• 상하수도학회지
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.453-460
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• 2018

The impact of sodium hydroxide, which is one of chemicals of clean in place (CIP) for removing membrane fouling, on the PVDF membrane is reviewed with respect to physical/chemical structural change, the permeability affected therefrom. Based on the cleaning concentration applied in membrane water treatment facilities, 10% of accumulated defluorination was confirmed up to 166g.hr/L which reflects the exposure time. However, membrane resistance was confirmed to be reduced by about 10%. Through FT-IR and EDS analysis, reduction of F and change of are confirmed as factors that affect the permeability of membrane. Membrane resistance, which affects permeability, is affected by loss of additives for hydrophilicity, rather than defluorination of PVDF material. Therefore, in order to check membrane degradation degree, an accelerated test by NaOH was carried out, loss of additives was confirmed, and then PVDF inherent characteristic was observed.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.181-193
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• 2014

Various treatment system for residuals have applied to save water resources, but most of them were not be satisfied with legal standard consistently. In this study, submerged membrane treatment system was operated to treat water treatment plant residuals and operation parameters was evaluated. Result of this experiment, high concentration organic matters contributed to high increase Transmembrane pressure(TMP) of membrane system(from 0.05 bar to 0.35 bar). And backwash process was effective to stabilize membrane system operation. After Cleaning-In-Place(CIP), permeability was recovered about 100 % from first operation condition. Inorganic matters (Fe, Mn, Al, Ca, Mg) were not effective membrane filtration performance. The quality of residual treatment was satisfied with drinking water quality standard and a treated water from that system was suitable for water reuse.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.339-353
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• 2003

The rapid increase in food borne illness outbreaks in Korea has been one of the major threats to the Nation's Health. Foodservice establishments have been identified as the major place for these outbreaks, mainly due to the lack of sanitary management and sanitary facility management practices. The purposes of the study were to develop hospital foodservice facility evaluation tools, based on the general HACCP-based standards and guidelines, for hospital food service establishments, to ensure the safety of these foodservices and to reduce the risk of food home illness. The scope of this study included: 1) an assessment of the current foodservice sanitation practices and managements for 6 general hospitals, with more than 400 beds, and 3 general hospitals, with less than 400 beds; 2) the development of foodservice establishments sanitation evaluation tools and sanitation standards, based on the HACCP system. The survey data showed varied results between the hospitals surveyed. Most of the hospital foodservice operations had many problems with ventilation and the plumbing. The total dimensional mean scores for the hospitals with more than 400 beds and less than 400 beds were 31.5 and 27.0, respectively. The highest dimension scores were for the water supply facility and lighting, with the lowest for insect and rodent control and toxic materials management. The levels of the mean scores were very low, especially for the general hospitals with less than 400 beds. These low mean scores may have arisen from critical problems within the hospital foodservice operations. The most needed facility management items for improvement were: storage shelf should be spaced 6 inches from the floor and walls, the use of three compartment sinks, utility sinks and cleaning facilities, with a floor drain for cleaning mops or liquid wastes, a ventilation hood designed to prevent dripping onto food, cooking facilities should be disassembled for washing and sanitizing, a separated hand washing sink and a sanitized food board for each area should be provided, all toxic material must have warning labels attached, and be stored in an area away from food preparation under padlock. The evaluation tool consisted of 14 dimensions, with 65 check-off items. The results of this study will provide basic facilities' guidelines to regulators, or foodservice industry personnel, wishing to build, or expend, and establish an efficient flow of food. As a result, food borne illnesses will be effectively prevented, and the Nation's health will be promoted for the development of their own sanitation standards, with a checklist for the safe production of foods.

