• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.94-100
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyze the clinical features of distal tibia fractures and to evaluate the treatment outcomes of minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO). Materials and Methods: From January 2004 to December 2009, 84 cases of 81 patients treated with plate fixation for distal tibia fracture were enrolled in this retrospective review. We investigated age, sex, injury mechanism, fracture patterns, and complications, and the clinical features were analyzed. To evaluate the treatment outcomes of MIPO, we divided into two groups. MIPO group consisted of 55 patients were treated with MIPO technique and conventional group consisted of 18 patients were treated with open reduction and internal fixation with conventional anterolateral plating. The results were compared between two groups by assessing bony union time, operation time, amount of blood loss, range of ankle motion, clinical score by American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score, and post-operative complications. Results: The mean age of 81 patients with distal tibia fracture was 54.8 years. According to AO classification, A1:2:3 were 16, 20, 16 patients, B1:2:3 were 2, 8, 7, C1:2:3 were 1, 3, 11 patients. According to injury mechanism, slip down injury was patients, traffic accident was 26, fall from height injury was 14 patients respectively. The type A fractures were lower energy trauma and more older patients. The type C fractures were higher energy trauma and younger patients. MIPO group was better than conventional group in operative time, blood loss, bony union time, and ankle joint motion. In complications, MIPO group showed no nonunion and infection, one malunion, one skin necrosis, nine skin irritations, and one screw breakage. Conventional group showed two nonunion, four infections, two skin necrosis, and one metal failure. Conclusion: Distal tibial fractures caused by low energy trauma were on the increase. Minimal invasive plate osteosynthesis was shorter bony union time and operation time, less blood loss, and larger ankle motions than conventional open reduction and plate fixation.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.205-215
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• 2002

This study investigated the compressive fracture strength of Targis ceromer crown by the difference of occlusal thickness on a maxillary first premolar. Control group was a castable IPS-Empress all-ceramic crown with occlusal thickness of 1.5 mm constructed by layered technique. Experimental groups were Targis crowns having different occlusal thicknesses of 1.0 mm, 1.5 mm, 2.0 mm, 2.5 mm, respectively. The classification of Targis group is T10, T15, T20, T25 and T15N (for no-thermocycling and occlusal thickness of 1.5mm). Ten samples were tested per each group. Except occlusal thickness, all dimension of metal die is same with axial inclination of $10^{\circ}$and marginal width 0.8mm chamfer. All crowns were cemented with Panavia F and thermocycled 1,000 times between $5^{\circ}$ and $55^{\circ}$ water bath with 10 sec dwelling time and 10 sec resting time. The compressive fracture strength was measured by universal testing machine. The results were as follows : 1. Fracture strength was increased as the occlusal thickness increased : compressive fracture strength of Group T10, T15, T20, T25 was $66.65{\pm}4.88kgf$, $75.04{\pm}3.01kgf$, $87.07{\pm}7.06kgf$ and $105.03{\pm}10.56kgf$, respectively. 2. When comparing material, Targis crown had higher fracture strength than IPS-Empress crown : the mean compressive strength of group T15 was $75.04{\pm}3.01kgf$ and the value of group Control was $37.66{\pm}4.28kgf$. 3. Fracture strength was decreased by thermocycling : the compressive fracture strength of T15 was $75.04{\pm}3.01kgf$, which is lower than $90.69{\pm}6.88kgf$ of group T15N. 4. The fracture line of crowns began at the loading point and extended along long axis of tooth. IPS-Empress showed adhesive failure pattern whereas Targis had adhesive and cohesive failure. In the SEM view, stress was distributed radially from loading point and the crack line was more prominent on Targis crown.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.35 no.11
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• pp.51-62
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• 2019

In this study, a simple method to estimate the soil water content variation in a wide area was proposed using hyperspectral near-infrared images. The reflectance data of a sand, granite soils, and a kaolinite were measured by reflecting the soil samples with different wavelengths in the visible and near-infrared (VNIR) regions using hyperspectral cameras. The measured reflectances and parameters were used to build a water content prediction model using the Partial Least Square Regression (PLSR) analysis. In the water content prediction model, the Area of Reflectance (Near-infrared, NIR) parameter was the most suitable parameter to determine the water content. The parameter was applicable regardless of the soil type, as the coefficient of determination (R²) exceeded 0.9 for each soil sample. Additionally, the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) was less than 15% when compared with the actual water content of the soil. Therefore, the predictability of water content variation for soils with water content lower than 50% was confirmed. Accordingly through this study, the predictability of water content variation in several soil types using the hyperspectral near-infrared images was confirmed. For further development, a model that incorporates soil classification would be required to improve the accuracy of the model and to predict higher range of water contents.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.139-145
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• 2015

