• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.14-30
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• 1998

망간은 체내 필수원소의 하나이며 주로 간과 뇌의 기저핵게 축적되며 간을 통하여 배설된다. 망간은 체내 대사가 매우 빠르기 때문에 직업적 망간 폭로를 측정하는데 어려움이 있다. 특히 용접공과 같이 망간 폭로가 간헐적이거나 불규칙한 경우에는 혈중 및 요중 망간과 같은 기존 생체폭로지표로는 장기간에 걸친 폭로량을 정확하게 반영하기 힘들다. 뇌자기공명영상이 대두됨에 따랄 뇌내에 축적된 망간을 영상으로 확인하는 것이 가능하게 되었다. 초기에는 만성간부전 및 장기간에 걸친 정맥영양주입환자 등에서 뇌기저부의 고신호간도 소견이 보고되었다. 망간은 상자성 물질로 뇌자기공명영상에서 T1 이완시간을 단축시켜 T1 강조영상에서 고신호강도를 나타난다. 망간축적에 따른 고신호강도는 주로 담창구, 흑질, 피간 및 뇌하수체 등에서 나타난다. 저자들은 최근까지 국내 및 국외에서 직업적 및 비직업적으로 망간에 폭로된 사람에서 보고된 뇌자기공명영상소견을 수집하여 분석하였다. 우선 T1강조영상에서 관찰되는 고신호 강도와 연령, 성별, 직업적 망간 폭로 및 신경학적 이상 유무간의 관계를 분석하였다. 생물학적 폭로지표와 고신호강도간의 관계도 분석하였다. 고신호강도와 뇌내 망간축적, 신경세포손상 및 신경학적 이상간의 관계에 대한 문헌들을 분석하였다. T1강조영상에서 나타나는 고신호강도는 뇌내 망간축적 정도를 반영한다. 이러한 관계를 이용하여 신호강도를 분석하므로써 뇌내 망간축적 정도를 추정할수 있다. 뇌내 망간축적은 기저핵의 신경세포손상을 초래한다. 그러나 신경학적 이상은 비교적 단기간에 걸친 망간 축적과는 무관하게 보인다. 이는 신경학적 이상소견은 마간의 누적축적량과 관련되어 있기 때문인것으로 추정된다. 뇌자기 공명영사에서 관찰되는 고신호강도 소견은 표적 장기의 망간적 축적량을 반영하는데는 충분하지 못한 것으로 보인다. 따라서이러한 놔자기공명영상의 특성 및 비용-효과적인 측면을 고려할 대 망간폭로집안에서의 망간폭로정도를 추정하기 위하여 놔자기공명영상을 사용하는 것은 바람직하지 않다고 보인다. 그러나 망간과 관련된 건강장해가 의심되는 파킨슨증 환자에서 망간폭로를 확인 및 추정하는 데에는 매우 유용하게 활용할 수 있다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제27권9호
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• pp.975-985
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• 2017

UV 조사에 의해 유도된 광노화(photoaging)에 대한 한천젤마스크(agar gel mask, AGM)의 효과를 평가하기 위해, SKH-1 hairless 마우스의 피부에 4주간의 UV조사와 AGM 및 에센스처리 한천젤마스크(agar gel mask dipped in essence, AGMdE)를 동시에 처리한 후 피부주름, 피부표현형, 피부조직구조, 항산화조건 및 독성 등을 분석하였다. AGM과 AGMdE의 부착은 주름형성의 억제, 홍반지수의 감소, 피부수분의 증진뿐만 아니라 경피 수분손실(TEWL)을 방지하였다. 또한, 표피두께는 UV+Vehicle 처리군과 비교했을 때, UV+AGM 및 UV+AGMdE 처리군에서 UV를 조사하지 않은 그룹과 유사한 수준으로 회복되었다. MMP-1과 tyrosinase의 발현수준은 UV+Vehicle 처리군에서 가장 높게 증가하였으나 UV+AGM 및 UV+AGMdE 처리군에서 유의적으로 감소하였다. 더불어, SOD 활성은 UV+Vehicle 처리군에 비하여 UV+AGM 및 UV+AGMdE 처리군에서 유의적으로 감소되었지만, 대부분의 독성화합물 처리에 의해 유도되는 혈청생화학적 지표와 조직학적 특성의 변화는 UV+AGM 및 UV+AGMdE 처리군에서 관찰되지 않았다. 따라서, 이러한 결과들은 AGM이 피부형태, 조직학적 구조, 산화적 상태를 조절함으로써 피부노화를 예방하는 마스크팩으로 활용될 수 있는 가능성을 있음을 제시한다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제54권3호
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• pp.297-305
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• 2022

본 연구에서는 MU-C와 MU-CA에 대해 3T3-L1 세포를 이용하여 지방분화 억제 효과와 고지방식이를 통해 비만을 유도한 마우스에서 항비만 효과를 조사하였다. 3T3-L1 세포를 adipocyte로 분화 시키면서 무청 추출액을 세포에 처리한 후 Oil red O 염색법을 통하여 지방축적을 비교해 본 결과 Control 대비 MU-C와 MU-CA 처리군에서 세포 지방 축적이 현저히 감소 되었으며, MU-C 처리군이 MU-CA 처리군에 비해 유의적으로 억제되었음을 확인하였다. 6주간의 동물실험을 통한 무청 추출액 투여 후 체중 측정 결과 MU-C군과 MU-CA군 순으로 HFD군에 비해 체중 증가를 감소시키는 효과는 보였으며, 시료 투여 4주차부터 HFD군에 비해 시료 투여군에서 유의적으로 체중이 감소함을 확인하였다. 또한, MU-C군과 MU-CA군 순으로 HFD군에 비해 지방량이 적음을 확인할 수 있었다. 실험 종료 후 간 무게와 지방무게를 측정한 결과 절대 장기 무게와 상대 장기 무게 모두 MUC군과 MU-CA군 순으로 HFD군에 비해 유의적으로 무게가 감소하였다. 혈중 TG, TC 함량 측정 및 동맥경화지수와 심장위험도 지수 계산 결과 MU-C군과 MU-CA군 순으로 HFD군에 비해 유의적으로 감소 하였으며, 혈청 내 간 기능 효소(ALT, AST) 측정 결과 또한 MU-C군과 MU-CA군 순으로 HFD군에 비해 유의적으로 감소하였다. 병리조직학적 분석 결과 HFD군의 경우 지방축적 정도 심하였고, 일부에서 염증과 풍선도를 볼 수 있었다. MU-C군과 MU-CA군에서는 일부 간세포에 염증과 지방이 침착된 것을 확인하였으며, HFD군에 비해 간세포가 균일하게 배열되어 있고 지방 축적 정도는 감소된 모습을 관찰하였다. 지방세포의 경우도 대체적으로 균일한 크기에 지방세포를 가지고 있음이 관찰되었다. HFD군 비해 MU-C군과 MU-CA군 순으로 지방세포의 크기가 유의적으로 감소를 나타내었다. 이러한 실험 결과를 보았을 때 체중 변화, 지방무게, 혈중지질, ALT, AST 수치에서 열수 추출한 MU-C군이 MU-CA군에 비해 유의적으로 감소하여 MU-C군이 항비만 효과에 더 효과적인 물질로 확인된다. 이는 유기산 첨가 시 수용성 식이섬유와 불용성 식이섬유가 분리되어 수용성 식이섬유 보다 불용성 식이섬유의 함유량이 증가에 따른 성분 차이로 판단되며(Kim, 2011), 가수분해를 통한 생리활성 물질의 추출 수율 증가로 인해 MU-C군이 비만 예방 효과에 따른 건강기능식품 소재로 적극 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.1-28
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• 1974

