• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.49-56
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• 2019

Vulvovaginal candidiasis is a major urogenital infection in women. Lactobacilli are important in maintaining vaginal health. In the present study, the effect of heat adaptation at $47{\sim}52^{\circ}C$ prior to heat stress at $60^{\circ}C$ in improving the viability of Lactobacillus salivarius MG242 was examined. L. salivarius MG242 has antifungal effects against Candida albicans. Heat-adapted cells had a higher survival rate than non-adapted cells during the subsequent heat stress. When chloramphenicol was added during the adaptation process, heat tolerance was abolished, suggesting the involvement of de novo protein synthesis with the heat adaptation of L. salivarius MG242 strain. Exopolysaccharide quantification and scanning election microscopy did not reveal any appreciable changes during heat adaptation. The antifungal activity of L. salivarius MG242 against C. albicans was maintained during the heat adaptation. These results suggest that heat adaptation can be applied for the development of probiotic products using L. salivarius MG242 to improve its stress tolerance during processing.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.64
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• pp.239-264
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• 2014

Two types of responses to climate change exist. First is climate mitigation which includes efforts of reducing CO2 and GHG emissions. Second response is climate adaptation process which is establishing climate resilience in the supply chain. The two are inherently different since mitigation strategy focus on eliminating the source of climate change and is long term in nature but adaptation strategy is moderating the impact of potential or current climate change. In order to embed climate resilience in the supply chain, mitigation strategies and adaption strategies must be implemented simultaneously. Corporation's adaptation to climate change related natural disaster can be seen as a response that includes mitigation and adaptation strategies simultaneously. A comprehensive climate change resilience supply chain approach has to be developed. This paper illustrated guidelines and adaptation process framework businesses can utilize in order to build climate resilience. Screening process before the actual assessment of risk was introduced as well as the whole adaptation process of establishing information system and strengthening climate-related operational flexibility.

• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.187-202
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• 2002

This study was aim to provide rheumatoid arthritis patients the basic data of development of nursing intervention to help psychosocial adaptation of rheumatoid arthritis patients as exploring the relationship among causal perception, coping pattern, psychosocial adaptation of rheumatoid arthritis. As the results of this study the mean score of causal perception of the subjects was 3.37. The score of the internal-unstable was the highest. which was followed by extra-stable, internal factor, internal-stable, external factor and external-unstable in order among the factor of causal perception. The mean score of coping pattern was 2.64. The type of coping patterns the score of the receptive coping was the highest, which was followed by wishful coping active coping and negative coping in order among the type of coping pattern. The mean score of psychosocial adaptation was 3.28. The subconcept of psychosocial adaptation the score for personal relationship was the highest, which was followed by role function and mental state in order among the psychosocial adaptation. The analysis of the relation among causal perception, coping pattern and psychosocial adaptation showed significant negative correlation between causal perception and psychosocial adaptation(r=-0.3219, P=0.002). The analysis of the relation between the type of coping pattern and psychosocial adaptation showed significant negative correlation between psychosocial adaptation and active coping(r=-0.3210, P=0.002), negative coping(r=-0.2296, P=0.032). Only causal perception(-.36) and period of illness(-.26) effected on the psychosocial adaptation were shown to the negative direction significantly. The psychosocial adaptation was explained the 17% by these two variables. Based on this study results the factor of causal perception and the type of coping pattern of rheumatoid arthritis were shown significant relations between psychosocial adaptation. We suggests that nurses in practice apply to assessing the factor of causal perception of individuals illness and the type of coping patterns when nursing interventions in rheumatoid arthritis patients.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.336-343
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• 2002

A major challenge for next generation mobile communication is capturing the system architecture’s complexity with all its internal and external dependencies. Seamless integration of heterogeneous environments in all system parts is a key requirement. Moreover, future systems have to consider the different evolution cycles of individual system parts. Among those, services are expected to change the fastest. With respect to these considerations, we propose an overall architecture for next generation mobile communication systems. It covers all system parts from wireless transmission to applications including network and middleware platform. Our approach focuses on adaptability in terms of recon- figurability and programmability to support unanticipated system evolution. Therefore, we consider abstraction layers which consist of adaptable cooperating components grouped by open platforms rather than rigid system layers. In addition to that, we introduce cross-layer cooperation allowing an efficient use of the available resources. Specific scenarios illustrate the feasibility of our approach.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.5 no.8
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• pp.898-906
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• 1999

A control structure is introduced for the purpose of rejecting periodic (or repetitive) disturbances on a tracking system. The objective of the proposed structure is to drive the output of the system to the reference input that will result in perfect following without any changing the inner configuration of the system. The structure includes an adaptation block which learns the dynamics of the periodic disturbance and forces the interferences, caused by disturbances, on the output of the system to be reduced. Since the control structure acquires the dynamics of the disturbance by on-line adaptation, it is possible to generate control signals that reject any slowly varying time-periodic disturbance provided that its amplitude is bounded. The artificial neural network is adopted as the adaptation block. The adaptation is done at an on-line process. For this , the real-time recurrent learning (RTRL) algoritnm is applied to the training of the artificial neural network.

• ETRI Journal
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.695-706
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• 2017

This paper presents a caching algorithm that offers better reconstructed data quality to the requesters than a probabilistic caching scheme while maintaining comparable network performance. It decides whether an incoming data packet must be cached based on the dynamic caching probability, which is adjusted according to the priorities of content carried by the data packet, the uncertainty of content popularities, and the records of cache events in the router. The adaptation of caching probability depends on the priorities of content, the multiplication factor adaptation, and the addition factor adaptation. The multiplication factor adaptation is computed from an instantaneous cache-hit ratio, whereas the addition factor adaptation relies on a multiplication factor, popularities of requested contents, a cache-hit ratio, and a cache-miss ratio. We evaluate the performance of the caching algorithm by comparing it with previous caching schemes in network simulation. The simulation results indicate that our proposed caching algorithm surpasses previous schemes in terms of data quality and is comparable in terms of network performance.

