• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.15-25
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• 2023

Innovation is no longer the purview of high-tech industries; it is blossoming in the home appliances and cosmetics sectors. However, consumers' anxiety about the risk of new products prevents them from reaping the benefits of innovation. This anxiety is driven by customer's lack of prior information on new products. This study examines how difference age between the chronological age of consumers and their cognitive age affects consumers' willingness to search for information on innovative products, leading to reduced new-product anxiety. According to a survey of participants who actually bought an innovative product, we found that participants searched for more information when they perceived themselves to be younger than their chronological age (a high difference age). Where participants did not proactively search for information (due to a low difference age), they could be encouraged to do this through marketing campaigns. Together, these findings expand our understanding of how consumers' difference age can be leveraged in digital marketing to enable companies to more strategically reach consumers when planning or launching innovative products.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.31-38
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• 2017

Objectives The purpose of this study was to find out the clinically reliable relationships between the Risser sign and chronological age, bone age, menarche, and adult height prediction (AHP) and to evidence the reliability of the Risser sign. Methods This study had been carried out with 50 children who had their growth checked in an oriental medical hospital from January 2015 to February 2017. We investigated Risser sign in AP X-rays with iliac crest, bone age, AHP for all 50 children and the timing of menarche from the 22 girls in the study subjects. We also investigated a correlation between the Risser stage and the other indicators to analyze statistical data. Results The mean chronological ages of Risser 1, 2, 3 and 4 were 11.2, 12.6, 14.4, and 15.5 years respectively for the boys and 10.8, 12.2, 13.8 and 14.8 years respectively for the girls. The mean bone ages of Risser 1, 2, 3 and 4 were 12.3, 13.6, 15.7 and 16.5 years respectively for the boys and 11.7, 13.8, 14.3 and 14.9 years respectively for the girls. We analyzed 22 girls' Risser stages in accordance with the duration from menarche. The result showed that in the first six months after menarche, all girls were in Risser 1 and 2; in the next six months, the girls were in Risser 2 on average; in the next 12 months, all girls were in Risser 3 and 4; after more than two years from menarche, all girls were in Risser 4. The mean remaining growth height of Risser 1, 2, 3 and 4 were 27.8, 17.3, 4.4 and 1.0 cm respectively for the boys and 14.5, 5.1, 3.1 and 1.1 cm respectively for the girls. The Risser stage was correlated strongly with chronological age (Spearman's rho=0.707 (boy), 0.841 (girl)), bone age (Spearman's rho=0.869 (boy), 0.875 (girl)), duration from menarche (Spearman's rho=0.909) and remaining growth height (Spearman's rho=-0.784 (boy), -0.878 (girl)). Conclusions This study showed that the Risser sign can be useful in assessing skeletal maturity and predicting remaining growth height based on the Risser stage and the other growth indicators.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.318-331
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• 2021

This study was conducted on the assumption that bone age would be more effective when it comes to physique and physical fitness assessment for adolescents, and the purpose of this study was to identify the differences in physique and physical fitness for students in their adolescence through bone age and chronological age in order to contribute to the well-balanced physique and physical fitness development in adolescents and the health improvement in students. Total 874 adolescents(483 males, 391 females) aged 11~16 were selected as subjects out of the total population of 1100 adolescents aged 6~16 based on the PAPS(Physical Activity Promotion System) and age standards of the TW3 method; and skeletal maturation, which symbolize the indicators of biological maturation, were evaluated by using the TW3(Tanner-Whitehouse 3) method after hand-wrist radiographs, and birth date was used for chronological age. A stadiometer and InBody 270 (Biospace, Korea) were used to measure 2 components in physique. A total of 7 components in physical fitness, which included muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, power, cardiovascular endurance, balance, agility, were measured as well. A independent samples t-test was conducted for data processing using SPSS 25.0, and the significance level was set at p< .05. The study results are as follows. First, bone age and chronological age used for physique comparison in males aged 11 and 12, height and weight showed significant difference; in males aged 13, weight showed signicant difference. Weight and height in females aged 11, and height in females aged 12 showed significant difference. Second, bone age and chronological age used for physical fitness comparison in males aged 11, muscular strength, power, flexibility, cardiovascular endurance showed significant difference; in males aged 12, muscular strength. power, cardiovascular endurance; in males aged 13, flexibility showed significant difference. Muscular strength, power, flexibility, muscular endurance, cardiovascular endurance in females aged 11, and flexibility in females aged 14 showed significant difference. As a result, this study concluded that in a period of rapid skeletal growth, evaluating physique and physical fitness based on bone age is more accurate than evaluating based on chronological age.