• 한국관광식음료학회지:관광식음료경영연구
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• 제10권
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• pp.187-202
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• 1999

We desperately recognize from the economic situation in IMF crisis that only competive goods and serviced. It is anticipated that this difficult situation will probably be continued till 1999. Therefore, it is necessary to think over real aspects of eating=outdoors in IMF period and to provide an opportunity to confront with this crisis. Analysis a recent tendency of domestic eating-outdoors business, there appears, first of all, dual types of eating-outdoors; the one is a sort of 'Cost Sale', which provides some special menu with lowest prices, and the other is a type of 'Family Restaurant', which regards the atmosphere of the place as one of the most essential elements. Both types are getting more popular today. As the result, neither of the alternative cannot recover the current Depression. It is natural that no other conditions can compete with good tastes, fancy atmosphere, and good prices. As a matter of fact, however, it is quite difficult to run this type of bussiness adjusted the above whole conditions. Therefore owners of eating-house must decide to run either ' Cost Sale' or 'Family Restaurant' first and investigate some problems and conditions accordingly. In ane way, the owner intensively visits to some eating houses which is similar style in size and management to that of his style in size and management to that of his and look over what is good and what is bad Right after this investigation, it is efficient for he or she to improve his or her business style in size and management in a short period. It is helpful to check some complements; improvement of signboards, cleaning up of the interior, selecting suitable menu, adjusted prices, tastes, and service quality etc. Although eating-outdoors business is hard hit by IMF, We hope that it would rapidly be brisk in 2000, becaused by that time the basis of each industry would be high qualified, and rich technology would be accumulated.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.299-310
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• 2007

It will be necessary to make proper management plans to preserve the air quality in good level for the public. In order to make these plans, source information and detail emission inventories of the city and near industrial areas should be given. However, lack of the source measurements data makes us more difficult to complete the source inventory. VOC source Inventory could be utilized for the feasibility study to estimate the contribution of VOC sources presenting to the receptor such as residential area. It may give policy maker an idea how to control the air quality, and improve their social environment in the area. This study shows data that measured VOCs concentrations from the local industrial areas in Jeonju during from May 2005 to January 2006. The samples were collected from the near sources in 7 major factories in the industrial park as well as 5 general sources in near city Jeonju area to elucidate the abundances of speciated VOCs and their spacial and temporal distributions depending on source bases. Industrial sources are as follows; chemical, food, paper, wood, metal, non-metal (glass), and painting (coating) industries. The 5 general sources are sampled from tunnel, gasoline gas station, dry cleaning shop, printing (copy) shop, and road pavement working place in urban area. To understand the near source effect at receptor, samples from the 2 receptor sites (one is at center of the industrial complex and the other site is at distance residential area downwind from the center) were collected and analyzed for the comparison to source concentration. The mass contributions of the speciated VOC to total mass of VOCs measured from the different sources and ambient (2 receptors) were presented and discussed.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.403-411
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• 1991

A survey was made, from May to June 1991, to reveal the current situation of the meal management of the homemakers in Jeonbuk area. The results obtained from 464 homemakers were summerized as follows. The meal expenses were planned and managed mostly by the homemakers (93.3%). The 31.1% homemakers expended 200,000-300,000 Won a month for meals and the average expenditure was 294,106 Won. Among the homemakers who responded, the 34.0% managed their account books for meal expenses. With decreasing age(p<0.05), increasing education level (p<0.001), and increasing the income(p<0.01), the number of those who managed the account book tended to be higher. Usually they bought their foods at the market place (52.1%) and they did every other days(33.2%). The 46.9% planned what to buy and chose the best ones among the foods they planned to buy at the market. The percentage of those who prepared their menus planned in advance was only 5.5%. The most homemakers cooked for themselves (96.8%). On cooking and buying foods, the 48.2% considered their husbands first and the 64.4% regarded the tastes and needs of their families as the most important thing. The majority (66.2%) regarded the dinner as the most important among those three times of meals. The 39.6% prepared Kimchi twice a month. The foods they prepared for each meal were usually 4-5 kinds (43.2%). Mostly they prepared meals three times a day (49.1%). The average times spent in preparing and cleaning the tables for lunch and breakfast were 41.6, 96.2 minutes respectively. The homemakers who had jobs tended to spend less time in preparing and clearing the tables than those who had not (p<0.01, p<0.001). The 58.0% had complaints in that the food prices were too high and their moneys for meal preparation were insufficient and the 16.6% had difficulty in satisfying the tastes of their families.

