• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
• /
• v.34 no.3
• /
• pp.333-340
• /
• 2009

Osteomyelitis means inflammation of the bone marrow. It usually begins in the medullary cavity, involving the cancellous bone; then it extends and spreads to the cortical bone and eventually to the periosteum. The cause is usually thought to be microbiological. But there still are factors that predispose to produce a possible bone infection such as injuries, syphilis, actionomycosis, chronic kidney failure, alcoholism, malnutrition, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Treatment of modalities have been directed toward eradicating microbes and improving circulation in the early stage. In the case presented, surgical debridement and IV antibiotics were the treatment of choice. Osteomyelitis in children is mainly affected in the mandible. And in childhood, the mandibular condyle is regarded as an important center of mandibular growth. Therefore, in young patients, osteomyelitis involving this region may cause a restraint of mandibular development, resulting in facial asymmetry. So diagnosis in the early stage is important in child with osteomyelitis. Recently, we have encountered an interesting case of osteomyelitis of the mandibular condyle in 9-year-old boy. So we present the case and review the literature about osteomyelitis.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.209-246
• /
• 1997

In the literatual study on the Ecthyma, the results were as follows. 1. The pathogenic factors of Ecthyma is divided three parts. One is exogenous pathogenic factors which including the wind evil, wind heat and toxic material produced by wetness evil. Another is endogenous pathogenic factors which including the declination of kidney-yang, impairment of the liver and kidney, the lower classes of yin-fire, accumulation of wetness-heat in the spleen asthenia, impairment of the liver and kidney, wetness-heat of three yang, asthenic heat-syndrome of three yin. The other is pathogenic factors neither endogenous nor exogenous which including the food and living, uncontrol sexual excess, anxiety and angry, injury of skin, injury of insects and animals. 2. Five viscera which was concerned with Ecthyma are liver, spleen and kidney. 3. Frequent region of Ecthyma are S-36(足三里) and C-7(陰交). External Ecthyma was rose to wetness-heat of three yang channel that cured easily. Internal Ecthyma was rose to asthenic heat-syndrome of three yin channel that cured hardly. 4. In the frequency of prescription, the most numerous prescription is Bojungikgitang(補中益氣湯) and the next are Kyukgigo(隔紙膏) and Yukmijihwanghwan(六味地滉丸). 5. In the frequency of medicine, the most medicine is Calomelas(輕粉) which included Hydrargyrum(水銀) and the next are Olibanum(乳香) and Resina Commiphorae Myrrhae(沒藥) which regulating vital energy and pain control medicine used that in order to destroy insects and remove polson. 6. In classification of the medical action, medicine of clearing away summer-heat and heat evil and activating blood circulation to dissipate blood stasis used to be very busy which in order to remove the disorder of vital energy for virulent heat-evil. 7. In classification of four characters, the most part is warm medicine, the next are cold and cool medicine and there is a few that is hot medicine. 8. In classification of five tastes, the most numerous tastes are bitter and acrid, the next are sweet, salty and sour tastes. 9. In classification of virulence of medicine, the most part is non-toxic, the next are weakly and deadly poison. 10. In classification of channel distribution, the most is the medicine that belongs to liver channel, the next are the lung, spleen, stomach and kidney channel.

• Atmosphere
• /
• v.29 no.5
• /
• pp.671-687
• /
• 2019

This study evaluates the long-term seasonal predictability of summer (June, July and August) heatwaves over South Korea using 30-year (1989~2018) Hindcast data of the Pusan National University Coupled General Circulation Model (PNU CGCM)-Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) chain. Heatwave indices such as Number of Heatwave days (HWD), Heatwave Intensity (HWI) and Heatwave Warning (HWW) are used to explore the long-term seasonal predictability of heatwaves. The prediction skills for HWD, HWI, and HWW are evaluated in terms of the Temporal Correlation Coefficient (TCC), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Skill Scores such as Heidke Skill Score (HSS) and Hit Rate (HR). The spatial distributions of daily maximum temperature simulated by WRF are similar overall to those simulated by NCEP-R2 and PNU CGCM. The WRF tends to underestimate the daily maximum temperature than observation because the lateral boundary condition of WRF is PNU CGCM. According to TCC, RMSE and Skill Score, the predictability of daily maximum temperature is higher in the predictions that start from the February and April initial condition. However, the PNU CGCM-WRF chain tends to overestimate HWD, HWI and HWW compared to observations. The TCCs for heatwave indices range from 0.02 to 0.31. The RMSE, HR and HSS values are in the range of 7.73 to 8.73, 0.01 to 0.09 and 0.34 to 0.39, respectively. In general, the prediction skill of the PNU CGCM-WRF chain for heatwave indices is highest in the predictions that start from the February and April initial condition and is lower in the predictions that start from January and March. According to TCC, RMSE and Skill Score, the predictability is more influenced by lead time than by the effects of topography and/or terrain feature because both HSS and HR varies in different leads over the whole region of South Korea.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.100-108
• /
• 2007