The writers have conducted the investigation to assess the nutritional status of young rural Korean children aged from 0 to 4 years old in August 1971. The survey areas were Kaejong-myon. Daeya-myon, Okku-gun, Jeonra-bukdo, Korea. These survey areas were typical agricultural plain areas. The total numbers of children examined were 2,706 comprising 1,394 male and 1,312 female. The weight, height, and chest circumference of children were measured and means and standard deviations. were calculated for each measurement. In addition, the nutritional status of each child was classified by the four levels of malnutrition and the Gomez classification, The examination of red blood cell count, haematocrit value, and intestinal parasite infection were carried out at the same time. In general, recent work tend to suggest that environmental influences, especially nutrition, are of great importance than genetic background or other biological factors for physical growth and development. Certainly the physical dimensions of the body are much influenced by nutrition, particularly in the rapidly growing period of early childhood. Selected body measurements can therefore give valuable information concerning protein-calory malnutrition. Growth can also be affected by bacterial, viral, and parasitic infection. For the field workers in a developing country, therefore, nutritional anthropometry appears to be of greatest value in the assessment of growth failure and undernutrition, principally from lack of protein and calories. In order to compare and evaluate the data obtained, the optimal data of growth from the off-spring of the true well-fed, medically and socially protected are needed. So-called 'Standards' that have been compiled for preschool children in Korea, however, are based on measurement of children from middle or lower socio-economic groups, who are, in fact, usually undernourished from six months of age onwards and continuously exposed to a succession of infective and parasitic diseases. So that, the Harvard Standards which is one of the international reference standards was used as the reference standards in this study. Findings of the survey were as follows: A. Anthropometric data: 1) Comparing the mean values for body weight obtained with the Korean standard weight of the same age, the rural Korean children were slightly haevier than the Korean standard values in both sexes. Comparing with the Japanese children values, the rural Korean children were slightly haevier in male and in the infant period of female but lighter in female of the period of 1 to 4 years old than Japanese children. 2) Comparing the mean values for height obtained with the Korean standard height of the same age, the rural Korean children were taller than the Korean standard values except the second half of infatn period in both sexes. Comparing with the Japanese children, the rural Korean children were slightly smaller than Japanese children except the first half of infant peroid in both sexes. 3) Mear values of chest circumference of rural Korean children obtained were less than the Korean standard values of the same ages in both sexes. B. Prevalence of Protein-Calory Malnutrition: Children examined were devided into two groups, i. e., infant(up to the first birthday) and toddler (1 to 4 fears old). 