• Journal of Korean Dental Science
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.1-4
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• 2018

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the ossification and maturation of the midpalatal suture in young Koreans using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods: The study sample consisted of 40 patients with ages from 8.2 to 23.6 years who visited the Department of Orthodontics, Chung-Ang University Dental Hospital. CBCT images were taken for diagnosis. From the CBCT image, morphological stages and Hounsfield units (HU) of midpalatal suture were obtained to evaluate the midpalatal suture maturation. Spearman's correlation coefficients were calculated to analyze relationships between chronological age, morphological stage, and HU. Result: There was a wide variation in the morphology of the midpalatal suture in each age group. It showed a modest relationship between the chronological age and the degree of morphological stages. Also there was a modest relationship between the chronological age and HU. In contrast, there was a significant relationship between morphological stages and HU of midpalatal suture (P<0.01). Conclusion: CBCT images can be used for the evaluation of midpalatal suture maturation. For the estimation of the prognosis of rapid maxillary expansion, CBCT may be reliable for the assessment of the maturation of the midpalatal suture.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.10
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• pp.1403-1409
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to compare Obesity Age (OA) and chronological age, to calculate Obesity Age (OA), which gauges the state of obesity, and to analyze presented factors of obesity using expectant factors on middle-aged obese women. The subjects were one hundred twenty seven middle-aged obese women ($49.6\pm7.3$ yr, BMI $29.41\pm2.9$, fat $36.8\pm4.6%$) who participated in different weight loss programs three times. The body composition, physical fitness, blood pressure and blood were measured before the weight loss programs. Informed consent was obtained from all subjects before enrollment in the study. The regression equation is as follows: (1) OAS (Obesity Age Score)=$0.106*X_1+0.035*X_2+0.048*X_3+0.041*X_4+0.003*X_5-0.037*X_6-10.667$ ($X_1$: BMI, $X_2$: weight, $X_3$: %fat, $X_4$: WC, $X_5$: TG, $X_6$: $VO_{2max}$), (2) OA (Obesity Age)=7.3*OAS+49.6*(-1), (3) Z (correction factor)=(CA-49.6)(1-0.03), (4) OAc (corrected Obesity Age)=1.03*CA-7.3*OAS+1.47. The comparison of corrected Obesity Age (OAc) and chronological age did not have any differences, and the average of the OAc was close to chronological age. The correlation coefficient between the OAc and chronological age was r=0.724 (p<0.05). The equation can be utilized for middle-aged obese women, because it could evaluate the obesity-related factors by including BMI, body weight, %fat, waist circumference, triglycerides and $VO_{2max}$.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.421-427
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• 2021

Purpose: The pulp length to width (PL/W) ratio of the maxillary lateral incisor can be used as an age determination method. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between the PL/W ratio of the maxillary lateral incisor on panoramic radiographs and human chronological age in Indonesian subjects. Materials and Methods: This study analyzed with 134 maxillary lateral incisors on 113 panoramic radiographs from patients who visited the Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology Unit of Dental Hospital Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Jawa Barat, Indonesia, from 2013 to 2018 (age range: between 11 to 60 years). The pulp length was measured from the pulp chamber roof to the apical foramen, and the pulp width was measured on the cervical area of the cementoenamel junction in millimeters using Fiji ImageJ open-source software. Simple linear regression (in SPSS) was used to analyze the results. The reliability of the observers was evaluated. Results: The PL/W ratio of the maxillary lateral incisor was significantly correlated with chronological age (P<0.01). No statistically significant difference was found in the PL/W ratio between the left and right maxillary lateral incisors(P=0.333). There was a very strong correlation (r=0.939) between the PL/W ratio of the maxillary lateral incisor and human chronological age, with the following formula: age= -3.057+1.875×PL/W ratio (R²=0.882, standard error of estimate: 4.659). Conclusion: The PL/W ratio of the maxillary lateral incisor on panoramic radiograph can be used for age determination in Indonesian subjects.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.267-272
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• 2013

