• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제49권5호
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• pp.576-584
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• 2000

연구배경 : 흡연이 폐암발생의 중요한 원인이라는 사실은 분명하지만 흡연 양이나 흡연기간 뿐만 아니라 흡연과 관련된 여러 요소들의 역할도 중요하게 고려해야 한다. 본 연구는 남녀별 흡연력 및 흡연과 관련된 요소들에 대한 폐암의 발생위험도를 구하여 담배 속 발암물질에 대한 남녀별 감수성 차이를 알아보았다. 방법 : 본 연구는 환자-대조군 연구로 영남대학교 의과대학 부속병원 내과를 방문하여 폐 기능 검사를 받았던 사람들을 대상으로 흡연력 및 흡연량, 흡연습관에 관한 설문조사를 하였다. 조직학적으로 원발성 폐암이 확인된 경우를 대상환자로 하였고, 다변량 회귀분석을 이용하여 교차비를 구하고, 이를 폐암발생의 상대적인 발생위험도로 인정하였다. 결과 : 흡연력이 있었던 여자는 흡연력이 없는 경우에 비하여 교차비는 1.9이었으며, 특히 Kreyberg I의 경우 교차비는 3.8로 증가하였다. 또한 여자 중 현재흡연자의 교차비는 4.0으로 남자의 2.3보다 훨씬 높았다. Kreyberg I 여자 환자로 20갑 년 이상 흡연하였을 때 교차비는 5.4(남자 : 1.6), 하루 1갑 이상 흡연 하였을 경우 교차비는 6.9(남자 : 5.0)로 남자보다 훨씬 높았다. 흡입정도에 따른 교차비는 중등도 이상 흡입한 경우 여자 6.7, 남자 2.4로 여자에서 현저하게 높았으며, 한 개피 당 동일한 길이의 담배를 피웠을 때도 폐암의 발생 위험도는 여자가 높았다(여자 3.7:남자 2.0). 또한 필터 유 무에 따른 폐암 발생위험도의 차이는 남녀 모두에게 있었으나 여자에서 더 뚜렷하였다. 결론 : 흡연에 따른 폐암발생의 감수성은 여자가 남자보다 더 높았으며, 이러한 성별간 감수성의 차이는 흡연 양이나 흡연습관, 또는 환경적인 요인 뿐만 아니라 발암물질의 활성이나 제거 등과 같은 대사의 차이에도 그 원인이 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.154-161
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• 1997

배경 : 장기적인 흡연에 의한 영향은 잘 알려져 있으나 흡연 후 운동시 심폐기능에 미치는 효과에 대해서는 아직 많은 연구가 없다. 따라서 운동시 흡연이 심폐기능에 미치는 즉시 효과를 보기 위하여 본 연구를 시행하였다. 방법 : 심폐질환이 없는 건강한 성인 흡연남자 21명을 대상으로 하였으며 운동부하검사 전에 폐기능검사 등 기본검사를 시행하였다. 검사 첫날에는 흡연을 하지않고 산소만을 흡입한 뒤 운동부하 검사를 시행하였고 다음날에는 2시간에 걸쳐 10개를 피운 뒤 운동부하검사를 하여 양군간에 운동검사 지표를 비교분석하였다. 결과 : 1. 대상군의 기저 폐기능 검사상 모두 정상이었으며 운동 전후 양군 간에 유의한 차이는 없었다. 2 최대 운동 부하 검사 후 최대산소섭취량은 $2.479{\pm}0.338$ L/min 에서 $2.289{\pm}0.344$ L/min로 유의하게 감소하였으며 무산소 역치는 통계학적 유의성은 없었으나 $1.391{\pm}0.297$ L/min에서 $1.363{\pm}0.302$ L/min으로 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 3. 호흡예비력과 최대운동부하시 MVmax는 통계적 유의성은 없으나 최대운동 부하후 증가하는 경향을 나타냈으며 $V_D/V_R$, $V_EV_{CO2}$, 및 호흡수는 운동 전후 양군 간에 유의한 차이가 없었다. 4. $O_2$ pulse는 $14.76{\pm}2.46$ ml/min/beat에서 $13.25{\pm}2.03$ ml/min/beat로 유의하게 감소하였다 HRmax는 $170.4{\pm}10.9$ beats/min에서 $172.4{\pm}12.9$ beats/min로 통계적 유의성은 없으나 증가하는 경향을 보였으며 심박수예비력은 운동 전후에 양군 간에 유의한 차이가 없었다. 결론 : 흡연은 운동능에 즉시효과를 나타내며 이는 폐환기능보다는 체내 혈중 HbCO치의 상승 혹은 운동에 따른 혈류 장애에 의한 심장기능의 영향에 기인하는 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제50권3호
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• pp.345-353
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• 2018

