• 대순사상논총
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• 제32집
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• pp.109-136
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• 2019

본 연구는 강증산의 개벽사상을 문명론적 관점으로 살펴보는 것을 목적으로 한다. 한말 개화기 동아시아 문명권의 위축과 물질문명을 앞세운 서구 열강의 동점은 문명적 충격 속에서 새로운 문명전환을 촉발하는 동인으로 작용했다. 척사파와 개화파와 다르게 근대한국 개벽종교 역시 서구 근대에 대한 구체적인 대응과 새로운 문명론을 제시하는 등 개벽파의 일정한 흐름으로 이어졌다. 특히 강증산은 차별과 억압에 저항하여 조화문명과 상생문명을 제시했으며, 이성 중심의 서구적 근대를 비판하면서 신인공공(神人公共) 문명을 제시했다. 증산은 서구 근대문명이 확산하는 과정에서 당시의 상하 귀천, 남녀차별, 정치부패, 지배층의 착취와 외세의 침략 등 사회 내외의 사회모순 속에서 신음하던 민중들에게 새 문명의 건설을 선언했다. 증산은 물질 중심주의와 인간소외 등을 비판하고 그러한 병폐들로부터 민중들을 구제하는 제생의세 실천으로 이어졌고 개벽을 주장했다. 이것은 묵은 하늘에 대한 청산을 통한 새 하늘 선언이며, 조화와 통합, 살림을 지향하는 새 문명을 건설하려는 노력의 표출이었다. 증산이 지향한 새로운 문명은 상생의 도에 의해 운행되는 사회이고, 인간이 신과 같은 존귀한 존재로 대접받는 인존의 시대로 집약된다. 증산이 구상한 새로운 문명은 동서양의 사상과 문명을 통합하는 조화문명((調和文明)이며, 신인공공(神人公共)의 문명이었다. 또한, 증산의 삶은 민중들의 삶을 구제해 주기 위한 제생의세(濟生醫世)의 삶이었다. 이후 무극도·태극도의 상생 운동 역시 증산이 지향한 문명 건설을 위한 노력이었다.

• 대순사상과 동아시아종교
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.31-56
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• 2022

Haewon-sangsaeng is a key idea of Daesoon Jinrihoe, which, as Professor Bae Kyuhan points out, "… has broad applications." Haewon-sangsaeng is not only congenial to Chinese Harmonism, but it also enriches this concept. However, many scholars understand Haewon-sangsaeng in a relatively narrow scope. For them, Haewon-sangsaeng is confined to pertaining only to human relationships. For example, Don Baker, the author of Korean Spirituality, states that "Haewon means relieving the resentment human beings past and present have felt because they were treated unfairly". Sangsaeng refers to "a spirit of mutual aid and cooperation" rather than "the spirit of competition and conflict that has dominated the human community up to the present day". This article argues that Haewon-sangsaeng not only has religio-ethical implications, but ecological implications as well. Specifically, it has relevance for the goal of creating an ecological civilization that aims at the harmony of humans and nature. In other words, Haewon-sangsaeng can be both "expanded for the global peace and the harmony of all humanity" and can be expanded for healing the relationship between humans and nature, including human beings and viruses. In order not to risk being "the first Earth species knowingly to choose self-extinction", an Ecological Civilization is urgently needed before it's too late. Alone with Chinese Harmonism, Haewon-sangsaeng can make great contributions to the cause of ecological civilization by transcending anthropocentrism, individualism, and the worship of competition as root causes of the predicaments faced by modern civilization.

