• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.7-21
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• 1983

For the flexible and rational distribution of limited existing health resources based on measurements of individual risk, the socalled Risk Approach is being proposed by the World Health Organization as a managerial tool in maternal and child health care program. This approach, in principle, puts us under the necessity of developing a technique by which we will be able to measure the degree of risk or to discriminate the future outcomes of pregnancy on the basis of prior information obtainable at prenatal care delivery settings. Numerous recent studies have focussed on the identification of relevant risk factors as the Prior infer mation and on defining the adverse outcomes of pregnancy to be dicriminated, and also have tried on how to develope scoring system of risk factors for the quantitative assessment of the factors as the determinant of pregnancy outcomes. Once the scoring system is established the technique of classifying the patients into with normal and with adverse outcomes will be easily de veloped. The scoring system should be developed to meet the following four basic requirements. 1) Easy to construct 2) Easy to use 3) To be theoretically sound 4) To be valid In searching for a feasible methodology which will meet these requirements, the author has attempted to apply the“Likelihood Method”, one of the well known principles in statistical analysis, to develop such scoring system according to the process as follows. Step 1. Classify the patients into four groups: Group $A_1$: With adverse outcomes on fetal (neonatal) side only. Group $A_2$: With adverse outcomes on maternal side only. Group $A_3$: With adverse outcome on both maternal and fetal (neonatal) sides. Group B: With normal outcomes. Step 2. Construct the marginal tabulation on the distribution of risk factors for each group. Step 3. For the calculation of risk score, take logarithmic transformation of relative proport-ions of the distribution and round them off to integers. Step 4. Test the validity of the score chart. h total of 2, 282 maternity records registered during the period of January 1, 1982-December 31, 1982 at Ewha Womans University Hospital were used for this study and the“Questionnaire for Maternity Record for Prenatal and Intrapartum High Risk Screening”developed by the Korean Institute for Population and Health was used to rearrange the information on the records into an easy analytic form. The findings of the study are summarized as follows. 1) The risk score chart constructed on the basis of“Likelihood Method”ispresented in Table 4 in the main text. 2) From the analysis of the risk score chart it was observed that a total of 24 risk factors could be identified as having significant predicting power for the discrimination of pregnancy outcomes into four groups as defined above. They are: (1) age (2) marital status (3) age at first pregnancy (4) medical insurance (5) number of pregnancies (6) history of Cesarean sections (7). number of living child (8) history of premature infants (9) history of over weighted new born (10) history of congenital anomalies (11) history of multiple pregnancies (12) history of abnormal presentation (13) history of obstetric abnormalities (14) past illness (15) hemoglobin level (16) blood pressure (17) heart status (18) general appearance (19) edema status (20) result of abdominal examination (21) cervix status (22) pelvis status (23) chief complaints (24) Reasons for examination 3) The validity of the score chart turned out to be as follows: a) Sensitivity: Group $A_1$: 0.75 Group $A_2$: 0.78 Group $A_3$: 0.92 All combined : 0.85 b) Specificity : 0.68 4) The diagnosabilities of the“score chart”for a set of hypothetical prevalence of adverse outcomes were calculated as follows (the sensitivity“for all combined”was used). Hypothetidal Prevalence : 5％ 10％ 20％ 30％ 40％ 50％ 60％ Diagnosability : 12% 23% 40% 53% 64% 75% 80%.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.155-165
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• 2018

