• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.199-204
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• 2012

This study was conducted to estimate climax index by eco-morphology for major 36 tree and sub-tree species in natural deciduous forests so as to interpret seral position of each species in the forest community. Fourteen eco-morphological characters which were considered to be associated with successional gradient in the forest were selected for the study. Four levels per character for each species were given on a standardized scale of increasing climax, and the index was computed by the proportion of the sum of total scores, expressed by percent values. With calculated mean value of 54.8 for all indices, Carpinus cordata had the highest index value of 90.5, and Populus davidiana recorded the lowest of 13.2. The most climax group, greater than 70 of the index, contained only 8 species, intermediate group, between 41 to 70 of the index, had 23 species, and the most pioneer group, less than 40 of the index comprised 5 species. The result has noticed that the large number of species would take advantage of most diverse resource and niche in the intermediate stage of the sere in the forest. By cluster analysis all 36 species were subjected to be classified into several species groups which had common similar eco-morphological characteristics. The indices were additionally plotted on the two dimensional graph to recognize the positions related to the light absorption factor and reproduction factor. The climax index of tree and sub-tree species developed by this study could be applied to understand the present status of successional stage on the basis of species composition by the method of summing up the indices. And comparison of forest successional stage among various forest communities could be done by summing up the climax indices of composed species in each community. However, this kind of applied methodology should be limited to the forest of similar species composition and site condition.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.82 no.2
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• pp.176-187
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• 1993

Based on the analysis of ecomorphological characters for 84 tree and shrub species, climax indices were estimated so as to interpret the position of the successional sere for the species in the natural deciduous forest. Nineteen ecomorphological characters, considered to be associated with successional gradient in the forest, were selected for the study. One of 2 to 4 steps per character for each species was given on a standardized scale of increasing climaxness, and the index was computed by percent of the sum of the scoring values for total score. Calculated mean value of 54.2 for all indices. Carpinus laxiflora had the highest index value of 83.3, and Populus davidiana recorded the lowest of 18.8. The most climax group, greater than 70 of the index, contained only 9 species, intermediate group, between 40 to 70 of the index, had 58 species, and the most pioneer group, less than 40 of the index comprised 17 species. The result has noticed that the large number of species would take advantage of most diverse resource and niche in the intermediate stage of the sere in the forest. The three components, i.e., light absorption, reproduction, and wood quality were used as axes for a 3-dimensional projection of the relative position for 44 species by principal component analysis. Along the similar ecomorphological characters, four recognized species group were classified by cluster analysis. The distribution pattern of plant families on the index gradient showed that the Betulaceae and Aceraceae had the widest seral amplitude, and the Salicaceae was a family typified as pioneer. There were no families specializing entirely with climax niche.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.965-976
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• 2016

Recently studies about audio-visual immersion are being carried out due to development of digital video but studies analysing quantitatively the content or climax of video has not carried out. The paper is analysed quantitatively by using shot size, camera angle, camera direction and camera position, objective & subjective which is general component of video expression. We can see the climax effects in the video destroying the principles because there is a rule when they use the component. This thesis analyses shot-list based on video expression in existing movies therefore it can analyse quantitatively several method commonly used in order to make the climax. These suggesting method that can find the part of climax based on analysis of shot-list can be used when you search the specific part of video like long movie or when you search the genre of the movie or when you index the genre. Also it can be very effective in various information services companies offering climax movie which is searched.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.156-165
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• 1996

To investigate the forest structure and to suggest the management of vegetation landscape in Noinbong area, Pdaesan National Pa, twelve plots were set up and surveyed. According to the acalysis of classification by TWINSPAN, the community was divided by two groups of Carpinus laxiflora - Quercus mongolica community and the other is Betula costata - schmidtii - C. laxiflora community. It was found out that the successional stage of Noinbong forests was climax and introduced-climax by the analysis of species structure, similarity index and species diversity. The number of individuals was about 120~130 and species was 17 per 100m$^{2}$. Through the analysis of basal area and DBH class distribution, it was estimated that C. laxiflora, B. costata, and B. schmidtii will be clmax species instead of Q. mongolica in tree layer, and in the subtree layer, Acer pseudo-sieboldianum will be dominant species.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartD
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• v.11D no.3
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• pp.495-508
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• 2004

Recently, in content-based music information retrieval systems, to enhance the response time of retrieving music data from large music database, some researches have adopted the indexing mechanism that extracts and indexes the representative melodies. The representative melody of music data must stand for the music itself and have strong possibility to use as users' input queries. However, since the previous researches have not considered the musical composition forms, they are not able to correctly catch the contrast, repetition and variation of motif in musical forms. In this paper, we use an index automatically constructed from representative melodies such like first melody, climax melodies and similarly repeated theme melodies. At first, we expand the clustering algorithm in order to extract similarly repeated theme melodies based on the musical composition forms. If the first melody and climax melodies are not included into the representative melodies of music by the clustering algorithm, we add them into representative melodies. We implemented a prototype system and did experiments on comparison the representative melody index with other melody indexes. Since, we are able to construct the representative melody index with the lower storage by 34％ than whole melody index, the response time can be decreased. Also, since we include first melody and climax melody which have the strong possibility to use as users' input query into representative melodies, we are able to get the more correct results against the various users' input queries than theme melody index with the cost of storage overhead of 20％.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.499-506
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• 1996