• 중국학논총
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• 제63호
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• pp.251-273
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• 2019

China in the sixteenth century was exposed to various problems, and the surrounding nations were growing as potential threats by building up their powers and forming an unstable political state by losing control of civilization in politics, economy, knowledge, ideas and ideas. Especially, Mateo Ricci's knowledge and ideas were enough to attract the Chinese knowledge society. However, the influx of Western astronomy and world maps was not only a substitute for the notion of heaven and earth of Chinese tradition, but it destroyed all the knowledge and ideology of China, the foundation of political power and knowledge power. It transformed China in the center of the world into China in some parts of the world. It also brought about a great change in the civilization map of culture and savagery. As a result, the relationship between 'center and periphery', 'civilization and barbarians' could not be established, and the title of Chinese as a unique and exclusive civilization could no longer be maintained.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.7-16
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• 2017

One of the essential characteristics of Lewis Mumford's architectural criticism is the coherent emphasis on symbolism. Such emphasis stems from his understanding of city and humanity in the context of civilization: first, that the architecture symbolizes institutions of urban civilization; second, that the technical aspect of human nature should be balanced with its artistic aspects. Mumford believed that each architectural type requires an appropriate symbolic expression corresponding to its purpose and that a new symbolic expression, in a new cultural context, should replace the conventional expression. He took symbolism for an intuitional expression, and read multi-layered meanings of architecture: 'practical function' by way of rational reason and 'symbolic function' by way of intuition. He pursued a balance between practicality and beauty to rectify the situation of modern civilization, in which symbolism, the expression of its intuitional aspect, is in crisis. Ultimately, for Mumford, the essential task of architectural critic is of the interpretation of symbolism, aiming at the correspondence and communication between the architect(artist)'s intuition and critic(interpreter)'s via the media of symbol. The critic can play some privileged role of interpreting even symbols unintended by the architect. The ideal architectural critic, after all, would be the one who is able to understand the city, technology and human beings in the perspective of civilization and to interpret the architect's artistic expression in its highest form through intuition. Mumford established himself as such a critic and evaluated the status of aesthetic accomplishment of his contemporary architecture and technological civilization, giving emphasis on the artistic practice in architecture as a solution.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.25-40
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• 2003

Since Korea open her ports to the West, she had undergone a great change under the alien influences both on the macro-social and micro-social aspects. This study aims to review the korean housing, corresponding with the everyday life, during the period of transition between the 1876 - 1910 and to interpret its process of modernization and the meaning of modernity. With regards to understand the holistic human relationship and place pf living through history, this study takes the Nobert Elias' Civilization Theory as a theoretical basis. References were therefore, made to various records of foreign missionary at the time, with respect not only to macro sociological changes but also to changes of everyday life. It is of course to take physical and structural aspects of housing architecture into consideration. These works, thus, led to presuming the housing culture of said period. In order to investigate modern character of korean housing, distinctively represented by spatial structure, considerations were made to various architectural examples according to the social and residential status both in urban and rural area. As a results, this paper came to the remarks as follows; 1. It is understood, that the process of modernization is a part of the process of civilization as synthetic process. It is integrated with the change of socio-cultural aspects and everyday life. 2. Korean housing in the said period shows various different residential status and grade of civilization according to the social status as well as economical status. Modern housing was not in general yet. 3. Housing for high classes and middle classes in Seoul shows a tendency of assimilation and imitation after western model. But some examples within the housing of high classes represent its own modernity, that is based on the rationalism and equalization 4. In the housing of lower classes, it was very far from the benefits of civilization. It could analogize from the immature control of disgrace, from undevelopment of individual territory and from uncultivation of rationality in the housing space.

• 융합보안논문지
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.107-116
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• 2013