1) Percentages of four levels of malnutrition: a) When the nutrtional status of each child was classified (1) by body weight value, the percentages for male and female of children attained standard growth were 52.8%(infant 83.3%, toddler 44.4%) and 39.7% (infant 74.5%. toddler 30.5%), the first level of malnutrition were 31.9%(infant 13.7%, toddler 36.9%) and 31.7%(infant 15.3%, toddler 36,0%), the second level of malnutrition were 12.3%(infant 1.7%, toddler 15.3%) and 23.3% (infant 7.7%, fodder 27.5%), the third level of malnutrition were 2.7%(infant 0.7%, toddler 3.2%) and 4.6%(infant 1.8%, toddler 5.3%) the fourth level of malnutrition were 0.3% (infant 0.7%, toddler 0.2%) and 0.7% (0.7% for infant and toddler) respectively. (2) by height value, the percentages for male and female of children attained standard growth were 80.3% (infant 97.3%, toddler 75.6%) and 75.1% (infant 96.4%, toddler 69.5), the first level of malnutrition were 17.9% (infant 2.0%, toddler 22.3%) and 23.6% (infants 3.6%, toddler 28.8%), the second level of malnutrition were 1.2% (infant 0.3%, toddler 1.5%) and 1.1% (infant 0%, toddler 1.4%), the third level of malnutrition were 0.4%(infant 0.3%, toddler 0.5%) and 0.2%(infant 0%, toddler 0.3%), the fourth level of malnutrition were 0.1%(infant 0%, toddler 0.1%) and 0% respectively. (3) by body weight in relation to height, the percentages for male and female of children attained standard growth were 87.9% (infant 77.6%, toddler 87.9%) and 78.2% (infant 77.4%, toddler 78.2%), the first level of malnutrition were 12.2% (infant 18.4%, toddler 10.6%) and 18.2% (infant 17.9%, toddler 18.3%), the second level of malnutrition were 1.9%(infant 3.3%, toddler 1.5%) and 3.0%(infant 3.3%, toddler 2.9%), the third level of malnutrition were 0.1%(infant 0%. toddler 0.1%) and 0.5% (infant 0%, toddler 0.6%), the fourth level of malnutrition were 0.1%(infant 0.7%, toddler 0%) and 0.3% (infant 1.5%, toddler 0%) respectively. b) When the nutritional status of each child according to the mother's age at perturition, i. e., young aged mother (up to 30 years old), middle aged mother (31 to 40 years old) and old aged mother (41 years or above) was classified (1) by body weight, among infants and toddlers, at each year of age, with increasing the mother's age, there was an increase in percentage of subjects underweight. This tendency of increasing percentage of underweight was more significant in the infant period than the toddler period. (2) by height value, no significant differences between each mother's age group were found. c) When the nutritional status of each child according to the birth rank, i. e., lower birth rank (first to third) and higher birth rank (fourth or above) was classified (1) by weight value, children of higher birth rank were slightly more often underweight than those of lower birth rank, but not significant. (2) by height value, no differences were found between children of lower and higher birth rank. 2) Gomez Classification: When the nutritional status of each child was classified a) by body weight value, the percentages for male and female of children. attained standard growth were 53.1% (infant 82.6%, toddler 44.9%) and 39.2% (infant 73.4%, toddler 30.1%), the first degree of malnutrition were 39.4% (infant 14.7%, toddler 46.2%) and 47.1% (infant 21.9%, toddler 53.8%), the second degree of malnutrition were 7.3%(infant 2.3%, toddler 8.6%) and 12.9% (infant 4.0%, toddler 15.2%). and the third degree of malnutrition were 0.2%. (infant 0.3%, toddler 0.2%) and 0.8% (infant 0.7%, toddler 0.9%) respectively. b) by height value, the percentages for male and female of children attained standard growth were 80.8% (infant 97.0%, toddler 76.3%) and 73.8%(infant 95.6%, toddler 68.0%), the first degree of malnutrition were 18.5% (infant 2.7%, toddler 22.9%) and 24.6% (infant 4.4%, toddler 30.0%), the second degree of malnutrition were 0.6%(infant 0.3%, toddler 0.7%) and 0.5% (infant 0.1%, toddler 0.7%), and the third degree of malnutrition were 0.1%(infant 0%, toddler 0.1%) and 1.1% (infant 0%, toddler 1.3%) respectively. C. Results of clinical laboratory examination: 1) Red blood cells: The ranges of mean red blood cell counts for male and female were $3,538,000/mm^3\;to\;4,403,000/mm^3\;and\;3,576,000/mm^3\;to\;4,483,000/mm^3$ respectively. The lowest red cell counts were seen at the age of 0-3 months for male and 1-2 months for female. 