• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.415-420
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• 1990

수확된 생홍고추의 손실을 방지하고 건조에 소요되는 노력과 경비를 절감코자 생홍고추 페이스트 가공공정 및 저장가능성에 관하여 실험하였다. 생홍고추 페이스트는 10%염을 첨가하므로서 pH4.5 이하로 산성화시킬 수가 있어 Clostridium botulinum포자의 생육을 억제시킬 수가 있어 살균시간을 $100^{\circ}C$에서 10분간으로 단축시키는 것이 가능하였다. 또한 $5^{\circ}C$이하 저온저장시 6개월 이상 성상 및 품질의 변화를 거의 볼 수가 없었다. 따라서 염을 10% 첨가하고 열처리만을 하여 제조한 생홍고추 페이스트는 생홍고추의 싱싱함을 그대로 유지 할 수 있었으며 생홍고추를 페이스트로 제조한다면 $5^{\circ}C$ 이하에서 6재월 이상 장기적으로 저장할 수 있었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권8호
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• pp.1073-1077
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• 2018

Nitrite plays a major role in inhibiting the growth of foodborne pathogens, including Clostridium botulinum (C. botulinum) that causes botulism, a life-threatening disease. Nitrite serves as a color-fixing agent in processed meat products. However, N-nitroso compounds can be produced from nitrite, which are considered as carcinogens. Thus, consumers desire processed meat products that contain lower concentrations (below conventional concentrations of products) of nitrite or no nitrite at all, although the portion of nitrite intake by processed meat consumption in total nitrite intake is very low. However, lower nitrite levels might expose consumers to risk of botulism poisoning due to C. botulinum or illness caused by other foodborne pathogens. Hence, lower nitrite concentrations in combination with other factors such as low pH, high sodium chloride level, and others have been recommended to decrease the risk of food poisoning. In addition, natural compounds that can inhibit bacterial growth and function as color-fixing agents have been developed to replace nitrite in processed meat products. However, their antibotulinal effects have not been fully clarified. Therefore, to have processed meat products with lower nitrite concentrations, low pH, high sodium chloride concentration, and others should also be applied together. Before using natural compounds as replacement of nitrite, their antibotulinal activities should be examined.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.50-57
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• 2012

Phospholipase C-${\gamma}l$ (PLC-${\gamma}l$) expression is associated with cellular transformation. Notably, PLC-${\gamma}$ is up-regulated in colorectal cancer tissue and breast carcinoma. Because exotoxins released by Clostridium botulinum have been shown to induce apoptosis and promote growth arrest in various cancer cell lines, we examined here the potential of Clostridium difficile toxin A to selectively induce apoptosis in cells transformed by PLC-${\gamma}l$ overexpression. We found that PLC-${\gamma}l$-transformed cells, but not vector-transformed (control) cells, were highly sensitive to C. difficile toxin A-induced apoptosis and mitotic inhibition. Moreover, expression of the proapoptotic Bcl2 family member, Bim, and activation of caspase-3 were significantly up-regulated by toxin A in PLC-${\gamma}l$-transformed cells. Toxin A-induced cell rounding and paxillin dephosphorylation were also significantly higher in PLC-${\gamma}l$-transformed cells than in control cells. These findings suggest that C. difficile toxin A may have potential as an anticancer agent against colorectal cancers and breast carcinomas in which PLC-${\gamma}l$ is highly up-regulated.