세계의 곳곳에서 발생되고 있는 지역적인 분쟁은 새로운 양상으로 확산되고 있다. 민족과 문명, 종교적 이데올로기를 기반으로 한 지역 패권주의적 경향이 갈등의 요인으로 나타나고 있는 것이다. 이는 대물림되는 특성을 가지고 있으며, 문명 간의 충돌로 확산되고 있다. 특히 기독교권과 이슬람권의 대립과 갈등은 국제정치적 양상으로 표면화 되고 있으며, 인류안보에 위협요소로 다가서고 있다. 기독교 정신의 우월성을 주장하는 서구 신진국의 경우 인류의 구원과 세계평화라는 역사적 사명감을 가지고 비민주성, 인권, 여성의 권리, 저개발, 핵문제 등을 기독교의 정신과 연계하면서 후진문명으로 간주하고, 민주주의와 인권문제를 앞세워 서구식 발전모델을 강요하고 있다. 절대 일신교를 믿는 이슬람은 그 신(神)만을 주님으로 정해 '노예'가 되어 섬기겠다는 결의를 품고 있으며, 종교적 정치적 사회적 및 문화적 성격이 깊이 배어 있고, 지리적으로도 서로 밀접하게 인접하고 있어 집중성을 나타내는 정도가 다른 문명권에 비해 높게 나타나고 있다. 비폭력을 주장하는 이슬람의 교리가 '코란'과 '칼'이라는 폭력적 이미지로 알려지게 된 것은 문화 간 충돌에서 나타나는 무력적인 방법 때문이다. 오늘날 세계가 직면하고 있는 문명의 충돌은 종교적 갈등문제에서 비롯되고 있고, 이는 민족 간의 대립과 마찰로 나타난다. 특히, 기독교와 이슬람의 뿌리 깊은 종교적 대립은 아랍과 이스라엘의 생존권 다툼에서 비롯하여 기독교와 이슬람 간의 대립으로 확대되었다. 문명의 요인에 의한 테러의 발생과 확산은 역사적으로 증명되어 왔고, 현재에도 지구 곳곳에서 발생되고 있는 사실이다. 문명은 민족의 상징이며 종족의 정체성이기 때문이다.

• Korea-Australia Rheology Journal
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.175-184
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• 2008

Chemical engineering (ChE) was conceived at the close of the 19th century as a new discipline which was designed to support then the newly-emerging industries, oil and petrochemical, by supplying the competent engineers equipped with the pertinent engineering fundamentals and skills. It helped the said industries meet the various demands and ramifications of the new pattern of the human civilization spurred by the advent of automobile transportation at the turn of the 20th century. Now ChE once again is ready to fulfill its societal responsibility as probably the most important discipline and profession in sustaining the $21^{st}$ century human civilization providing the needed engineers (ChErs) and technologies. In this study, it is attempted to analyze the role of ChE and ChErs in this context, focusing on the macroeconomic connections embedded in the discipline that allow us to envision the big pictures of the 21st century civilization where the wellbeing of the mankind invariably hinges on five essential industries, i.e., medical, pharmaceutical, energy, environment and materials. It can be argued that ChE is the only discipline that can encompass simultaneously all those five industries indispensable to sustain the 21 st century human civilization that can be termed the era of "enjoy-healthy-living-longer". It is also believed that the historical mission ChE and ChErs are supposed to fulfill now is even bigger than that they took on a hundred years ago and subsequently accomplished with remarkable success in food, clothing, shelter and entertainment industries introducing various technological innovations. The macroeconomic viewpoints are called upon in this study as were in the 2006 article (Hyun, 2006) but focusing on ChE and ChErs this time to view the connections embedded in ChE as the essential components in understanding the historical nature of the role and responsibility of ChE and ChErs. The new paradigm for ChE is also pondered over together with the frequently-cited technology concepts such as IT, BT, NT, ET and ST which are regarded intimately germane to the characteristics and perspectives of the $21^{st}$ century civilization.

• 한국도서관정보학회지
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• 제9권
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• pp.115-144
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• 1982