이 연구의 목적은 대학생의 CIMT (목동맥 내막-중막 두께)와 흡연 습관, 음주 습관 및 두 가지 연관성을 조사하는 것이다. 이 연구는 CAGE (음주 관련: 절주, 비판에 대한 반감, 죄책감, 해장) 설문지, FTND (Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence) 설문지, 대학생들의 CIMT에 대하여 수행되었다. 세 군으로 분류 된 각 음주 수준에 따른 CIMT 결과 간에는 통계적으로 유의 한 차이가 없었다. FTND 흡연 분류에 따른 CIMT의 결과는 흡연 군이 비 흡연 군보다 높았다(P<0.01). 흡연과 음주는 좌우 CIMT 간에는 통계적으로 유의 한 차이가 있었다(P<0.01). 음주의 위험만 있는 군에서 왼쪽 CIMT (19.84 순위)는 낮은 순위를 보였다. 왼쪽(42.38 순위)과 오른쪽(42.81 순위)의 CIMT는 흡연 위험만 있는 집단에서 높은 순서를 보였다(P<0.01). 이 연구 결과 흡연자와 음주자 사이의 평균 CIMT, 특히 흡연 상태가 높은 사람들 사이에 뚜렷한 차이가 있음을 시사한다. 이 연구에는 몇 가지 제한 점이 있다. 첫째, 작은 연구 대상 두번째, 대상자가 어리고, 셋째, 흡연, 음주 및 CIMT에만 중점을 두었다. 결론적으로, 흡연은 젊은 성인에서 무증상 아테롬성 동맥 경화 위험인자에 대한 부작용과 CIMT를 현저하게 악화 시키며 젊은 성인에서 금연의 중요성이 강화되어야 한다.

• 벤처창업연구
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.161-166
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• 2012

최근 수명 연장 등으로 건강에 대한 관심이 높아지면서 흡연자들의 금연에 대한 욕구가 높아지고 있다. 한의학에서는 금연치료법으로 이침요법(Auricular Acupuncturing)을 사용하는데, 저주파 자극을 통하여 금연에 효과 있는 폐점(Lung point)과 내분비점(Endocrine point)을 자극할 수 있는 기기를 만들어 실제 효과가 있는지 알아보았다. 먼저 이혈에 저주파 자극과 헤드셋이 결합된 금연이침저주파자극기(HBN-001)시제품을 개발하였고 이 기기를 이용하여 20명의 피험자에게 Pilot Test를 해보았다. 흡연량은 시술 전 12.19 개비였으며, 5회 이상 시술하여 2주후에는 10.34개비로 줄었으나 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 없었다. 수술 후 흡연에 대한 욕구는 변화 없다 4명(20%), 약간감소 4명(20%), 25-49% 감소 4명(20%), 50-75% 감소 6명(30%), 75-99% 감소 1명(5%), 욕구가 완전히 사라졌다 1명(5%) 이었다. 담배 맛의 변화에 대해서는 피험자 중 약간 좋아졌다 2명(10%), 변화없다 7명(35%), 약간 나빠졌다 6명(30%), 많이 나빠졌다 5명(25%) 이었다. Pilot Test 상으로는 긍정적으로 금연을 도울 수 있을 것으로 보이며, 향후 더 깊은 연구가 필요할 것으로 보인다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.1519-1529
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• 2016

Background: Matrix metalloproteinase -2 (gelatinase-A, Mr 72,000 type IV collagenase, MMP-2) and -9 (gelatinase-B, Mr 92,000 type IV collagenase, MMP-9) are key molecules that play roles in tumor growth, invasion, tissue remodeling, metastasis and stem-cell regulation by digesting extracellular matrix barriers. MMP-2 and -9 are well known to impact on solid cancer susceptibility, whereas, in hematological malignancies, a paucity of data is available to resolve the function of these regulatory molecules in bone marrow mononuclear cells (BM-MNCs) and stromal cells of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Objectives: The present study aimed to investigate mRNA expression and gelatinase A and B secretion from BM-MNCs in vitro and genotypic associations of MMP-2 (-1306 C/T; rs243865), MMP-9 (-1562 C/T; rs3918242), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase -1 (TIMP-1) (372T/C; rs4898, Exon 5) and TIMP-2 (-418G/C; rs8179090) in MDS and AML. Results: The study covered cases of confirmed MDS (n=50), AML (n=32) and healthy controls (n=110). MMP-9 mRNA expression revealed 2 fold increased expression in MDS-RAEB II and 2.5 fold in AML M-4 (60-70% blasts). Secretion of gelatinase-B also revealed the MMP-9 mRNA expression and ELISA data also supported these data. We noted that those patients having more blast crises presented with more secretion of MMP-9 and its mRNA expression. In contrast MMP-9 (-1562 C/T) showed significant polymorphic associations in MDS (p<0.02) and AML (p<0.02). MMP-9 mRNA expression of C/T and T/T genotypes were 1.5 and 2.5 fold increased in MDS and AML respectively. In AML, MMP-2 C/T and T/T genotypes showed 2.0 fold mRNA expression. Only MMP-9 (-1306 C/T) showed significant 4 fold (p<0.001) increased risk with chemical and x-ray exposed MDS, while tobacco and cigarette smokers have 3 fold (p<0.04) risk in AML. Conclusions: In view of our results, MMP-9 revealed synergistic secretion and expression in blast crises of MDS and AML with 'gene' polymorphic effects and is significantly associated with increased risk with tobacco, cigarette and environmental exposure. Release and secretion of these enzymes may influence hematopoietic cell behavior and may be important in the clinical point of view. It may offer valuable tools for diagnosis and prognosis, as well as possible targets for the treatments.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권11호
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• pp.6523-6528
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• 2013