Chicken feathers could be classified into early-feathering (EF) and late-feathering (LF) depending on the development and patterns of the wing and tail feathers. Currently, feather-sexing is a widely used chick sexing method in the industry. This study was carried out to suggest the method of classifying of EF and LF chicks to establish auto-sexing Korean native chicken (KNC) strains. The development and morphology of wing feathers and tail feathers in 856 KNCs from hatching to 55-days old were analyzed to classify EF and LF chicks. We also performed PCR analysis using K-specific gene primers to confirm the agreement between the phenotypes and genotypes of EF and LF chickens. In the results, the EF chicks had long primaries and coverts, and there was a significant difference in length between primaries and coverts. The LF chicks had shorter primaries and coverts than the EF chicks, and showed little difference in the length between primaries and coverts. LF chicks could be classified into four groups: LF-Less, LF-Scant, LF-Equal and LF-Reverse according to their wing feather patterns. EF chicks had 1.5 times longer primaries than LF chicks until they were 15-days old, but the lengths were almost the same at 50-days old. The tail feathers of the EF chicks were apparent at 5-days old, but those of the LF chicks were short and indefinite at that time. When EF and LF chicks were classified by the length of primaries being more or less than 9 mm, the classification accuracies for EF and LF chicks were 96.2% and 85.4%, respectively, compared to the PCR results. In conclusion, juvenile EF and LF KNC showed distinct differences in feather development and morphology, and could be easily distinguished at one day-old.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.232-246
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• 2018

The purpose of this research is to contribute to clinical researches on neck pain and cervical spondylosis by reviewing the latest research trends and evaluation tools through the analyses of clinical studies on neck pain and cervical spondylosis over the last 5 years. 70 papers satisfying the selection conditions among the RCT papers that had been searched as "neck pain" or "cervical spondylosis" at Pubmed(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed) from March 2011 to February 2016 were targeted. Papers were numbered in order of their publication dates and analyzed by classifying their contents into 1) pain classification, 2) treatment type, 3) treatment duration, 4) treatment time, 5) number of participants, 6) evaluation tools and methods of research, and 7) evaluation duration. 55 papers targeted chronic neck pain, 6 papers acute and subacute neck pain, and 2 papers subacute and chronic neck pain. In comparison by intervention, 43 papers corresponded to physical therapy, 3 papers to acupuncture, 1 to herbal fomentation, 5 to medication, and 18 papers corresponded to multilateral comparisons comparing the efficacy by various interventions. In research period, there were 50 papers based on treatment period, 16 papers based on the number of treatments, and 4 papers based on different periods depending on each group. In treatment duration, the cases from 1 month or more to less than 3 months were most, followed by the cases of less than 1 month, and the cases from 3 months or more to less than 6 months. In treatment frequency, the number of treatments of the treatment group was the same as that of the control group in 51 papers, and many treatments were conducted by the methods of acupuncture, manual therapy, and injection therapy in cases of once or twice of treatments, and physical therapy and electroacupuncture corresponded mainly to the cases from 3 times or more to less than 10 times of treatments, and retrospective observation and exercise programs corresponded mainly to the cases of more than 30 times of treatments. In the number of subjects of the researches, the cases from 50 or more to less than 100 were most, followed by the cases from 20 or more to less than 50. There were 7 evaluation tools cited 10 times or more: VAS, NRS, PPT, NDI, NPQ, CROM, and SF-36. In evaluation period, 37 papers evaluated only during the treatment period, and 33 papers conducted follow-up. In follow-up period, the cases of less than 3 months were most, followed by the cases from 6 months or more to less than 1 year, and the cases from 3 months or more to less than 6 months. When planning clinical researches on cervical pain in the future, appropriate intervention methods, frequency and duration of treatment, period of follow-up, appropriate number of subjects and selection of evaluation tools for objective validity will have to be considered. In addition, randomization, double-blind, etc. will have to be considered for researches with high basis level.