• 한국미생물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국미생물학회 2005년도 International Meeting of the Microbiological Society of Korea
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• pp.196.2-196
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• 2005

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제29권7호
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• pp.1165-1176
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• 2019

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs), produced by Clostridium botulinum, are the most toxic substances known. However, the number of currently approved medical countermeasures for these toxins is very limited. Therefore, studies on therapeutic antitoxins are essential to prepare for toxin-related emergencies. Currently, more than 10,000 Halla horses, a crossbreed between the native Jeju and Thoroughbred horses, are being raised in Jeju Island of Korea. They can be used for equine antitoxin experiments and production of hyperimmune serum against BoNT/A1. Instead of the inactivated BoNT/A1 toxoid, Halla horse was immunized with the receptor-binding domain present in the C-terminus of heavy chain of BoNT/A1 (BoNT/A1-HCR) expressed in Escherichia coli. The anti-BoNT/A1-HCR antibody titer increased rapidly by week 4, and this level was maintained for several weeks after boosting immunization. Notably, $20{\mu}l$ of the week-24 BoNT/A1-HCR(-immunized) equine serum showed an in vitro neutralizing activity of over 8 international units (IU) of a reference equine antitoxin. Furthermore, $20{\mu}l$ of equine serum and $100{\mu}g$ of purified equine $F(ab^{\prime})_2$ showed 100% neutralization of 10,000 $LD_{50}$ in vivo. The results of this study shall contribute towards optimizing antitoxin production for BoNT/A1, which is essential for emergency preparedness and response.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제38권5호
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• pp.356-360
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• 2023

본 연구에서는 강한 내열성을 가지는 비병원성 Bacillus atrophaeus, Bacillus subtilis, Geobacillus stearothermophilus 포자의 열 저항성을 분석하여 레토르트 식품 제조 시 직접적인 멸균 여부 판정에 사용 가능성을 평가하고자 하였다. B. subtilis 포자의 D₁₂₁-value는 2.9±0.1분이었으며, Zvalue는 43.0±1.4℃로 나타났다. G. stearothermophilus 포자의 D₁₂₁-value는 4.3±0.1분이었으며, Z-value는 25.0±1.6℃로 나타났다. B. atrophaeus 포자의 D₁₂₁-value는 3.7±0.1분이었으며, Z-value는 35.8±1.4℃로 나타났다. B. subtilis, G stearothermophilus와 B. atrophaeus 포자의 D₁₂₁-value는 모두 레토르트 식품 멸균 확인에 사용되는 C. botulinum 포자의 D₁₂₁-value 보다 높은 값을 나타내었다. 이러한 결과를 종합하여 볼 때 레토르트 식품 멸균 시 병원성 포자형성균인 C. botulinum 대신 B. subtilis, G. stearothermophilus, B. atrophaeus 포자를 사용할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 또한 기존 세균발육 실험에 소요되는 13일보다 단시간인 2-3일에 멸균 여부를 확인할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권11호
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• pp.1646-1652
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• 2002

Si-Raw is a raw cured meat (raw, cured meat fermented with steamed rice) produced by the aboriginal people of Taiwan. In order to prevent food poisoning or intoxication from botulism, new methods of monitoring the production base on hurdle technology were investigated. New methods investigated incorporated citric acid, sodium hypophosphite, Monascus anka mash, plum paste or lactic acid bacteria inoculum added separately to meat with steamed rice and salt to lower the Aw (water activity) and pH values of the products to control the microbial growth. Results showed that anaerobic bacterial counts, lactic acid bacterial counts and aerobic bacterial counts for the products of all treatments were less than $10^6$, $10^5$ and $10^2cfu/g$, respectively. Sodium chloride content of all products was above 5.46%, water activity was below 0.939 and pH value was below 4.27. IMP was lower and ATP and hypoxanthine were higher. ATP concentrations were higher in the samples which contained the anka mash. Result of sensory panel test indicated that most people preferred the products with added sodium hypophosphite. Except for the fact that the content of tryptamine in the sample with Monascus anka mash was higher, the amine concentrations for all treatments were lower than those of other fermented meat products. The amino acid nitrogen content was higher in the product made from raw meat treated with citric acid, but lower in the other products. Neither Clostridium botulinum nor Trichinella spiralis were detected in any of the treatments. The result may indicate that hurdle technology is effective for hygiene and safe producing Si-Raw.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.107-114
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• 1998