Background: Cigarette smoking is the largest single recognized cause of human cancers. In Western countries, many epidemiologists have reported risk factors for kidney cancer including smoking. However, little is known about the Japanese population. Materials and Methods: We evaluated the association of smoking with the risk of kidney cancer death in the Japan Collaborative Cohort (JACC) Study. Participants included 46,395 males and 64,190 females. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to determine age-and-sex adjusted relative risks. Results: A total of 62 males and 26 females died from kidney cancer during the follow-up of 707,136 and 1,025,703 person-years, respectively. Heavy smokers (Brinkman index >1200), fondness of fatty foods, hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM), and obesity were suggested to increase the risk of renal cell carcinoma while walking was suggested to decrease the risk. Even after controlling for age, sex, alcohol drinking and DM, heavy smoking significantly increased the risk. Conclusions: The present study suggests that six factors including smoking may increase and/or reduce the risk of kidney cancer in the Japanese population. Because of the small number of outcomes, however, we did not evaluate these factors after adjusting for all possible confounding factors. Further studies may be needed to confirm the findings in this study.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.19-40
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• 1999

In order to ascertain the attitudes of residents to their health and the National Health Promotion Law, surveyors interviewed 1,220 subjects, 1% of men and women in Kyungsan city, who were twenty-year-old or more. The major findings are as follows: Men and women were 48.2% and 51.8%, respectively. The recognition rate of enacting and enforcing this law is 59.2% of men and 51.3% of women. With regard to the behavioral attitude to the health in the distinction of sex and age, current smokers are 31.2% of the interviewees, 61.6% of the men and 3.3% of the women. Current drinkers are 35.1%, 59.5% of the men and 12.3% of the women, but on the other hand there is little significance in the distinction of age. The acknowledgement proportion of enacting and enforcing this law is 59.2% of male and 51.3% of female. In terms of the recognition rate of the contents according to the general characteristics of interviewees, it appears that the indication of a warning expression on a packing paper of cigarette case and a liquor bottle is 92.4% and also the designation of a smoking free area in public facilities is 94.8%. Prohibition of cigarette-sale to the teenagers who are under 19, is 96.0%. Considering these facts, the recognition rate is high. On the contrary, 48.8% is accounted for encouraging a medical check-up before marriage which is in a low position. As a result of multiple behavior as a independent educational level, marital significant variables. In case of having undergone a periodic medical examination the recognition rate was high whereas frequent exercise led to the low recognition rate. Concerning the details of the undertaking in accordance with each factor of general characteristics, the greater part of them have been appraised successfully whether it is recognized or not. On the other side, no effect got answered about the result of the undertaking subjects to general and peculiar behavior attitude towards health was in effect or not. A great majority approved of more reinforcement of legal regulation about smoking and drinking regardless of whether they perceived the details of the law of promotion of National Health Promotion Law or not. Additionally there was significant difference in reinforcing legal regulation of smoking and drinking in compliance with the attitude of the substance of this law. With regard to education, public relations and evaluation about national health through public health centers by our government, the younger and the higher in education they are, the more deficient they feel. First of all, those who were aware of the enforcement of this law as well as plenty of scarcity answered that better service of disease prevention had to be expanded than ever. In consideration of the above-stated results, the education to public health and the business of public relations should be reinforced and a practical campaign for health life should also spread out for the purpose of encouraging to practise healthy life-style.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권10호
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• pp.4335-4338
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• 2015