Forest stand development in Kwangnung Experimental Forest, Korea, was simulated with a forest succession gap model of the JABOWA/FORET type, in order to predict climax species and characterime the trend of community structure along the succession. The model runs for a period or 1, 000 yr and is based on the averaged successional characteristics of 50 forest plote with an individual size or 1/12 ha gap consisted of the 15 major tree species. The total bimass and leafarea index have arrived at a steady state since about 200 yr and these values are smaller than that or field survey. Carpinus cordata, C. laxiflora, Quercus mongolica and Q. serrata were epected to be climax species that represent about 86% or total biomass in later stage and these results coincided with the previous succession studies from field survey in the area.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.95 no.6
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• pp.723-728
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• 2006

Since the forest succession is changing process in the structure and function of a forest for the long period of time, the objectivity of the process could be improved through the development of model or statistical methodology. This study was carried out to estimate succession index based on climax index and species composition parameters, thereupon to compare the succession index with life form and species diversity so as to grasp the information of quantitative successional process for the six community types in the natural deciduous forest of Mt. Jumbong area. The results indicated that Quercus mongolica-Tilia amurensis community had the greatest succession index of 67.5, followed by Abies holophylla-Fraxinus mandshurica community with 67.4. Juglans mandshurica-Cornus controversa community was recorded the smallest value of 60.5. The succession index of overstory tended to increase considerably at the stage of steady state for all community types except Quercus mongolica-Tilia amurensis community. However, The index of midstory hardly varied as the forest succession would progress for all community types. The succession index was negatively correlated to wind-water dispersion type of life form and positively to animal dispersion type at the 5% probability level. On the other hand, the index was not significantly correlated to the species richness and Shannon's species diversity index.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.166-176
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• 1997

To investigate the vegetation structure of Fraxinus mandshurica communith, twenty plots were set up and surveyed in the valley of Mt. Minjuji area that rises 700~1,100m above the sea level. Each plot has 100m$^{2}$ in size. By using the TWINSPAN of classification technique, total plots was divided into six communities. In the species composition analysis, it was expected that F. mandshurica community would derive from Quercus mongolica community. The F. mondshurica community was composed together of Carpinus laxiflora, Acer mono and Cornus controversa. It was turned out that F. mandshurica community was edaphic climax because the competition species not appeared. In the DBH distribution analysis, F. mandshurica appeared through all layers, and species diversity showed lower index(Shannon's index 0.72~0.82) because the community was stable. The number of mean individuals and species was about 111.5 and 11.0 per 100m$^{2}$ respectively.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.94 no.6
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• pp.387-396
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• 2005

Having employed the transitional probability model based on Markov chain, the study was carried out to examine successional trends for community types in the natural deciduous forest of Mt. Jumbong. The species composition of oncoming generation in overstory was estimated from that of mid-story, and the species composition in mid-story was based upon that of understory. Successional trend for each community was predicted from the reorganized probability matrix of tree replacement by the square of climax index, which was evaluated by the factors of light absorption, reproduction, and wood quality. As the result of analysis, following table shows the oncoming generation of steady state and dominant species in overstory and mid-story by community types. Even though Acer pseudo-sieboldianum and Carpinus cordata could hardly reach the canopy layer due to the intrinsic growth form, these species were predicted to maintain high compositional ratio so as to play an important ecological role in the study forest ecosystem.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.104 no.3
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• pp.368-374
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• 2015

On the basis of vegetation data by point quarter sampling method, the natural forest of Jirisan(Mt.) was classified into eight forest types by cluster analysis. They were Quercus mogolica forest type, Fraxinus mandshurica - Betula costata forest type, Mixed mesophytic forest type, Abies koreana forest type, Carpinus laxiflora forest type, Quercus serrata forest type, Pinus densiflora forest type, and Quercus variabilis forest type. Then, succession index was estimated for each forest type so as to evaluate succession process comparatively among forest types. The results showed that Carpinus laxiflora forest type had highest succession index of 219.7, followed by Mixed mesophytic forest type with little difference of the index of 218.3. Pinus densiflora forest type had lowest index. Succession indices were hardly correlated with species diversity indices of forest types. We presumed that the higher value of succession index a forest type had, the closer toward the climax forest. However, the estimated index was not supposed to be absolute level of successional stage, but it could play a role of comparative assessment in the position of the seral stage among forest types.