This study aimed for the examination of quality characteristics and safety of potassium sorbate-free meat products. Therefore, experiments were carried out on the frankfurter sausage and pressed ham, which were stored at 4 and 30$^{\circ}C$ for up to 40 days. The potassium sorbate concentrations of the frankfurter sausage and pressed ham obtained from local market ranged from 1.087 to 1.449g / kg, which were below the permitted value as prescribed in the Korean Hygienic Regulation. At the 0 day the total aerobic bacterial counts of frankfurter sausage and pressed ham were in the level of around 103.0 and 103.4 CFU / g, respectively. However, they were prominently increased after 20 days at 4$^{\circ}C$ and 10 days at 30$^{\circ}C$ to higher than 105 CFU / g. After 30 days the counts were increased to 106.5 and 107.2 CFU / g, respectively. The growth curve of lactic acid bacteria was shown to be similar with that of total bacteria. the counts of lactic acid bacteria of the products stored at 4$^{\circ}C$ were 101∼102 CFU / g lower than those stored at 30$^{\circ}C$. Coliform bacteria was not detected in both of the products stored at 4$^{\circ}C$ even after 40 days storage, but after 10 days at the 30$^{\circ}C$. No significant differences in the microbial counts examined in this study were observed between frankfurter sausage and pressed ham. The biochemical tests on the isolated colonies from Clostridein agar showed no presence of Clostridium botulinum and Clostridium perfringens in the meat products examined. The pH of frankfurter sausage and pressed ham at the beginning was about 6.6, which level was maintained relatively constant during the storage at 4$^{\circ}C$, but it was increased after decrease to about 5.5 during the storage at 30$^{\circ}C$. TBA value was increased slightly till 30 days, but after that time increased sharply. VBN value was increased slowly during the whole storage, but it was more than 30 mg% for the samples stored at 30$^{\circ}C$.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.642-650
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• 1999

Options available for utilization of animal wastes include sources of plant nutrients, feed ingredients for farm animals, substrate for methane generation, and substrate for microbial and insect protein synthesis. The wastes have the most economic value for use as animal feed. Performance of animals fed diets containing animal wastes is similar to that of animals fed conventional diets. Processing of animal wastes to be used as animal feed is necessary for destruction of pathogens, improvement of handling and storage characteristics, and maintenance or enhancement of palatability. Feeding of animal waste has not adversely affected the quality and taste of animal products. In the USA copper toxicity has been reported in sheep fed high-copper poultry litter, but this is not a serious problem with cattle. Potential pathogenic microorganisms in animal wastes are destroyed by processing such as heat treatment, ensiling and deep stacking. Incidents of botulism, caused by Clostridium botulinum, have been reported in cattle in some countries, and this problem was caused by the presence of poultry carcasses in litter. This problem has not occurred in the USA. With appropriate withdrawal, heavy metal, pesticide or medicinal drug accumulation in edible tissues of animals fed animal wastes is not a problem. Feeding of animal wastes is regulated by individual states in the USA. The practice is regulated in Canada, also. With good management, animal wastes can be used safely as animal feed.

• BMB Reports
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.337-341
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• 1997

In order to investigate the role of a small GTP-binding protein RhoA in lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)-induced stress fiber formation, C3 ADP-ribosyltransferase was prepared by expressing in E. coli and then applied to Rat-2 fibroblasts. C3 transferase isolated from E. coli was as effective as the toxin from Clostridium botulinum in ADP-ribosylation of RhoA. Incubation of the cells with C3 transferase for 2 days induced ADP-ribosylation of RhoA by a dose-dependent manner, with a sub-maximal induction at $25\;{\mu}g/ml$. As expected, LPA-induced stress fiber formation was completely blocked by pre-incubation with C3 transferase for 2 days. However, exogenously added C3 transferase had no significant effect on the formation of phosphatidylethanol by LPA. These results suggested that phospholipase D was not activated by RhoA in the LPA-induced stress fiber formation.