During laser lap welds of zinc-coated steel sheets with CW CO$_{2}$ laser the gap size has been analyzed and simulated using a FEM. The simulation has been carried out in the range of gap aetween 0 and 0.16 mm. The vaporized zinc gas has effected to prevent heat from conducting toward the bottom of sheets. In vaporized zinc gas has effected to prevent heat from conducting toward the bottom of sheets. In the case of too small gap size, zinc gas has not ejected and existed between two sheets. Therefore heat was difficult to conduct from the upper sheet to lower sheet and the upper sheet could over-melted. In the case of large gap size the zinc gas has been prefectly ejected but only a part of lower sheet has melted. The optimum range of gap size in the lap welds of zinc-coated steel sheets has been calculated to be between 0.08 and 0.12 mm. According to the comparison of experiment, the simulation is proved to be acceptable and applicable to laser lap welds.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2018

The amount of biogas increases as the amount of organic waste increases. Recently, biogas from organic waste have been made much efforts to utilize as a energy. In particular, the concentration of $CH_4$ and $CO_2$ generated from sewage sludge and livestock manure treatment are 60-70% and 30-35%, and $CH_4$ and $CO_2$ generated from food wastes are 60-80% and 20-40%. In case of landfill gas, $CH_4$ and $CO_2$ have a concentration of 40-60% and 40-60% respectively. Therefore, in order to use the biogas more widely, it is necessary to convert the biogas to methanol, LNG or DME. In this study, experiments were conducted to produce hydrogen and carbon monoxide through various biogas reforming reactions on $Ni/Ce-ZrO_2/Al2O3$ catalysts. The experiment of synthetic gas synthesis was carried out on a wide concentrations of methane and carbon dioxide, which were the major constituents of biogas from various organic wastes. The effect of $(O_2+CO_2)/CH_4$ (=R') on the yields of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, the conversion rate of methane and carbon dioxide was investigated. Also simulation for syngas synthesis on the $CO_2$ reforming of $CH_4$ was computed by employing total Gibbs free energy minimization method using PRO/II simulator, and compared with the experimental results on wet and dry reforming reaction of biogas.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제8권6호
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• pp.1828-1847
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• 2014

Coordinated multi-point (CoMP) transmission has been regarded as a potential technology for LTE-Advanced. In frequency division duplexing systems, channel quantization is applied for reporting channel state information (CSI). Considering the dynamic number of cooperation base stations (BSs), asymmetry feature of CoMP channels and high searching complexity, simply increasing the size of the codebook used in traditional multiple antenna systems to quantize the global CSI of CoMP systems directly is infeasible. Per-cell codebook based channel quantization to quantize local CSI for each BS separately is an effective method. In this paper, the theoretical upper bounds of system throughput are derived for two codeword selection schemes, independent codeword selection (ICS) and joint codeword selection (JCS), respectively. The feedback overhead and selection complexity of these two schemes are analyzed. In the simulation, the system throughput of ICS and JCS is compared. Both analysis and simulation results show that JCS has a better tradeoff between system throughput and feedback overhead. The ICS has obvious advantage in complexity, but it needs additional phase information (PI) feedback for obtaining the approximate system throughput with JCS. Under the same number of feedback bits constraint, allocating the number of bits for channel direction information (CDI) and PI quantization can increase the system throughput, but ICS is still inferior to JCS. Based on theoretical analysis and simulation results, some recommendations are given with regard to the application of each scheme respectively.

• 대한설비공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한설비공학회 2007년도 동계학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.334-339
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• 2007

This paper is concerned with economic analysis and comparison between hybrid and central air conditioning system by TRNSYS simulation and Life Cycle Cost(LCC) analysis. Hybrid air conditioning system that is using VAV for interior zone and system air-conditioner for perimeter zone is installed in building A. Central air conditioning system is composed of VAV and convector. The simulation was carried out in mode temperature level control using TRNSYS 16. From the result of simulation and LCC analysis, hybrid air conditioning system was better than central air conditioning system in initial cost and energy consumption.