2) Haematocrit value : The ranges of haematocrit value of male and female were 35.1% to 38.8% and 34.7% to 38.8% respectively. The lowest haematocrit values were seen at the age of 2-3 months for male and 1-2, months for female. 3) The prevalence rates of intestinal parasites for male and female children with Ascaris lumbricoides were 34.1% (infant 18.8%, toddler 38.1%) and 36.0%(infant 18.4%, toddler 40.7%), with Trichocephalus trichiuris were 6.8% (infant 2.9%, toddler 7.9%) and 9.0% (infant 3.0%, toddler 10.6%), with Hookworm were 0.3% (infant 0.5%, toddler 0.2%) and 0.3% (infant 0.5%, toddler 0.3%), with Clonorchis sinensis were 0.4%(infant 0%, toddler 0.5%) and 0.1%(infant 0%, toddler 0.1%) respectively.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.447-454
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• 1985

양식 잉어의 품질을 지질성분면에서 평가하기 위하여 천연 및 양식 잉어의 지질 조성 및 이들 지질의 구성지방산을 분석${\cdot}$비교하였고, 이스라엘 잉어의 지질성분과도 비교하였다. 또 양식 잉어 및 이스라엘 잉어의 지방산과 사료 지방산을 분석${\cdot}$비교한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 총지질 함량은 양식 잉어가 천연 잉어보다는 약간 낮은 반면 이스라엘 잉어와는 거의 비슷하였다. 부위별로는 천연 및 양식 잉어는 내장부가 가식부보다 총지질이 2배 이상 높았으나, 이스라엘 잉어는 가식부와 내장부가 거의 비슷하였다. 2. 천연 및 양식 잉어와 이스라엘 잉어의 지질 조성은 거의 비슷한 경향을 나타내고 있었다. 즉 중성지질이 대부분을 차지하고 당지질과 인지질은 아주 적었다. 또 부위별 지질 조성을 비교해 보면 중성지질의 함량은 천연 잉어의 경우는 내장부가 가식부보다 많은 반면 양식 잉어와 이스라엘 잉어는 그 반대였다. 가식부의 당지질과 인지질 함량은 양식 잉어의 경우는 당지질이 인지질보다 많은 반면 이스라엘 잉어는 인지질이 당지질보다 많았다. 또 중성지질은 TG의 함량이 가장 많았으며 인지질은 PC와 PE가 가장 많았다. 3. 가식부의 중성지질의 중요 구성지방산 함량은 $C_{18:1},\;C_{18:2},\;C_{18:3},\;C_{22:5},\;C_{22:6}$산은 양식 잉어가 천연 잉어보다 높은 반면, $C_{16:0},\;C_{18:0},\;C_{16:1},\;C_{20:4},\;C_{20:5}$산은 천연 잉어가 양식 잉어보다 높았다. 이스라엘잉어의 경우에는 $C_{18:2}$산의 함량이 천연 및 양식 잉어에 비해 상당히 높게 나타났다. 인지질의 경우는 $C_{18:0},\;C_{18:1},\;C_{18:2},\;C_{18:3},\;_C{22:6}$산은 양식산이 천연산보다 많은 반면 $C_{16:0},\;C_{16:1},\;C_{20:4},\;C_{20:5},\;C_{22:5}$산은 천연산이 양식산보다 높았다. 4. 중성지질의 불포화도(TUFA/TSFA)는 양식산이 천연산보다 약간 높았으며, 또 이스라엘 잉어는 양식 잉어보다도 약간 더 높았다. 인지질의 경우도 이스라엘 잉어>양식 잉어>천연 잉어의 순이었다. 필수지방산 함량(TEFA)은 중성지질의 경우 가식부는 양식 잉어가 천연 잉어보다 높은 반면 내장부는 천연 잉어가 양식 잉어보다 높았다. 인지질의 경우는 가식부에서 이스라엘 잉어가 천연 및 양식 잉어보다 약간 더 높고, 또 천연 잉어가 양식 잉어보다 높았다. 5. w3고도불포화지방산 함량 (w3 HUFA)은 중성지질의 경우는 필수지방산 함량의 경향과 거의 비슷하였고 인지질의 경우는 이스라엘 잉어가 가장 높고, 양식 잉어, 천연 잉어의 순이었다. 6. 사료 지방산(C)에 대한 양식 잉어의 지방산(A)의 비(A/C) 및 이스라엘 잉어의 지방산(B)의 비(B/C)를 비교하여 보면 양식 잉어는 $C_{20:5}\;w3(0.12),\;C_{22:5}\;w6(0.53),\;C_{22:5}\;w3(0.68),\;C_{22:6}\;w3(0.26)$산이 아주 낮았고, 이스라엘 잉어는 $C_{18:3}\;w3(0.61),\;C_{20:5}\;w3(0.11),\;C_{22:4}\;w6(0.16),\;C_{22:5}\;w6(0.07),\;C_{22:6}\;w3(1.53)$산이 아주 낮게 나타났다. 따라서 주로 이들 w3고도불포화지방산들이 polyene산의 생합성 및 성장률에 깊이 관계할 가능성이 있다고 판단되었다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.1-16
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• 1974

This Study involved the development of a survey form and the collection of data in an effort-to provide information which can be used in the improvement of nursing curricula. The data examined were the kinds courses currently being taught in the curricula of nursing education institutions throughout Korea, credits required for course completion, and year in-which courses are taken. For the purposes of this study, curricula were classified into college, nursing school and vocational school categories. Courses were directed into the 3 major categories of general education courses, supporting science courses and professional education course, and further subdirector as. follows: 1) General education (following the classification of Philip H. phoenix): a) Symbolics, b) Empirics, c) Aesthetics. 