• ETRI Journal
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.1096-1107
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• 2015

This paper presents a dynamic retry adaptation scheme for H.264 HD video, called DRAS.264, which dynamically adjusts the retry limits of frames at the medium access control (MAC) layer according to the impact those frames have on the streamed H.264 HD video. DRAS.264 is further improved with a bandwidth estimation technique, better prediction of packet delays, and expanded results covering multi-slice video. Our study is performed using the Open Evaluation Framework for Video Over Networks as a simulation environment for various congestion scenarios. Results show improvements in average peak signal-to-noise ratios of up to 4.45 dB for DRAS.264 in comparison to the default MAC layer operation. Furthermore, the ability of DRAS.264 to prioritize data of H.264 bitstreams reduces error propagation during video playback, leading to noticeable visual improvements.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.313-321
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• 2014

Agriculture is a vulnerable sector to climate change because it is a primary industry directly exposed to climate. At the same time, it is a sector emitting greenhouse gases during agricultural activities, thereby affecting climate change. However, agriculture is a nascent subject under the UNFCCC. The agriculture sector needs both adaptation and mitigation. Currently, co-benefit of adaptation and mitigation is emphasized during climate change negotiation. Developing country parties are in a position to focus on adaptation rather than mitigation. As a result, mitigation is not being addressed enough during climate negotiation. Agriculture has been addressed through Nairobi Work Programme and NAPA. Since current efforts for greenhouse gas reduction are not sufficient for stabilizing the atmospheric system of the Earth to prevent climate change, the agriculture sector should also be considered for greenhouse gas reduction. For this, MRV for small farmers in developing countries and incentives for their mitigation efforts should be developed in agriculture sector. In addition, it is necessary to strengthen international cooperation for developing capacities for vulnerable countries and people to climate change.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.570-582
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• 2017

In recent years, national and local government's air quality management and climate change adaptation policy has been significantly strengthened. The measures in the two policies may be in a relationship of trade-off or synergy to each other. Greenhouse gases and air pollutants are mostly emitted from the same sources of using considerable amounts of fossil fuels. Co-benefits, in which either measure has a positive effect on the other, may be maximized by reducing the social costs and by consolidating the objectives of the various policies. In this study, the co-benefits were examined by empirically analyzing the effects of air pollutants and greenhouse gas emission reduction, social cost, and cost effectiveness between the two policies. Of the total 80 projects, the next 12 projects generated co-benefits. They are 1) extend restriction area of solid fuel use, 2) expand subsidy of low-$NO_x$ burner, 3) supply hybrid-vehicles, 4) supply electric-vehicles, 5) supply hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, 6) engine retrofit, 7) scrappage of old car, 8) low emission zone, 9) transportation demand management, 10) supply land-based electric of ship, 11) switching anthracite to clean fuel in private sector, 12) expand regional combined-energy supply. The benefits of air pollutants and greenhouse gas-related measures were an annual average of KRW 2,705.4 billion. The social benefits of the transportation demand management were the highest at an annual average of KRW 890.7 billion, and followed by scrappage of old cars and expand regional combined-energy supply. When the social benefits and the annual investment budgets are compared, the cost effectiveness ratio is estimated to be about 3.8. Overall, the reduction of air pollutants caused by the air quality management policy of Gyeonggi-do resulted in an annual average of KRW 4,790.2 billion. In the point sources management sector, the added value of $CO_2$ reduction increased by 4.8% to KRW 1,062.8 billion, while the mobile sources management sector increased by 3.6% to KRW 3,414.1 billion. If social benefits from $CO_2$ reduction are added, the annual average will increase by 7.2% to KRW 5,135.4 billion. The urban and energy management sectors have shown that social benefits increase more than twice as much as the benefits of $CO_2$ reduction. This result implies that more intensive promotion of these measures are needed. This study has significance in that it presents the results of the empirical analysis of the co-benefits generated between the similar policies in the air quality management and the climate change policy which are currently being promoted in Gyeonggi-do. This study suggested that the method of analyzing the policy effect among the main policies in the climate atmospheric policy is established and the effectiveness and priority of the major policies can be evaluated through the policy correlation analysis based on the co-benefits. It is expected that it could be a basis for evaluation the efficiency of the climate change adaptation and air quality management policies implemented by the national and local governments in the future.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.13-24
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• 2012

CCGIS (Climate Change Adaptation Toolkit based on GIS) was developed to use as a tool for the climate change assessment and any relevant tasks involving climate change adaptation policy over Korean peninsula. The main objective of CCGIS is to facilitate an efficient and relevant information for the estimation of climate change vulnerability index by providing key information in the climate change adaptation process. In particular, the atmospheric modeling system implemented in CCGIS, which is composed of climate and meteorological numerical model and the atmospheric environmental models, were used as a tool to generate the climate and environmental IPCC SRES (A2, B1, A1B, A1T, A1FI, and A1 scenarios) climate data for the year of 2000, 2020, 2050, and 2100. This article introduces the components of CCGIS and describes its application to the Korean peninsula. Some examples of the CCGIS and its use for both climate change adaptation and estimation of vulnerability index applied to Korean provinces are presented and discussed here.