The Gwangneung KoFlux supersite, located in a rugged mountain region, is characterized by a low wind speed due to a mountain-valley circulation and rolling terrain. Therefore, it is essential to understand the effect of coordinate rotation on flux measurements by the eddy-covariance method. In this paper, we review the properties of three orthogonal coordinate frames (i.e., double, triple, and planar fit rotations) and apply to flux data observed at the Gwangneung supersite. The mean offset of vertical wind speed of sonic anemometer was inferred from the planar fit (PF) coordinate rotation, yielding the diurnal variation of about $\pm0.05ms^{-1}$. Double rotation $(\bar{v}=\bar{w}=0)$ produced virtually the same turbulent fluxes of heat, water, and $CO_2$ as those from the PF rotation under windy conditions. The former, however, resulted in large biases under calm conditions. The friction velocity, an important scaling parameter in the atmospheric surface layer, was more sensitive to the choice of coordinate rotation method.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.85 no.4
• /
• pp.619-633
• /
• 1996

This study was carried out from March 1995 to February 1996 to select suitable vegetation and measures for revegetation on the highway cut-slope in consideration of the surrounding environment in the middle region of Korea. The numbers of revegetation-measures type surveyed were eighteen measures as a whole in descending order of the Seed-spraying measures, Block-sod pitching measures, and Straw-mat mulching measures. The numbers of vegetation species by highway line were 243 in Chungbu, 223 in Jungang, 210 in Kyongbu 2, 199 in Kyongbu 1, 179 in Sohaean, 163 in Seoul circulation. 148 in Shingal-ansan, 141 in Second kyongin and 123 in Kyongin respectively. The highest index of species diversity(H') was in Kyongbu 1-line and the evenness(E') on upper site was greater than that of the lower site. The revegetation measures were selected in consideration of nature of soil, gradient, area and situation, and 83 species were selected as those for revegetation measures in highway cut-slope.

• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
• /
• v.3 no.3
• /
• pp.162-168
• /
• 2000

The influence of phenolsulfunate concentrations on electroplating characteristics and electrochemical behaviors was investigated with a viewpoint of electrolyte aging using the circulation cell and potentiostate And comparison of tinplate coating appearance such as glossiness and Image clarify has been also studied with varying of phenolsulfonic acid (PSA) solutions. As the aging of electrolyte proceeded, the limiting current density was moved to a lower current density region by the limitation of mass transfer, and higher phenolsulfunate concentrations resulted in the narrower optimum current density range and deterioration of coating surface of tinplates. The difference of the limiting current density was not remarkable with increasing electrolyte temperature. Thus the electrolyte aging was attributed to the limitation of thermally-activated process such as mass transfer of reducible ions. It has also been considered that the accumulation of phenolsulfonate suppressed normal electrotinning reaction by reducing the mobility of stannous ions, taking into account of the smaller effect of electrolyte aging. Experiments showed similar polarization behavior between the electrolyte of high phenolsufonate solution and the aged one, which comes to conclude that the accumulation of phenolsulfonate is one of the major causes of electrolyte aging.

• Ocean Systems Engineering
• /
• v.6 no.1
• /
• pp.23-60
• /
• 2016

The major objective of this study was to develop further understanding of 3D nearshore hydrodynamics under a variety of wave and tidal forcing conditions. The main tool used was a comprehensive 3D numerical model - combining the flow module of Delft3D with the WAVE solver of XBeach - of nearshore hydro- and morphodynamics that can simulate flow, sediment transport, and morphological evolution. Surf-swash zone hydrodynamics were modeled using the 3D Navier-Stokes equations, combined with various turbulence models (${\kappa}-{\varepsilon}$, ${\kappa}-L$, ATM and H-LES). Sediment transport and resulting foreshore profile changes were approximated using different sediment transport relations that consider both bed- and suspended-load transport of non-cohesive sediments. The numerical set-up was tested against field data, with good agreement found. Different numerical experiments under a range of bed characteristics and incident wave and tidal conditions were run to test the model's capability to reproduce 3D flow, wave propagation, sediment transport and morphodynamics in the nearshore at the field scale. The results were interpreted according to existing understanding of surf and swash zone processes. Our numerical experiments confirm that the angle between the crest line of the approaching wave and the shoreline defines the direction and strength of the longshore current, while the longshore current velocity varies across the nearshore zone. The model simulates the undertow, hydraulic cell and rip-current patterns generated by radiation stresses and longshore variability in wave heights. Numerical results show that a non-uniform seabed is crucial for generation of rip currents in the nearshore (when bed slope is uniform, rips are not generated). Increasing the wave height increases the peaks of eddy viscosity and TKE (turbulent kinetic energy), while increasing the tidal amplitude reduces these peaks. Wave and tide interaction has most striking effects on the foreshore profile with the formation of the intertidal bar. High values of eddy viscosity, TKE and wave set-up are spread offshore for coarser grain sizes. Beach profile steepness modifies the nearshore circulation pattern, significantly enhancing the vertical component of the flow. The local recirculation within the longshore current in the inshore region causes a transient offshore shift and strengthening of the longshore current. Overall, the analysis shows that, with reasonable hypotheses, it is possible to simulate the nearshore hydrodynamics subjected to oceanic forcing, consistent with existing understanding of this area. Part II of this work presents 3D nearshore morphodynamics induced by the tides and waves.