• 한국정보통신학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보통신학회 2014년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.845-847
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• 2014

최근, 모바일 OS 시장이 확대됨과 동시에 안드로이드가 탑재된 각종 스마트폰 및 에어컨, 스마트 TV, 청소로봇, 카메라 등 그 수가 빠른 속도로 보급되고 있다. 하지만 많은 기기들을 한 번에 제어하는 모듈 및 어플리케이션이 보급되지 않고, 한 기기의 제어를 한 어플리케이션이 담당하고, 하나의 디바이스에서 모든 기기들을 관리할 수 있는 어플리케이션이 부족한 실정이다. 이에 따라, 본 논문에서는 Web을 이용하여 Server에 등록되어있는 기기를 Web으로 관리, 접속, 제어할 수 있는 시스템을 제안 및 설계하였다. 이는 현재 연구가 활발히 진행 중인 IoT(Internet of Things)분야에 활용될 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한디지털의료영상학회논문지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.126-132
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• 1997

Purpose : To apply to Program of Auto processor quality control after comparison of Film density variations with amendments to Auto density by using Check density program and Adjust density program of calibration mode into the Laser imager. Methods : Observe Check and Adjust density variations on the Control chart with standard step and value during seven months from December, 1995 to June, 1956 extending twice a week. (1) Measure density value on the steps after printing out 17-step sensitometric pattern of the Check density program. (2) In the same way, measure density values after amending density by using Adjust density program If they are exceeding allowable error limit. Results : In case of Check density program, the exceeding limit rates of Density difference(DD) and Middle density(MD) are: FL-IM3543 DD=75%. MD=72.5%, FL-IMD DD=0%. MD=30.8%(14.5%) After amending density by using Adjust density program, the exceeding limit rates of all both Laser imager were zero percent. The standard deviations are show lower FL-IM D than FL-IM3543 on the Check density control chart, but higher on the Adjust density control chart. Conclusion : (1) Check density variations by printingout sensitometric pattern extending once a week at least for quality control of the Laser imager. (2) In case of a dusty place, check the Laser beam transmission after cleaning Laser optical unit extending once a month. (3) Be sure to measure and check density values by using adjust density program if they are exceeding allowable error limit. (4) Maintain much better film density by performing the adjust density program even if check density values are existed within normal limit.

• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제10권6호
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• pp.1073-1081
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• 2010

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to examine the oral health awareness and practice of workers. Methods : The subjects in this study were 200 workers in a working place located in Taean-gun, Chung-Nam Province. The data for this study was obtained by means of a self-administered questionnaire. Results : 1. An average of awareness for the oral health of workers was $2.60{\pm}0.44$ points out of 4. They were most aware of the item that toothbrushing should be done after meals($3.06{\pm}0.42$), and the second most widely recognized item was that toothbrushing should be done before bedtime($2.73{\pm}0.60$). 2. An average of practice for the oral health of workers was $2.54{\pm}0.32$ points out of 4. They did the best was brushing their teeth after meals($2.97{\pm}0.33$), followed by cleaning the tongue during toothbrushing($2.91{\pm}0.45$). 3. Awareness of oral health was significantly higher in such groups, including the female, college graduates, unmarried(p<0.05). 4. Practice of oral health was significantly higher in such groups, including the female, college graduates(p<0.05). Conclusions : To reform and improve of the system, incremental oral health care system for workers is needed. and oral health education is needed to increase the motivation of workers to control their basic dental disease.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.8-13
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• 2024

Objectives: To evaluate the levels of exposure to organic compounds during aircraft disinfection and seat cover replacement operations. Methods: According to the working schedule, organic compounds were collected using activated carbon tubes and then analyzed by GC/FID and GC/MSD. Results: In the disinfection task, the main substances listed in the material safety data sheet (MSDS) of the disinfectant were not detected. However, 1-bromopropane, which had been used in the previous task of replacing seat covers, was detected at a level of 2.37 ppm at the measurement time. During seat cover replacement, bonding workers were exposed to 2.48 ppm on an eight-hour time-weighted average, and seat cover replacement workers were exposed to 0.22 ppm. Conclusions: It is necessary to ensure the reliability of MSDS. A work environment management system is necessary when different companies alternate working in the same place.