In ordinary modern wester expression 'the Renaissance' was used to denote the impact made by dead Hellenism civilization in western Christendom, particularly Italian literary and artistic movement at Northern and central Italy in the late medieval period. However, A.J. Toynbee examined the renaissance from the different aspect of view. In his great work "A Study of History" in vol. IX, he succeeded in establishing the theory of historic civilization encounters in space and in time; and in time, civilization of the present and the past or between dead and infant successor contacts on the analogy of parenthood and sonship in the relation of A n.0, pparentation-and-Affiliation. The distinguished his view of 'Renaissance' was illustrated in the sense of encounters between a grown-up civilization and the 'ghost' of its long-dead predecessor. The renaissances (by the process of evocation of ghost of its parent society) has not only one single aspect of literary and artistic field but also in politics, law, science and philosophy, languages and literatures and visual arts, and religion. The main theme of this study is to examine the development of libraries and its historical meaning through Toynbee's literary renaissance. His renaissance of Languages and Literatures has three typical steps: They are: 1st step-to restive the dead literature's remains: 2nd step-to remaster their meaning: 3rd step-to reproduce them in counterfeits... Through its first and second steps, collecting and editing, annotating by compiling an anthology, thesaurus, lexicon or encyclopedia, and in its third step publishing mostly imitation of classics took place. Toynbee depicted the five outstanding eminent representatives of literary renaissance who had a n.0, ppeared on the state of history down to the time of writing. They are: Assurbanipal, Constantine prophyrogenitus, Yung Lo, K'ang Hsi, and Ch'ien Lung and the last four had all been emperors of imperia rediviva. As the result of the examination of these five emperors with three steps of literary renaissance, the common result may be summarized as follows: 1. Those emperors of imperia rediviva interested in intellectual work and study, they also were deeply involved in collecting classics in an ostensible reason. 2. There were strong political intention of collecting materials as an a n.0, ppeasement policy of civilization by transferring scholars energies to an intellectual field. 3. Under the rulers of a resuscitated universal state, the literary renaissance were a product of political plane and that the total size of collection and work were huge. 4. Since there were strong exercise of sovereign power, an active censorship by distortion and elimination was inevitable. 5. There existed newly developed strained atmosphere between grown-up and long-dead parent civilization, whenever the book collection movement had occurred. 6. Over adhesion to the parent civilization caused imitation of classic work and the creative activities were stagnated.stagnated.

• 한국항해학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.33-55
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• 1997

The European expansion in the later middle age, as Adam Smith stated, influenced greatly on development of the world history. In the various events of the European expansion the discovery of the New World by Christopher Columbus is very important because the effect of the discovery of the New World have still continued to the present. I have interested to find out the reason why the western civilization has seized on the hegemony of the world over other civilizations. As many scholars pointed out, the most distinguished difference between the western civilization and other civilizations is that the western civilization was maritime-oriented, while other civilization were continental-oriented. So I set up the maritime histoy on the theme of my study in order to ruminate upon meaning of the se-power that is one of the motivating forces to drive histoy. Maritime history is not simply about that is maritime affairs, but a branch of history that inquires into inter-relations between maritime affairs and inland affairs. Maritime history constitutes of history of naval war, history of shipping and history of marine development. As above reasons, I have interested the European expansion in the later middle age that maritime activity was the most vigorous in the history. This is a case study to compose maritime history.

• 대순사상과 동아시아종교
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.39-60
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• 2021

This essay analyzes the meaning of "modern civilization" and the ways it relates to religion conceived as a "The Fellowship of Daesoon Truth (Daesoon Jinrihoe)." We take the expression "Fellowship of Truth" in the broadest sense as indicative of a human companionship with the true nature of the Real. We therefore understand the term to be practically equivalent with the concept of "religion" as connoting the ideas of bond, relationship, debt, and duty toward the Ultimate Reality, toward fellow human beings, and toward the cosmos in general. On this basis, our intent is to assess the nature and limits of the relationship between religion as a fellowship of the Truth and the tenets of modern civilization. Within this overarching perspective, the case of Daesoon Jinrihoe is particularly significant and fruitful for two sets of reasons. Firstly, this is so because Daesoon is typically branded a "new religious movement" open to modernity while it is also true that at least some of its representatives are wary of the negative implications of the modern world. Secondly, the significance of a study of Daesoon in light of the notion of religion as a "The Fellowship of the Truth" lies in that it asserts being rooted in tradition, which raises the question of its relationship with modernity.