• The Journal of Dong Guk Oriental Medicine
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• v.9
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• pp.73-93
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• 2000

Shanghanlun principally dealt with the differentiation of 'The six channels'(Taiyang, Yangming, Shaoyang, Tayin, Shaoyin, Jueyin), summing up such rich experiences as diagnoses and remedies about an acute fever before the Han dynasty, and establishing the basis of the differentiation of symptoms and signs based on prescriptions. And making it a principle to think of both pulse and symptoms important, it made a more organic method of diagnoses which compounded a reason, ncle, prescriptions and drugs, and considerably contributed to the development of Diagnostics. Therefore, as a result of classifying the contents concerned with the differentiation of Shanghanlun through the pulse symptoms, which is a way of research about the field of pulse feeling, it provided us with somewhat knowledge. 1. The pulse symptoms corresponds with the latter classification on the pulse symptoms. That is why, it seems, the traditional concept, which regarded the pulse and the symptoms as the basis of the differentiation and established the principle of the differentiation of symptoms and signs based on prescriptions, largely has an effect on the establishment of the latter pulse science. 2. The contents concerned with the pulse symptoms, including general principles and dicoction symptoms of each chapter, mounted up to 38%, and so the pulse symptoms informed that the pulse symptoms was the grounds of transformation and development, mechanism of differentiation of syndromes, advance or retreat of pathologic factors and application of drugs of each course of Shanghanlun. 3. Of pulse syndromes, there appeared Floating pulse most, and in addition there were also the high frequency of Yin pulse like Indistinctive pulse, Tense pulse, Deep pulse, and so on. 4. Any regularity between the pulse syndrome and the abdominal syndrome cannot be found.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.27 no.3 s.62
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• pp.359-372
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• 1997

This study was conducted to discern differences of craniofacial, dentoalveolar structure and model measurements between sex and between class n openbite group and non-openbite group. The sample consisted of 49 adult patients with class Il malocclusion. 24 linear measurements, 22 angular measurements and 12 ratios were selected in lateral cephalometry. Also, arch width, length, anterior crowding, average molar relation were measured or calculated in diagnostic model. The data were evaluated by t-test and multiple discriminant analysis. The results were as follows, 1. Most linear measurements, with the exception of MnBL and AUDH, were significantly larger in male(p<0.05). but, intermaxillary relations and spatial position of maxilla and mandible relative to cranial base were not different for both sex. 2. With the exception of upper and lower anterior crowding, lower arch width, upper arch length, AMR, male exhibited significantly larger measurements in model analysis (p<0.05). 3. Size differences of maxilla and mandible between openbite and non-openbite group were not significant(p>0.05). but openbite group showed significantly increased genial angle(p<0.05), FH-CoGo(p<0.01), FH-NA(p<0.01) and FH-NB, FH-NPog (p<0.05). 4. ALFH and PUDH were larger(p<0.05) in openbite group. this result served as compensation for the spatial position of mandible relative to cranial base. AUPUDH (p<0.001) and ALPLDH(p<0.05) were lower in openbite group. upper anterior crowding was the only measurement which showed difference between openbite and non-openbite group(p<0.05). 5. For the purpose of classifying adult class n openbite and non-openbite group, multiple discriminant analysis was done genial angle, ALPLDH, AUPUDH, FH-NA were included in multiple discriminant equation. 39 cases($92.86\%$) were correctly classified when applied to the sample used in this study.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.35-63
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• 1991

Currently, Korea's banking industry holds a sizable amount of non-performing loans which stem from the government-led bailout of many troubled firms in the 1980s. Although this burden was somewhat relieved with the aid of banks' recapitalization in the booming securities market between 1986-88, the insolvent credits still resulted in low profitability in the banking sector and have been detrimental to the progress of financial liberalization and internationalization. This paper surveys the corporate bailout experiences of major advanced countries and Korea in the past and derives a rationale for readjustment measures against non-performing loans, in which rescue plans depend on the nature of the financial system. Considering the features of Korea's financial system and the banking sector's recent performance, it discusses possible means of liquidation in keeping with the rationale. The conflict of interests among parties involved in non-performing loans is widely known as one of the major constraints in writing off the loans. Specifically, in the case of Korea, the government's excessive intervention in allocating credits has preempted the legitimate role of the banking sector, which now only passively manages its past loans, and has implicitly confused private with public risk. This paper argues that to minimize the incidence of insolvent loan readjustment, the government's role should be reduced and that the correspondent banks should be more active in the liquidation process, through the market mechanism, reflecting their access to detailed information on the troubled firms. One solution is that banks, after classifying the insolvent loans by the lateness or possibility of repayment, would swap the relatively sound loans for preferred stock and gradually write off the bad ones by expanding the banks' retained earnings and revaluing the banks' assets. Specifically, the debt-equity swap can benefit both creditors and debtors in the sense that it raises the liquidity and profitability of bank assets and strengthens the debtor's financial structure by easing the debt service burden. Such a creditor-led or market-led solution improves the financial strength and autonomy of the banking sector, thereby fostering more efficient resource allocation and risk sharing.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.677-692
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• 2005