• 한국가스학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.92-102
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• 2017

피셔-트롭쉬 합성반응은 CO와 H2의 혼합가스로 이루어진 합성가스를 부가가치가 높은 탄화수소 제품으로 변환시킨다. 본 논문에서는 저온 피셔-트롭쉬 합성반응과 단일, 다중 마이크로채널 반응기에 패킹시킨 촉매를 기반으로 강화된 반응조건의 열전달을 고려하여 전산유체역학 기반의 시뮬레이션을 진행하고 분석하였다. 단일채널모델을 통하여 CO 전환률이 ~65% 이상, $C_{5+}$ 선택도가 ~74% 이상을 달성하면서도 Co 기반의 super-active 촉매를 통해 GHSV를 $30000hr^{-1}$을 달성할 수 있음을 보였다. 다중 마이크로채널 반응기모델에서는 열전달 시뮬레이션을 동시에 해석하여, 3가지의 다른 반응기구조에 대해서, 직교류 wall boiling 냉매를 사용시 ${\Delta}T_{max}$가 23 K였으며 평행유동 subcooled 냉매와 평행유동 wall boiling 냉매의 경우 각각 15 K와 13 K의 ${\Delta}T_{max}$를 보였다. 반응기 전체적으로 498 - 521 K에서 온도제어가 가능했으며 계산된 사슬성장 가능성은 저온 피셔-트롭쉬 합성에 적합한 것으로 보인다.

• 전자공학회논문지
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• 제49권9호
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• pp.259-269
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• 2012

전원 전압이 낮아지고, 칩의 동작 속도가 빨라짐에 따라 온-칩 인덕턴스를 포함한 power distribution network (PDN) 분석이 중요해 질 것으로 예측된다. 본 논문에서는 일반적인 온-칩 전력 격자 구조에 적용시킬 수 있는 효과적인 인덕턴스 추출방법에 대해 제안한다. Chip layout에 적용할 수 있는 loop 인덕턴스 모델을 제시하고, 그 모델을 사용하여 post layout RC extraction netlist로 부터 인덕턴스를 포함한 netlist를 추출할 수 있는 tool을 개발하였다. 제안된 loop 인덕턴스 모델과 개발된 tool의 정확성은 회로 simulation을 통해 PEEC 모델과 비교하여 검증하였다. 인덕턴스 추출 방법을 실제 chip layout에 적용시켜 on-chip inductance를 포함한 PDN의 voltage fluctuation을 예측하였다. 패키지와 PCB 모델을 포함한 co-simulation 모델을 구성하여 on-chip inductance의 영향을 분석하였다.

• International Journal of Automotive Technology
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.183-190
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• 2005

During normal operating conditions, a motor vehicle is constantly subjected to a variety of forces, which can adversely affect its straight-ahead motion performance. These forces can originate both from external sources such as wind and road and from on-board sources such as tires, suspension, and chassis configuration. One of the effects of these disturbances is the phenomenon of vehicle lateral-drift during straight-ahead motion. This paper examines the effects of road crown, tires, and suspension on vehicle straight-ahead motion. The results of experimental studies into the effects of these on-board and external disturbances are extremely sensitive to small changes in test conditions and are therefore difficult to guarantee repeatability. This study was therefore conducted by means of computer simulation using a full vehicle model. The purpose of this paper is to gain further understanding of the straight-ahead maneuver from simulation results, some aspects of which may not be obtainable from experimental study. This paper also aims to clarify some of the disputable arguments on the theories of vehicle straight-ahead motion found in the literature. Tire residual aligning torque, road crown angle, scrub radius and caster angle in suspension geometry, were selected as the study variables. The effects of these variables on straight-ahead motion were evaluated from the straight-ahead motion simulation results during a 100m run in free control mode. Examination of vehicle behavior during straight-ahead motion under a fixed control mode was also carried out in order to evaluate the validity of several disputable arguments on vehicle pull theory, found in the literature. Finally, qualitative comparisons between the simulation results and the test results were made to support the validity of the simulation results.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.245-254
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• 2023

Through qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis, the contradictory conclusions about the stability of the settled goaf with two-layer coal seams subject to building load were obtained. Therefore, it is necessary to combine the additional stress method and numerical simulation to further analyze the foundation stability. Through borehole analysis and empirical formula analogy, the height of water-conducting fracture zone in No.4 coal and No.9 coal were obtained, providing the calculation range of water-conducting fracture zone for numerical simulation. To ensure the accuracy of the elastic modulus of broken gangue, the stress-strain curve were obtained by broken gangue compression test in dried state of No.4 coal seam and in soaking state of No.9 coal seam. To ensure the rationality of the numerical simulation results, the actual measured subsidence data were retrieved by numerical simulation. FISH language was used to analyze the maximum building load on the surface and determine the influence depth of building load on the foundation. The critical building load was 0.16 MPa of No.4 settled goaf and was 1.6 MPa of No.9 settled goaf. The additional stress affected the water-conducting fracture zone obviously, resulted in the subsidence of water-conducting fracture zone was greater than that of bending subsidence zone. In this paper, the additional stress method was analyzed by numerical simulation method, which can provide a new analysis method for the treatment and utilization of the settled goaf.