• East Asian Journal of Business Economics (EAJBE)
• /
• v.5 no.4
• /
• pp.39-49
• /
• 2017

Purpose - This study is to propose a creative idea for constant business growth and development by examining characteristics of business outcomes by phase, which are "growth" and "erosion and stagnation," respectively. Research design, data, methodology - It is necessary to identify an occurrence of crisis and its diffusion with a dynamic model in order to identify a success and failure of businesses in an organic way, not on a binary structure. The static perspective is to understand a crisis as a simply one-time event or as a linear causation. Thus, it has a limited understanding of the overall situation and has limits to investigating a foundational cause and developing long-term countermeasures. On the contrary, the dynamic perspective is to understand the crisis as circulation process of the overall system. Thus, it divides elements of the crisis as external and internal ones to understand it as the causal relationship of each element. Results - During the growth period of Burger King, the company promoted its brand very successfully with aggressive and creative marketing activities. However, due to the founder's disposal of management rights and the following changes in the management, the company had no choice but to lose focus on its business philosophy and brand management, and eventually it had to face the big crisis (resonance) which was delisting from the stock market because of the external threat; well-being trend. However, Burger King resumed lifting on the stock exchange by making great efforts to clearly identify the current issues and seek solutions. Under the spirit of "perseverance" and its slogan "Have it your way" the company is now going head to head with McDonald's in the North American region and emerging countries. Conclusions - Then, what is the most crucial factor in the success and failure of businesses? Answers may vary, however, as learned from the case study of Burger King, corporations should inspect the present and focus on developing a long-term strategy for the future and actively fulfill the actions. McDonald's may not be able to innovate by itself in the future as it may become routinized to the growth. There will be chances of winning if we change conditions of individuals or organizations to an organic system in terms of being creative. There is a hopeful message here that an individual or small business may have more advantages in the era of the idea and innovation.

• Fire Science and Engineering
• /
• v.27 no.4
• /
• pp.61-67
• /
• 2013

This study was to investigate the cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) outcomes and the clinical characteristics of outof- hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) by analyzing date in one region. A total 8 patients, survived over 72 hours after ROSC. The cardiac arrest were caused by unknown (5 cases), cardiac disease (3 cases). The most common place of cardiac arrest was in the home (6 cases), witnessed cardiac arrest (8 cases), cardiopulmonary resuscitation by bystander was performed (4 cases), agonal respiration (3 cases). The initial electrocardiogram (ECG) showed ventricular fibrillation (VF) in 7 cases, pulseless electrical activity (PEA) other rhythms in 1 cases. Average time from call to scene arrival 6.1 minutes, call to hospital arrival 23.0 minutes, duration of total CPR was 8.7 minutes. The certificate of them were level 1 emergency medical technician (EMT) 6 cases, level 2 EMT 3 cases, total 3 members 7 cases. To improve the rate of survival for out-ofhospital cardiac arrest victims, development of continuous CPR educational program for lay rescue.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
• /
• v.53 no.9
• /
• pp.647-660
• /
• 2020

The objectives of this study are to develop a framework for selecting multi-GCMs considering Asia monsoon characteristics and assess it's applicability. 12 climate variables related to monsoon climates are selected for GCM selection. The framework for selecting multi-GCMs includes the evaluation matrix of GCM performance based on their capability to simulate historical climate features. The climatological patterns of 12 variables derived from individual GCM over the summer monsoon season during the past period (1976-2005) and they are compared against observations to evaluate GCM performance. For objective evaluation, a rigorous scoring rule is implemented by comparing the GCM performance based on the results of statistics between historical simulation derived from individual GCM and observations. Finally, appropriate 5 GCMs (NorESM1-M, bcc-csm1-m, CNRM-CM5, CMCC-CMS, and CanESM2) are selected in consideration of the ranking of GCM and precipitation performance of each GCM. The selected 5 GCMs are compared with the historical observations in terms of monsoon season and monthly mean to validate their applicability. The 5 GCMs well capture the observational climate characteristics of Asia for the 12 climate variables also they reduce the bias between the entire GCM simulations and the observational data. This study demonstrates that it is necessary to consider various climate variables for GCM selection and, the method introduced in this study can be used to select more reliable climate change scenarios for climate change assessment in the Asia region.