Modular construction is combined with manufacturing production process and conventional construction industry technique. Considering characteristic of modular construction production process, manufacturing facilities require indirect costs for utilities, equipment, and overall maintenance, which can affect modular units pricing. However, current modular construction cost classification is inadvertent to reflect the manufacturing overhead costs, because it is generally added as a percentage to sum of labor, material and equipment as it called in single cost pool used. This process is easy to estimate the total construction cost at the project starting points, but it brings on misunderstanding of project profit estimations by "cross subsidization phenomenon". To prevent this situation, in this research aims to provide modular construction overhead cost handling process at the detailed indirect cost calculation for manufacturing stage using Activity-Based Costing as one of the powerful method for overhead costs estimation and allocation. Using this research results, modular construction cost estimators have more detailed cost information of modular units and prevent to misallocate indirect costs. Also, it can be utilized to aid the understanding of the company's profit structure.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.81 no.4
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• pp.310-319
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• 1992

Vegetational data obtained from 24 quadrats of Mt. Paekdu area were analysed by applying two multivariate methods : two-way indicator species analysis(TWIMSPAN) for classification and detrended canonical correspondence analysis(DCCA) for ordination. DCCA technique allowed to extract the ordination axes that could be related to 9 environmental factors. The dominant tree species distributed in the region between 1,700-1,950m from sea level were Betula ermanii, Larix olgensis, Abies nephrolepis, and Picea jezoensis in descending order. The dominant tree species distributed in the region between 1.300-1.500m were Abies nephrolepis, Pinus koraiensis, Larix olgensis, Betula mandshurica, and Picea jezoensis in descending order. The available phosphorus content in forest soil ranged from 7 to 1.153ppm. The distribution of the major communities showed a close relationship with elevation gradient. From high to low elevation, the communities of Alnus fruticosa var. mandshurica, Betula ermanii, Larix olgensis, Abies nephrolepis, Picea jezoensis, Pinus koraiensis, and Quercus mongolica were found in descending order. At the communities where Betula ermanii was dominant, Betula ermanii forest was distributed in the high elevation area, Betula ermanii-Larix olgensis forest in the good nutrition of organic matter and $K^+$, and Abies nephrolepis forest in the good nutrition of $Mg^{{+}{+}}$ and $Ca^{{+}{+}}$. The most dominant factor influencing community distribution was elevation.

• Archives of design research
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.241-252
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• 2003

Currently while a phase of the Internet as an advertising media is firm, and Internet advertisement utilization of a company rises, and the consumers contact with various Internet advertisements. A lot of Internet advertisements of various forms made with new technology to develop rapidly are executed and will disappear again. Now, It is necessary to classify various types of the Internal advertisement which was made by a sharp environment change, and was tested of the last ten years and to classify expression techniques systematically. At the same time, we have to check a development direction of domestic Internet advertisement and trend. It is a point of time that Internet advertisement must be designed in a macroscopic dimension like the four medium advertisement by an advertisement strategy and an expression strategy. In this paper, first I classified a type of domestic Internet advertising into marketing, an advertisement purpose, an expression form, manufacture technology, and an express on method systematically in five sides so far And I tried to consider the form and characteristics. By next time, while examine change of internet marketing paradigm, I checked trend of recently domestic Internet advertising in accord to a change of consumer's use tendency and a change of Internet advertisement manufacture technology, and tried to consider the development course in the marketing side, the manufacture technical side, and the creative side. Finally, I wish to propose necessity of expression strategy establishment to promote development of the interactive advertisement technique that considered the creative side in order to raise an effect of Internet advertisement.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.289-298
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• 1992

Acanthamoeba sap., free-living amoebae inhabited in moist soil, pond, freshwater, sewage, atmosphere and swimming pool, may be causative protozoa of the fatal primary amoebic meningoence-phalitis in experimental animals and humans. In this study, Acar,thamoeba spry. , including Acan. thamoeba sp. YM-4 (isolated strain from Korea) had been compared by the two-dimensional electrophoresis and hybridoma technique as well as the difference of morphological characteristics. Trophozoite of Acenthamoeba sp. YM-4 is usually uninucleate and show the hyaline filamentous projections (acanthopoda) . No aagellate stage observed. Cysts have two walls, the outer wall is nearly circular, but inner wall is oval or some irregular. As results of SDS-PAGE for Iysate of Acanthamoeba sp. VM-4, 16 major protein fractions are similiar to those of A. cuzbertsoni, but different to A. royreba and A. polyphaga. Findings of two-dimensional electrophoretic patterns of Acanthamceba sp. YM-4 are almost same to those of A. culberssoni, The isotope of monoclonal antibodies produced from McAY 6, McAY 7, McAY 8, McAY 13 and McAY 16 clones were IgGl, and McAY 10 and McAY 11 clones were IsM. As results of the cross-reactivity among various amoebae using ELISA with monoclonal antibodies, McAY 7 monoclonal antibody (molecular weight 43 kDa by EITB) was only reacted with Acanthamoeba sp. YM-4, but McAY 6 and McAY 10 monoclonal antibodies were reacted to A. cuzbertsoni as well as Acanthamoeba sp. YM-4.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.36
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• pp.293-316
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• 2013