Purpose: Demirjian's dental maturity scores and curves have been widely used for human age determination. Several authors have reported considerable differences between the true and estimated age based on the Demirjian curves, which have been accounted for by ethnicity. The purpose of the current study was to assess the role of ethnicity-specific dental maturation curves in age estimation of Saudi children. Materials and Methods: A sample of 452 healthy Saudi children aged 4 to 14 years were aged based on the original French-Canadian Demirjian curves and several modified Demirjian curves specified for certain ethnic groups: Saudi, Kuwaiti, Polish, Dutch, Pakistani, and Belgian. One-way ANOVA and a post hoc Scheff$\acute{e}$'s test were used to assess the differences between chronological age and dental age estimated by the different curves (P<0.05). Results: The curves designed for Dutch, Polish, Saudi, and Belgian (5th percentile) populations had a significantly lower error in estimating age than the original French-Canadian and Belgian (50th percentile) curves. The optimal curve for males was the Saudi one, with a mean absolute difference between estimated age and chronological age of 8.6 months. For females, the optimal curve was the Polish one, with a mean absolute difference of 7.4 months. It was revealed that accurate age determination was not related to certain ethnicity-specific curves. Conclusion: We conclude that ethnicity might play a role in age determination, but not a principal one.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.603-609
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• 2011

Telomeres are special structures at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes. Vertebrate telomeres consist of tandem repeats of conserved TTAGGG sequence and associated proteins. Birds are interesting models for molecular studies on aging and cellular senescence because of their slow aging rates and longer life spans for their body size. In this longitudinal study, we explored the possibility of using telomeres as an age-marker to predict age in Single Comb White Leghorn layer chickens. We quantified the relative amount of telomeric DNA in isolated peripheral blood lymphocytes by the Quantitative Fluorescence in situ Hybridization technique on interphase nuclei (IQ FISH) using telomere-specific DNA probes. We found that the amount of telomeric DNA (ATD) reduced significantly with an increase in chronological age of the chicken. Especially, the telomere shortening rates are greatly increased in growing individuals compared to laying and old-aged individuals. Therefore, using the ATD values obtained by IQ FISH we established the possibility of age prediction in chickens based on the telomere theory of aging. By regression analysis of the ATD values at each age interval, we formulated an equation to predict the age of chickens. In conclusion, the telomeric DNA values by IQ FISH analyses can be used as an effective age-marker in predicting the chronological age of chickens. The study has implications in the breeding and population genetics of poultry, especially the reproductive potential.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.161-169
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• 2011

Longitudinal serial cephalometric films in the every second year from fifty girls were used for the analysis of growth pattern of maxillary alveolar bone (MAE). Six parameters regarding MAB height were measured and were compared with stature and chronological age. Descriptive analysis. correlation coefficient test and linear regression analysis were done for the statistical analyses. 1. The height of MAE increased until 14 years although growth velocity was gradually decreased. which was different with stature growth pattern. 2. The correlation coefficients between chronological age and MAB height were high and had no statistical differences with those of stature and MAB height. In addition. the correlation coefficients between chronological age groups within each parameter of MAB were very high. 3. The growth amount of MAB could be predicted using linear regression analysis on the basis of chronological age data. The growth pattern between MAE and statue was quite different because of the growth pattern difference between skeletal and neuronal system. Therefore. growth pattern of Korean MAB must be considered in dental treatment of youth. Also. close relationship between chronological age and MAB height would be useful when clinicians want to predict growth amount of MAE for the dental implant treatment.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.185-191
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• 2014

Purpose: This study investigated the developmental stages of third molars in relation to chronological age and compared third molar development according to location and gender. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis of panoramic radiographs of 2490 patients aged between 6 and 24 years was conducted, and the developmental stages of the third molars were evaluated using the modified Demirjian's classification. The mean age, standard deviation, minimal and maximal age, and percentile distributions were recorded for each stage of development. A Mann-Whitney U test was performed to test the developmental differences in the third molars between the maxillary and mandibular arches and between genders. A linear regression analysis was used for assessing the correlation between the third molar development and chronological age. Results: The developmental stages of the third molars were more advanced in the maxillary arch than the mandibular arch. Males reached the developmental stages earlier than females. The average age of the initial mineralization of the third molars was 8.57 years, and the average age at apex closure was 21.96 years. The mean age of crown completion was 14.52 and 15.04 years for the maxillary and the mandibular third molars, respectively. Conclusion: The developmental stages of the third molars clearly showed a strong correlation with age. The third molars developed earlier in the upper arch than the lower arch; further, they developed earlier in males than in females.