• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.86-96
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• 2006

Ecoclimap-1, a new complete surface parameter global database at a 1-km resolution, was previously presented. It is intended to be used to initialize the soil-vegetation- atmosphere transfer schemes in meteorological and climate models. Surface parameters in the Ecoclimap-1 database are provided in the form of a per-class value by an ecoclimatic base map from a simple merging of land cover and climate maps. The principal objective of this ecoclimatic map is to consider intra-class variability of life cycle that the usual land cover map cannot describe. Although the ecoclimatic map considering land cover and climate is used, the intra-class variability was still too high inside some classes. In this study, a new strategy is defined; the idea is to use the information contained in S10 NDVI SPOT/VEGETATION profiles to split a land cover into more homogeneous sub-classes. This utilizes an intra-class unsupervised sub-clustering methodology instead of simple merging. This study was performed to provide a new ecolimatic map over Northeast Asia in the framework of Ecoclimap-2 global database construction for surface parameters. We used the University of Maryland's 1km Global Land Cover Database (UMD) and a climate map to determine the initial number of clusters for intra-class sub-clustering. An unsupervised classification process using six years of NDVI profiles allows the discrimination of different behavior for each land cover class. We checked the spatial coherence of the classes and, if necessary, carried out an aggregation step of the clusters having a similar NDVI time series profile. From the mapping system, 29 ecosystems resulted for the study area. In terms of climate-related studies, this new ecosystem map may be useful as a base map to construct an Ecoclimap-2 database and to improve the surface climatology quality in the climate model.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.19-26
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• 2006

Recently, building requirements have been saturated and residents are demanding a variety of building exterior materials faced with roofs, walls, windows and doors. On the other hand, when building exterior materials are exposed with ultra violet rays during some periods, these will be influenced deterioration effects like discolorations, exfoliations and cracks and will be needed exchange of materials. In this study, main 17-provinces of Korea were collated climate data and counted the computation results with an assumption formula for calculating ultra violet rays amounts. Lastly, ultra violet rays map of Korea was made by the counted data and was considered tendencies. Accordingly, in the phase of design the designer can select the appropriate exterior materials which have durabilities and resistances of ultra violet rays. So hereafter this study can be a foundation study to sustain building exterior materials with ultra violet rays damages. Below is the summary of Korean ultra violet rays tendency. 1. Ultra violet rays during 1 year is from about $180MJ/m^2$ to about $210MJ/m^2$. 2. Southern province ultra violet rays is higher than northern province. 3. Annually counted rays is higher and higher.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.465-476
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• 1996

There are several environmental variables that may be influential to the spatial distribution of forest vegetation. To create a map of forest vegetation zone over southern part of Korean Peninsula, digital map layers were produced for each of environmental variables that include topography, geographic locations, and climate. In addition, an extensive set of field survey data was collected at relatively undisturbed forests and they were introduced into the GIS database with exact coordinates of survey sites. Preliminary statistical analysis on the survey data showed that the environmental variables were significantly different among the previously defined five forest vegetation zones. Classification of the six layers of digital map representing environmental variables was carried out by a supervised classifier using the training statistics from field survey data and by a clustering algorithm. Although the maps from two classifiers were somewhat different due to the classification procedure applied, they showed overall patterns of vertical and horizontal distribution of forest zones. considering the spatial contents of many ecological studies, GIS can be used as an important tool to manage and analyze spatial data. This study discusses more about the generation of digital map and the analysis procedure rather than the outcome map of forest vegetation zone.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.114-123
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• 2010

The Environmental Conservation Value Assessment Map (ECVAM) is a five grade assessment map created with nationally integrated environmental information and environmental values. The map is made through the evaluation of 67 items, including greenbelt area and bio-diversity. The ECVAM assesses the stability of the community using forest maps. However, the existing assessment method is problematic because the assessment grades are evaluated using higher than practical values; in part because it uses even-valued overlay and minimal indicator methods. This study was performed in order to suggest an integrated assessment method that could complement the stability evaluation based on existing methods. Accordingly, this study added forest type information, including whether the forest was natural or artificial, to the overlay method using forest diameter maps and forest density maps. As a result, the proposed ECVAM indicated a drastic grade change. After applying the method in South Korea, Grade I areas decreased 12.1%, from 52.6% to 40.6%, Grade II areas increased 11.9%, from 17.4% to 29.2%, and Grade III areas increased 0.2%, from 17.1% to 17.4%, respectively. From the results of the field survey, we found differences between natural forest and planted forest with regard to the number of mortality, species of shrubs, and vine cover. This means that natural forests are more stable than planted forests. This study suggests an improved assessment methodology to complement the existing EVCAM method. The results are expected to be used in environmental evaluations and forest conservation value assessments in ecology and environmental fields.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.637-648
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• 2021