4) Synthetics, e) Ethics, f) Synoptic. 2) Supporting science: a) physical science, b) biological science, c) social science, d) behavioral science, e) Health science, f) Educations 3) Professional Education; a) basic courses, b) courses in each of the respective fields of nursing. Ⅰ. General Education aimed at developing the individual as a person and as a member of society is relatively strong in college curricula compared with the other two. a) Courses included in the category of symbolics included Korean language, English, German. Chines. Mathematics. Statics: Economics and Computer most college curricula included 20 credits. of courses in this sub-category, while nursing schools required 12 credits and vocational school 10 units. English ordinarily receives particularly heavy emphasis. b) Research methodology, Domestic affair and women & courtney was included under the category of empirics in the college curricula, nursing and vocational school do not offer this at all. c) Courses classified under aesthetics were physical education, drill, music, recreation and fine arts. Most college curricula had 4 credits in these areas, nursing school provided for 2 credits, and most vocational schools offered 10 units. d) Synoptic included leadership, interpersonal relationship, and communications, Most schools did not offer courses of this nature. e) The category of ethics included citizenship. 2 credits are provided in college curricula, while vocational schools require 4 units. Nursing schools do not offer these courses. f) Courses included under synoptic were Korean history, cultural history, philosophy, Logics, and religion. Most college curricular 5 credits in these areas, nursing schools 4 credits. and vocational schools 2 units. g) Only physical education was given every Year in college curricula and only English was given in nursing schools and vocational schools in every of the curriculum. Most of the other courses were given during the first year of the curriculum. Ⅱ. Supporting science courses are fundamental to the practice and application of nursing theory. a) Physical science course include physics, chemistry and natural science. most colleges and nursing schools provided for 2 credits of physical science courses in their curricula, while most vocational schools did not offer t me. b) Courses included under biological science were anatomy, physiologic, biology and biochemistry. Most college curricula provided for 15 credits of biological science, nursing schools for the most part provided for 11 credits, and most vocational schools provided for 8 units. c) Courses included under social science were sociology and anthropology. Most colleges provided for 1 credit in courses of this category, which most nursing schools provided for 2 creates Most vocational school did not provide courses of this type. d) Courses included under behavioral science were general and clinical psychology, developmental psychology. mental hygiene and guidance. Most schools did not provide for these courses. e) Courses included under health science included pharmacy and pharmacology, microbiology, pathology, nutrition and dietetics, parasitology, and Chinese medicine. Most college curricula provided for 11 credits, while most nursing schools provide for 12 credits, most part provided 20 units of medical courses. f) Courses included under education included educational psychology, principles of education, philosophy of education, history of education, social education, educational evaluation, educational curricula, class management, guidance techniques and school & community. Host college softer 3 credits in courses in this category, while nursing schools provide 8 credits and vocational schools provide for 6 units, 50% of the colleges prepare these students to qualify as regular teachers of the second level, while 91% of the nursing schools and 60% of the vocational schools prepare their of the vocational schools prepare their students to qualify as school nurse. g) The majority of colleges start supporting science courses in the first year and complete them by the second year. Nursing schools and vocational schools usually complete them in the first year. Ⅲ. Professional Education courses are designed to develop professional nursing knowledge, attitudes and skills in the students. a) Basic courses include social nursing, nursing ethics, history of nursing professional control, nursing administration, social medicine, social welfare, introductory nursing, advanced nursing, medical regulations, efficient nursing, nursing english and basic nursing, College curricula devoted 13 credits to these subjects, nursing schools 14 credits, and vocational schools 26 units indicating a severe difference in the scope of education provided. b) There was noticeable tendency for the colleges to take a unified approach to the branches of nursing. 60% of the schools had courses in public health nursing, 80% in pediatric nursing, 60% in obstetric nursing, 90% in psychiatric nursing and 80% in medical-surgical nursing. The greatest number of schools provided 48 crudites in all of these fields combined. in most of the nursing schools, 52 credits were provided for courses divided according to disease. in the vocational schools, unified courses are provided in public health nursing, child nursing, maternal nursing, psychiatric nursing and adult nursing. In addition, one unit is provided for one hour a week of practice. The total number of units provided in the greatest number of vocational schools is thus Ⅲ units double the number provided in nursing schools and colleges. c) In th leges, the second year is devoted mainly to basic nursing courses, while the third and fourth years are used for advanced nursing courses. In nursing schools and vocational schools, the first year deals primarily with basic nursing and the second and third years are used to cover advanced nursing courses. The study yielded the following conclusions. 1. Instructional goals should be established for each courses in line with the idea of nursing, and curriculum improvements should be made accordingly. 2. Course that fall under the synthetics category should be strengthened and ways should be sought to develop the ability to cooperate with those who work for human welfare and health. 3. The ability to solve problems on the basis of scientific principles and knowledge and understanding of man society should be fostered through a strengthening of courses dealing with physical sciences, social sciences and behavioral sciences and redistribution of courses emphasizing biological and health sciences. 4. There should be more balanced curricula with less emphasis on courses in the major There is a need to establish courses necessary for the individual nurse by doing away with courses centered around specific diseases and combining them in unified courses. In addition it is possible to develop skill in dealing with people by using the social setting in comprehensive training. The most efficient ratio of the study experience should be studied to provide more effective, interesting education Elective course should be initiated to insure a man flexible, responsive educational program. 5. The curriculum stipulated in the education law should be examined.