• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제42권3호
• /
• pp.278-290
• /
• 2009

제주재래종 감귤류 14종의 착즙액에 대해서 수확시기별 flavonoids 13종의 함량변화를 분석하고 항산화성을 검토하고자 하였다. 감귤착즙액의 flavonoids 함량은 수확시기가 늦어질 수록 큰 폭으로 감소하다가 4${\sim}$5차 채취기 이후 서서히 증가하는 경향을 보였다. Quercatagetin, narirutin, hesperidin, neohesperidin은 각각 지각 573.73 mg/100 mL, 사두감 393.99 mg/100 mL, 소유자 29.63 mg/100 mL, 지각 201. 23 mg/100mL으로 미숙과인 8월 하순에 가장 높았다. Polymethoxyflavone류 중 nobiletin, sinensetin, tangeretin은 홍귤에서 8월 하순에 각각 7.39 mg/100 mL, 2.24 mg/100 mL, 0.63 mg/100 mL으로 가장높았고, 다음으로 진귤이 많이 함유되어 있었다. 3,5,6,7,8,3',4'-Heptamethoxyflavone은 편귤에서 0.27 mg/100mL으로 가장 높았고, 3',4',7,8-tetramethoxyflavone, 3',4'-dimethoxyflavone, 4'-methoxyflavone, 5,6,7,3',4',5'-hexamethoxyflavone, scutellarein tetramethylether는 모든 품종에서 ND${\sim}$0.08 mg/100mL로 함량이 낮았다. 총 폴리페놀 함량은 대부분의 시료가 미숙과인 8월 하순에 가장 높았다가 11월까지 감소하다가 12월 하순부터 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 감귤착즙액의 전자공여능은 대체적으로 높은 것으로 나타났으나 flavonoids와 총폴리페놀 함량과의 상관관계는 높지 않은 경향을 보였고 당유자가 가장 높은 항산화활성을 나타내었다. 재래 감귤류 중 지각, 당유지는 quercetagetin이 다른 감귤류에 비해 월등히 높았고, polymethoxyflavone류인 nobiletin과 tangeretin은 미숙과인 홍귤과 진귤에서 함량이 높아 소재 개발로서 경쟁력이 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
• /
• 제18권5호
• /
• pp.1224-1229
• /
• 2009

The main objective of this study was to investigate possible application of citron (Citrus junos Sieb. ex TANAKA) seeds, which are massively produced as by-products during citron tea process, into functional food materials. First of all, citron seeds were germinated and produced citron shoots were examined for their functional properties. When contents of flavonoids in citron seeds and their germinated shoots were compared, naringenin, neohesperitin, and hesperitin were remarkably increased in shoots after germination while naringin and didymin were decreased. Concentrations of limonin and nomilin were decreased by germination otherwise their unidentified derivatives were newly formed. A methanol extract of citron shoot had lower $IC_{50}$ values [0.13 and 0.07 mg/mL for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) and ABTS, respectively] than citron seed extract in radical scavenging activities. Addition of 500 mg/mL of citron shoot extract suppressed fat accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes by 36.9%. Oral administration of olive oil along with citron shoot extract (33 mg/kg body weight) to Sprague Dawley rats effectively inhibited absorption of lipid into a body by decreasing blood triglyceride levels from 105.1 to 74.9 mg/dL 2 hr after olive oil administration. According to these results, citron shoot extract as a rich source of flavonoids can be utilized for functional food ingredients with effective antioxidant and anti-adipogenic properties.

• 펄프종이기술
• /
• 제42권5호
• /
• pp.47-53
• /
• 2010

It is important to utilize the citrus sludge in terms of the reuse of waste materials in the manufacture of corrugated medium. Especially, the mandarin industry occupies the first place in Jeju province. In this paper, the application of citrus sludge mixed with KOCC recycled fibers into the manufacture of corrugated medium was studied. The citrus sludge was acidic in pH value. Also, the constituents of citrus sludge contain some short fibers, fines, and mucus which contain flavonoids, pectins and so on. In papermaking application, these components cause some troubles like foams, bad smell, fouling on the paper machine, and bad drainage and web breaks of wet web. The strength properties of handsheets prepared from KOCC and citrus sludge was decreased, compare to handsheets made of only KOCC. To compensate the problems on strength properties, some kinds of additives were tried to apply into papermaking wet-end system in laboratory scale. As a result, mixing conditions of alum, starch and anionic additives showed the best options in the recovery of strength properties and formations of corrugated medium.

• 분석과학
• /
• 제14권4호
• /
• pp.340-348
• /
• 2001

감귤류와 한국산 청피에 함유된 glycosided flavonoids (naringenin, naringin, narirutin, hesperidin, hesperetin)를 HPLC, UV, 그리고 NMR로 분리하고 분석하였다. Glycosided flavonoids의 함량을 감귤종류와 성숙도에 따라 비교하였다. 청피의 주성분을 hesperidin이었고, narirutin, hesperetin도 상당량 들어있었다. 지실의 주성분은 naringin, narirutin, naringenin이었고, 지각의 주성분은 narirutin, hesperidin이었다. 밀감과 오렌지의 주성분은 narirutin, hesperidin이었으며, glycosided flabonoids의 함량은 감귤의 성숙도에 따라 감소하였다.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
• /
• 제21권3호
• /
• pp.208-220
• /
• 2016