In order to support the establishment of a farming plan, it is important to preemptively evaluate crop changes and to provide precise information. Therefore, it is necessary to provide customized information suitable for decision-making by farming stage through scientific and continuous monitoring using drones. This study was carried out to support the establishment of the farming plan for ground vegetable. The cultivation management map of each information was obtained from preliminary study. Three cultivation management maps include 'field emergence map', 'stress map' and 'productivity map' reflected spatial variation in the plantation by providing information in units of plants based on 3-dimensions. Application fields of the cultivation management map can be summarized as follows: detect miss-planted, replanting decision, fertilization, weeding, pest control, irrigation schedule, market quality evaluation, harvest schedule, etc.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.675-680
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• 2010

Temperature is one of the main issues in climate change, and the urban heat island effect in highly developed urban areas is an important issue that we need to deal with. This study analyzed the extent of the cooling effects of urban green spaces. The study used a surface temperature map of Seoul. It found that the cooling effects of green space was observed within limited distances, although it varied a little depending on the parks investigated. The cooling effect distance ranged from 240m to 360m, averaging about 300m. It also found the size of an urban green space does not make much difference in cooling the surrounding areas. Although further investigation with diverse urban areas should be conducted on this matter, the results did imply that many small green spaces in the neighborhood are more effective than a single big green space in mitigating the heat island effects of cities.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.269-282
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• 2016

Watershed area can be submerged due to constructions and management of dams, and these change can impact not only on ecosystem and environment of river basin area but also on local climate. This study is conducted to construct and classify climate zones of Andong Dam watershed where the area is submerged due to the construction of the dam. By applying Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and Getis-Ord $Gi^*$ statistics, three climate zones were classified for the result. Each zone was then analyzed and validated with climatic and geological features including topography, land cover, and forest type map. As a result of the analysis, there was a difference in temperature, elevation, precipitation and tree species distribution among the zones. Also, an analysis of land cover map showed that there were more agricultural land near Andong Reservoir. This study on the climatic classification is considered to be useful as the basis for decision-making or policy enforcement regarding ecosystem, environmental management or climate change response.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.789-798
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• 2011

Climate change assessment, together with climate change adaptation process, would be one of the worldwide important issues, and the study on climate change vulnerability indicator has been an essential problem for climate change adaptation. Vulnerability indicator can be used as a good tool to estimate the impact of climate change and to map out the distribution of its vulnerability over the given area both in Korea and other countries. This study addressed the conceptual summary on the assessment of climate change and its adaptation process. Previous studies on how to yield the vulnerability indicators of climate change are reviewed and several previous results of vulnerability indicators applied to Korean provinces are also discussed here.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.103 no.4
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• pp.605-612
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• 2014

This study was conducted to predict the changes of yearly productive area distribution for Quercus mongolica under climate change scenarios. For this, site index equations by ecoprovinces were first developed using environmental factors. Using the large data set from both a digital forest site map and a climatic map, a total of 48 environmental factors including 19 climatic variables were regressed on site index to develop site index equations. Two climate change scenarios, RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5, were then applied to the developed site index equations and the distribution of productive areas for Quercus mongolica were predicted from 2020 to 2100 years in 10-year intervals. The results from this study show that the distribution of productive areas for Quercus mongolica generally decreases as time passes. It was also found that the productive area distribution of Quercus mongolica is different over time under two climate change scenarios. The RCP 8.5 which is more extreme climate change scenario showed much more decreased distribution of productive areas than the RCP 4.5. It is expected that the study results on the amount and distribution of productive areas over time for Quercus mongolica under climate change scenarios could provide valuable information necessary for the policies of suitable species on a site.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.72-82
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• 2014

This study was conducted to predict the changes of yearly productive area distribution for pinus densiflora under climate change scenario. For this, site index equations by ecoprovinces were first developed using environmental factors. Using the large data set from both a digital forest site map and a climatic map, a total of 48 environmental factors including 19 climatic variables were regressed on site index to develop site index equations. Two climate change scenarios, RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5, were then applied to the developed site index equations and the distribution of productive areas for pinus densiflora were predicted from 2020 to 2100 years in 10-year intervals. The results from this study show that the distribution of productive areas for pinus densiflora generally decreases as time passes. It was also found that the productive area distribution of Pinus densiflora is different over time under two climate change scenarios. The RCP 8.5 which is more extreme climate change scenario showed much more decreased distribution of productive areas than the RCP 4.5. It is expected that the study results on the amount and distribution of productive areas over time for pinus densiflora under climate change scenarios could provide valuable information necessary for the policies of suitable species on a site.