The assessment of sodium intake is complex because of the variety and nature of dietary sodium. This study intended to develop a dish frequency questionnaire (DFQ) for estimating the habitual sodium intake and a short DFQ for screening subjects with high or low sodium intake. For DFQ112, one hundred and twelve dish items were selected based on the information of sodium content of the one serving size and consumption frequency. Frequency of consumption was determined through nine categories ranging from more than 3 times a day to almost never to indicate how often the specified amount of each food item was consumed during the past 6 months. One hundred seventy one adults (male: 78, female: 93) who visited hypertension or health examination clinic participated in the validation study. DFQ55 was developed from DFQ112 by omitting the food items not frequently consumed, selecting the dish items that showed higher sodium content per one portion size and higher consumption frequency. To develop a short DFQs for classifying subjects with low or high sodium intakes, the weighed score according to the sodium content of one protion size was given to each dish item of DFQ25 or DFQ14 and multiplied with the consumption frequency score. A sum index of all the dish items was formed and called sodium index (Na index). For validation study the DFQ112, 2-day diet record and one 24-hour urine collection were analyzed to estimate sodium intakes. The sodium intakes estimated with DFQ112 and 24-h urine analysis showed $65\%$ agreement to be classified into the same quartile and showed significant correlation (r=0.563 p<0.05). However, the actual amount of sodium intake estimated with DFQ112 (male: 6221.9mg, female: 6127.6mg) showed substantial difference with that of 24-h urine analysis (male: 4556.9mg, female: 5107.4mg). The sodium intake estimated with DFQ55 (male: 4848.5mg, female: 4884.3mg) showed small difference from that estimated with 24-h urine analysis, higher proportion to be classfied into the same quartile and higher correlation with the sodium intakes estimated with 24-h urine analysis and systolic blood pressure. It seems DFQ55 can be used as a tool for quantitative estimation of sodium intake. Na index25 or Na index14 showed $39\~50\%$ agreement to be classified into the same quartile, substantial correlations with the sodium intake estimated with DFQ55 and significant correlations with the sodium intake estimated with 24-h urine analysis. When point 119 for Na index25 was used as a criterion of low sodium intake, sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value was $62.5\%,\;81.8\%\;and\;53.2\%$, respectively. When point 102 for Na index14 was used as a criterion of high sodium intake, sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value were $73.8\%,\;84.0\%,\;62.0\%$, respectively. It seems the short DFQs using Na index 14 or Na index25 are simple, easy and proper instruments to classify the low or high sodium intake group.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.237-257
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• 2005