Background: Oral cancer is the third most common malignancy in Saudi Arabia, the highest incidence of which is reported from Jazan province. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of various locally used substances, especially shamma, with oral cancer in the Jazan region of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: A hospital-based case-control study was designed and patient records were scanned for histologically confirmed oral cancer cases. Forty eight patients who were recently diagnosed with oral cancer were selected as cases. Two healthy controls were selected for each observed case and they were matched with age (+/- 5 years) gender and location. Use of different forms of tobacco such as cigarettes, pipe-smoking and shamma (smokeless-tobacco) was assessed. Khat, a commonly used chewing substance in the community was also included. Descriptive analysis was first performed followed by multiple logistic regression (with and without interaction) to derive odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence interval (CIs). Results: Mean age of the study sample (56% males and 44% females) was 65.3 years. Multinomial regression analysis revealed that shamma use increased the odds of developing oral cancer by 29 times (OR=29.3; 10.3-83.1). Cigarette (OR=6.74; 2.18-20.8) was also seen to have an effect. With the interaction model the odds ratio increased significantly for shamma users (OR=37.2; 12.3-113.2) and cigarette smokers (OR=10.5; 2.88-3.11). Khat was observed to have negative effect on the disease occurrence when used along with shamma (OR=0.01; 0.00 - 0.65). Conclusions: We conclude that shamma, a moist form of smokeless tobacco is a major threat for oral cancer occurrence in the Jazan region of Saudi Arabia. This study gives a direction to conduct further longitudinal studies in the region with increased sample size representing the population in order to provide more substantial evidence.

• 분석과학
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.14-22
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• 2018

After signing the WHO FCTC in 2003, South Korea ratified the FCTC in 2005. This study was conducted to provide data on toxic constituents that can be used as useful information for the level of exposure to Korean smokers. Emissions data from five brands of cigarettes were tested under the ISO and "Canadian Intense (HCI)" smoking regimes, respectively. We conducted an analysis of 25 compounds containing nicotine, tar, carbonyls, phenolics, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and semi-VOC cigarette smoke. Tar and nicotine showed levels of 4.3 to 5.8 mg/cig and 0.4 to 0.5 mg/cig, respectively, which are within the range of tolerance presented in ISO 8243. In the case of carbonyls, formaldehyde was detected within a range of 8.2 to $14.3{\mu}g/cig$, and acetaldehyde was present within a range of 224.7 to $327.2{\mu}g/cig$ under the ISO smoke regime. Crotonaldehyde was not detected under the ISO regime, and all of the carbonyls showed values 2.3 to 4.5 times higher under the HCI regime than those under the ISO regime. Catechol, which showed a level of 47.0 to $80.5{\mu}g/cig$ under the ISO regime and 117.5 to $184.7{\mu}g/cig$ under the HCI regime, was the highest constituent among the phenols. The amount of isoprene was 91.7 to $158.3{\mu}g/cig$ under the ISO regime and 221.0 to 377.0 under the HCI regime. To summarize, most of the constituents showed a tendency to be detected at levels 2 to 4 times higher under the HCI regime than under the ISO regime. Above all, these results represent the first analysis in Korea from an independent institute of tobacco companies under accreditation of ISO 17025.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권16호
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• pp.6967-6972
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• 2015

Background: Cigarette smoking and tobacco chewing are common modes of consuming tobacco all over the world. Parents need to be aware that germ cell integrity is vital for birth of healthy offspring as biological parenting begins much before birth of a child and even before conception. The present study was conducted to determine the etiology of non-familial sporadic heritable retinoblastoma (NFSHRb), by evaluating oxidative sperm DNA damage in fathers due to use of tobacco (smoking and chewing). Materials and Methods: We recruited 145 fathers of NFSHRb children and 53 fathers of healthy children (controls) in the study. Tobacco history was obtained by personal interview. Seminal reactive oxygen species (ROS) in semen, sperm DNA fragmentation index (DFI) and 8 hydroxy 2' deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels in sperm were evaluated. The RB1 gene was screened in genomic blood DNA of parents of children with NFSHRb and controls. Odds ratios (ORs) derived from conditional logistic regression models. Results: There was significant difference in the levels of ROS (p<0.05), DFI (p<0.05) and 8-OHdG (p<0.05) between tobacco users and non-users. The OR of NFSHRb for smokers was 7.29 (95%CI 2.9-34.5, p<0.01), for tobacco chewers 4.75 (2.07-10.9, p<0.05) and for both 9.11 (3.79-39.2; p<0.01). Conclusions: This study emphasizes the adverse effect of tobacco on the paternal genome and how accumulation of oxidative damage in sperm DNA may contribute to the etiology of NFSHRb. In an ongoing parallel study in our laboratory, 11 of fathers who smoked underwent. Meditation and yoga interventions, showed significant decline in levels of highly mutagenic oxidised DNA adducts after 6 months. Thus our lifestyle and social habits impact sperm DNA integrity and simple interventions like yoga and meditation are therapeutic for oxidative damage to sperm DNA.