Today's high-rise buildings are increasing concern about the safety and evacuation of people related to the fire and threat from outside. Terrorism breaking out in high-rise buildings, a symbol of the national economy results in a number of casualties, economic loss, social fear and damage to national status. That's why high-rise building has also emerged as a target of major terrorist attacks, compared to other types of buildings. We have 54 high-rise buildings in 15 regions over the country. The Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport and Seoul Metropolitan Government have offered the guidelines to prevent terrorist attacks toward high-rise buildings. Since the 9/11 terrorist attacks, the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) has developed and taken advantage of the Risk Management Manual Series. According to this manual, pre-assessment is conducted for the prevention of terrorism and particularly in FEMA 455, risk of the surrounding areas, vulnerability, possibility from terrorist attacks are checked. After the check, experts classify the risk of terrorist attacks toward the high-rise buildings and according to the risk classification, architects, security experts and structure engineers can carry out terrorism prevention program for high-rise buildings. The U.K. NaCTSO has also offered the terrorism prevention guidelines. Therefore, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport and Seoul Metropolitan Government should make more concrete guidelines for high-rise buildings such as what U.S. FEMA and U.K. NaCTSO implement, including prior evaluation technique for terrorism risk.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.87-99
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• 2011

In the 18th century, Xu Lingtai (徐靈胎) and Yoshimasu Todo (吉益東洞) were medical revolutionaries. They emphasized researches about synthesis of formulae, efficacy of medication and observation and then classification of clinical phenomena, so they assumed a modern scientific character. But, there were clear differences between their academic thoughts. In this paper, we examine the causes of difference in three fields, i.e. traditional culture, viewpoints of talented people and academic personality. The first, difference was due to traditional culture. Chinese medicine has a long history and heavy traditional culture. Yin-Yang (陰陽) theory, Five Phase(五行) theory, Viscera and Bowels (臟腑) theory and Meridian and Collateral (經絡) theory stemmed from everyday practice, and Chinese people learn these theories from experience and observation. From the standpoint of Chinese people, particularly scholarly doctors [儒醫] such as Xu Lingtai, it was easy to debate medical theories. In contrast, Japanese traditional culture didn't have as long a history as China. Thus as a necessity, it was harder to disseminate traditional Chinese medicine theories in Japan. Yoshimasu Todo simplified it by cutting out the superfluous traditional Chinese medicine theory, so at that time it must have been shocking to the Japanese medical world's trends. The second, difference was due to viewpoints of talented experts. From the standpoint of Xu Lingtai, above all, medicine is just a learning, only a kind of technique, even more not a means of living. Xu Lingtai was concerned with the appearance of very talented experts such as 'great man' (偉人), and 'exceptional man' (奇士) who carried out medical research. Instead of cultivating a few talented people, Yoshimasu Todo tried to produce a large number of clinicians quickly who could treat ordinary people. The third was due to personality difference. As Xu Lingtai threw away Confucianism and studied medicine in his youth, although he had a critical attitude, he was always mild-mannered. Yoshimasu Todo always had a clearly critical and rebellious nature. Personality influenced their literary spirit and learning style, so although both advocated reactionism, the academic thought of Xu Lingtai was reformative and mild, while that of Yoshimasu Todo was revolutionary and fierce. Xu Lingtai and Yoshimasu Todo had considerably similar research domains and academic thought, so it is proper for them both to serve as examples for making a comparative study of medical history in China and Japan in 18th century.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.11 no.8
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• pp.99-106
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to find out whether image similarity between celebrities and brands on social network service be a determinant to predict advertising effectiveness. To this end, an advertising effect prediction model for celebrity endorsed advertising was created and its validity was verified through a machine learning method which is a big data analysis technique. Firstly, the celebrity-brand image similarity, which was used as an independent variable, was quantified by the association network theory with social big data, and secondly a multiple regression model which used data representing advertising effects as a dependent variable was repeatedly conducted to generate an advertising effect prediction model. The accuracy of the prediction model was decided by comparing the prediction results with the survey outcomes. As for a result, it was proved that the validity of the predictive modeling of advertising effects was secured since the classification accuracy of 75%, which is a criterion for judging validity, was shown. This study suggested a new methodological alternative and direction for big data-based modeling research through celebrity-brand image similarity structure based on social network theory, and effect prediction modeling by machine learning.