It was to study as a following-research of "A Case Study on Center of Gravity(COG) Analysis when Performing Uchimata(inner thigh reaping throw) by Posture and Voluntary Resistance Levels(VRL) of Uke in Judo[I]". The purpose of this study was to analyze the COG variables when performing uchimata(inner thigh reaping throw) by two postures and voluntary resistance levels(VRL) of uke(reciver) in Judo. The subjects, who were one male judoka(YH) for 1992 Barcelona Olympic Games Olympian(silver medalist), and one male trainee; Y.I.University representative member (SDK), and were filmed on two S-VHS 16mm video cameras(60fields/sec.) through 3-dimensional motion analysis methods, that postures of uke were shizenhontai (straight natural posture) and jigohontai(straight defensive posture), VRL of uke were 0% and 100%, respectively. The kinematical variable was COG variable, distance of COG, and distance of resultant COG between uke and tori(the thrower), velocity and acceleration of COG. The data of this study collection were digitized by SIMI Motion Program computed the mean values and the standard deviation calculated for each variables. When performing uchinmata according to each posture and VRL of uke and classifying. From the data analysis and discussion, the conclusions were as follows : 1. Displacement of COG Subject YH, COG was the highest in kuzushi(balance -breaking), vertical COG was low when following in tsukuri(positioning; set-up), kake(application; execution), and COG was pattern of same character each postures and resistance, respectively. Subject SDK, COG was low from kumikata(engagement positioning) to kake, and COG was that each postures and resistance were same patterns, respectively. Subject YH, SDK, each individual, postures and resistance, vertical COG was the lowest in kake phase, when performing. 2. Distance of COG between uke and tori The distance of COG between uke and tori when performing, subject YH was $0.64{\sim}0.70cm$ in kumikata, $0.19{\sim}0.28cm$ in kake, and SDK was $0.68{\sim}0.72cm$ in kumikata, $0.30{\sim}0.42\;cm$ in kake. SDK was wider than YH. 3. Distance of resultant COG between uke and tori The distance of resultant COG between uke and tori when performing, subject YH was $0.27{\sim}0.73cm$ from kumikata to kake. and SDK was $0.14{\sim}0.34cm$ in kumikata, $0.28{\sim}0.65cm$ in kake. Jigohontai(YH:$0.43{\sim}0.73cm$,SDK:$0.59{\sim}0.65cm$) was more moved than shizenhontai(YH:$0.27{\sim}0.53cm$, SDK: $0.28{\sim}\;0.34cm$). 4. Velocity of COG The velocity of COG when performing uchimata, subject YH was fast anterior-posterior direction in kuzushi, ant.-post. and vertical direction fast in tsukuri and kake. SDK was lateral, ant.-post. and vertical direction in kuzushi, ant.-post. and vertical direction in tsukuri and ant.-post. direction in take, respectively. 5. Acceleration of COG The acceleration of COG when performing uchimata, The trend of subject YH was showed fast vertical direction in kuzushi and tsukuri, ant.-post. and vertical direction fast in kake. The trends of SDK showed lateral direction in kuzushi, lateral and ant.-post. direction in tsukuri and ant.-post. direction in kake, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.59-77
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• 1990