The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of juice powders from sweet orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck], unshiu mikan (Citrus unshiu Marcow), and mini tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), and their major flavonoids, hesperidin, narirutin, and rutin in tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP)-induced oxidative stress in HepG2 cells. The increased reactive oxygen species and decreased glutathione levels observed in t-BHP-treated HepG2 cells were ameliorated by pretreatment with juice powders, indicating that the hepatoprotective effects of juice powders and their major flavonoids are mediated by induction of cellular defense against oxidative stress. Moreover, pretreatment with juice powders up-regulated phase-II genes such as heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), thereby preventing cellular damage and the resultant increase in HO-1 expression. The high-performance liquid chromatography profiles of the juice powders confirmed that hesperidin, narirutin, and rutin were the key flavonoids present. Our results suggest that these fruit juice powders and their major flavonoids provide a significant cytoprotective effect against oxidative stress, which is most likely due to the flavonoid-related bioactive compounds present, leading to the normal redox status of cells. Therefore, these fruit juice powders could be advantageous as bioactive sources for the prevention of oxidative injury in hepatoma cells.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
• /
• 제28권1호
• /
• pp.51-55
• /
• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate the physicochemical properties of citrus peel extracts with different hot water extraction and enzymatic hydrolysis conditions. Enzymatic hydrolysis was also employed using Viscozyme L and results were compared with that of optimized hot water extract. Hot water extraction was performed under different parameters; the sample to solvent ratio(1:20, 1:15, 1:10), extraction time(2, 4 hrs), extraction temperature(85, $95^{\circ}C$) and enzymatic hydrolysis(0, 1%) and the subsequent extracts were used for determining their physicochemical properties, such as total yield, total phenolics, total flavonoids, and electron donating ability (EDA). With the increase in the sample to solvent ratio and extraction time, total yield, total phenolics, total flavonoids and EDA increased. But extraction temperature did not significantly affect the hot water extract. As hot water extract was hydrolyzed by the enzyme, total yield and active ingredients increased rapidly. In the result of total yield, total phenolics, total flavonoids and EDA, the activity of enzyme-treated extract was higher than those of enzyme-untreated extract. Based upon the overall hot water extraction efficiency, it was found that 20 times volume or 120 min at a time at $95^{\circ}C$ after enzyme treatment was optimal.

• 생약학회지
• /
• 제10권1호
• /
• pp.13-16
• /
• 1979

The essential oil composition by means of gas liquid chromatography, and the occurrence and distribution of flavonoid glycosides in leaves, peels and barks of citrus plants native to Je Ju island were investigated. Results indicate that the occurrence of p-cymene, d,l-limonene, linalool, geraniol and linalyl acetate in the essential oils, and of hesperidin in leaves, peels and barks are fairly common to these species.

• 한국약용작물학회지
• /
• 제22권6호
• /
• pp.442-448
• /
• 2014

The major objective of this study was to investigate the usability as cultivar for processing of new Citrus hybrid 'Hamilgam'. We investigated various antioxidant activities, such as DPPH radical, ABTS radical, Hydroxyl radical and Superoxide anion radical effect, along with total polyphenol content and total flavonoid content of Citrus hybrid 'Hamilgam', C. unshiu, C. natsudaidai. The total polyphenol content and total flavonoid content were the highest in the Hamilgam. The major flavonoids of Hamilgam and Natsudaidai were naringin and neohesperidin, and those of Unshu were narirutin and hesperidin, as determined by HPLC. Especially, the neohesperidin content of Hamilgam showed much higher (100 times over) than that of Unshu. However, the aglycone form was not found. DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities were the highest in Hamilgam peels. Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity was high in the order of Unshu, Hamilgam and Natsudaidai. Superoxide anion radical scavenging of 3 cultivars peels displayed low activities compared to DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging. Based on these results, Hamilgam peel extracts possess antioxidant activities and may thus serve as potential sources of functional food, cosmetic products, etc.

• 한국식품과학회지
• /
• 제34권1호
• /
• pp.132-135
• /
• 2002

제주재래종 감귤류의 9종의 미숙과의 naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin 함량 변화를 분석하고 원료 소재로서의 활용가능성을 검토하고자 하였다. Neohesperidin과 naringin 함량은 '당유자'와 '지각'에서 높았고, hesperidin 함량은 '빈귤'과 '동정귤'에서 높았으나 모두 현재 이들 flavonoid 소재의 상업적 추출에 이용되고 있는 품종들에 비하면 낮았다. 그러나 본 실험에서 수확을 시작한 초기에 각 flavonoid 함량의 급격한 감소가 일어남에 따라 경쟁력 있는 소재의 선발을 위해서는 보다 이른 시기의 미숙과에 대한 검토가 필요하며 특히 '당유자' 및 '지각'의 neohesperidin 및 naringin 소재로서의 활용가능성이 높은 것으로 평가되었다.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
• /
• 제15권3호
• /
• pp.357-362
• /
• 2006

We assessed various antioxidant activities, such as 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, 2,2'-azino-bis 3-ethylbenz-thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) radical scavenging effect, along with antioxidant capacity, of soybean oil with added Citrus species peel extracts (CPEs). These extract oils showed higher radical scavenging effects than grape fruit seed extract, the natural antioxidant agent, did. When CPEs were added to soybean oil, they showed peroxide value (POV) and acid value (AV) increasing inhibition effects. Furthermore, none of the CPEs showed any cytotoxicity over the tested concentration range of 0.01-100 ppm. The major flavonoid contents of Citrus junos, as determined by HPLC, were naringin ($7.5\;{\mu}g/mg$) and neohesperidin ($7.5\;{\mu}g/mg$), and those of Citrus unshiu were narirutin ($3.13\;{\mu}g/mg$) and hesperidin ($1.97\;{\mu}g/mg$). However, the aglycone form was not found. This study showed that CPEs might be a potent source of natural antioxidant, without any toxic effects.