The purpose of this study was to provide the basic data for the effective health management of the industrial workers, by classifying factors influencing their perceived symptoms to examine their health status and identifying the inter' relationship of their perceived symptom with their working department. the environment of working area and their general characteristics. The study was undertaken from October 1 to November 30. 1989. The subjects were 999 workers who had worked in Industrial Corps located in Chungbuk Province. The results of this study were as follows: I . Worker's perceived symptoms were classified according to the following eight factors; 1) musculo - skeletal symptoms of shoulder, neck, back and arm 2) optical symptoms 3) symptoms in head(such as headache and dull) 4) musculo - skeletal symptoms of leg and lower back 5) gastro - intestinal symptoms 6) mental symptoms. 7) neural symptoms 8) lung and heart symptoms II . The degrees of workers' perception of perceived symptoms; Mean score of perceived symptoms:7.0 The rank of degrees of perceived symptoms: The highest:musculo - skeletal symptoms of shoulder, neck, back, and arm The second:optical symptoms The third:musculo - skeletal symptoms of leg and lower back The fourth:mental symptoms the fifth:gastro-intestinal symptoms m . Analysis of the inter-relationship of perceived symptoms with working department, environment of working area and general characteristics; 1) sexuality The difference of degrees of perceived symptoms was significant;femanle was higher than male(P<0.000). 2) level of education The difference of degrees of perceived symptoms according to the level of education was significant; The higher the level of education, the higher the degree. 3) working department The working department played a significant part in the degrees of perceived symptoms of workers; Workers of assembling department:musculo-skeletal symptoms both of shoulder. neck, back and arm and of leg and lower back(P<0.000). Workers of inspection department:optical symptoms(P<0.05). Office workers:mental symptoms(P<0.05). 4) kinds of job The difference of the degrees of perceived symptoms according to kinds of job was significant; Workers dealing with chemical materials and workers dealing with job with high tension:gastro-intestinal symptoms and symptoms in head. Workers dealing with weighty things or working a long time with the same posture:musculo-skeletal symptoms both of shoulder, neck, back and arm and of lower back(P<0.000). 5) working posture The difference of the degrees of perceived symptoms related with working posture was significant; Sitting:optical symptoms(P<0.0000) and symptoms in head(P<0.005) Standing:musculo-skeletal symptoms of leg and lower back(P<0.0000). 6) satisfaction with their own duty The more dissatisfien they were. the higher became the degrees of their perceived symptoms(P<0.0001). 7) satisfaction with their working condition The more dissatisfied with their working condition they were, the higher became the degrees of their perceived symptoms(P<0.001). 8) environment of working area The environment of working area played a significant part in the degrees of perceived symptoms of workers; Workers exposed to most of the factors of the environment of working area were higher than those not exposed in the degrees of musculoskeletal symptoms. Workers in the noisy environment:optican symptoms(P<0.000), symptoms in head(P<0.005). Workers in the damp environment:optical symptoms(P<0.005) and lung and heart symptoms(P <0.01). Workers with illumination problem:optical symptoms(P<0.000), mental symptoms(P<0.005) and neural symptoms(P<0.01). Workers with ventilation problem:optical symptoms and lung and heart symptoms(P<0.001)

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.431-437
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• 2004

This research reviewed the objects of 384 persons (male:86, female:298) from 6 to 50 years old visited the S. Optical shop at Mokpo over two times from Mar. 2002 to Feb. 2004. We obtained the following results by analyzing the visual acuity prescription to keeping at S. Optical shop. 1. The abnormal refraction eyes were 191 persons(49.74%) for simple myopia, 2 persons(0.52%) for myopic simple astigmatism, 180 persons(46.88%) for myopic compound astigmatism, and 1 person(0.26%) for simple hyperopia, 2 persons(0.52%) for hyperopic simple astigmatism, 8 persons(2.08%) for hyperopic compound astigmatism, respectively. 2. Classifying of correction power for 373 persons (male:84, female:289) myopia, so that showed 166 persons(male:36, female) between $$0.25D{\leq_-}2.00D$$, 194 persons(male:46, female:148) between $$2.25D{\leq_-}6.00D$$, 13 persons(male:2, female:11) for over 6.250 respectively. 3. According to the kinds of 192 persons astigmatism subjects(male:53, female:148), direct astigmatism was 145 persons(male:32, female:113), oblique astigmatism 33 persons (male:12, female:21), reverse astigmatism 14 persons(male:5, female:9). 4. The variation of spherical power for myopia showed 299 persons(male:71, female:228) between $$0.00D{\leq_-}0.50D$$, 64 persons(male:11, female:53) between $$0.51D{\leq_-}1.00D$$, 9 persons(male:2, female:7) between $$1.01D{\leq_-}1.50D$$, 1 person(male:0, female:1) between $$1.51D{\leq_-}2.00D$$ variation respectively. Hyperopia showed 8 persons(male:1, female:7) between $$0.00D{\leq_-}0.50D$$, 3 persons(male:1, female:2) between $$0.51D{\leq_-}1.00D$$ variation respectively. 5. The variation of astigmatism power showed 181 persons(male:48 female:113) between $$0.00D{\leq_-}0.25D$$, 25 persons(male:9, female:16) between $$0.26D{\leq_-}0.50D$$, 6 persons(male:0, female:6) between $$0.51D{\leq_-}0.75D$$ astigmatism variation respectively.