• 한국수산과학회지
• /
• 제32권3호
• /
• pp.261-265
• /
• 1999

시안의 만성적 조건에서 이스라엘 잉어의 생존, 섭이 및 성장에 미치는 독성영향을 파악하기 위하여 유수식방법에 의해 6주 동안 실험을 실시하였다. 시안의 만성적 조건하에 노출시킨 이스라엘잉어의 생존율은 시안농도 $151{\mu}$g/$\ell$이상에서 유의한 감소를 나타내었고, 실험종료시 시안농도 151, $289{\mu}$g/$\ell$에서 대조구에 비해 각각 15.2, $24.5\%$가 감소하였다. 섭이율은 시안농도 $151{\mu}$g/$\ell$에서는 3주, $289{\mu}$g/$\ell$에서는 1주 후부터 실험종료까지, 사료효율은 시안농도 $151{\mu}$g/$\ell$이상에서 2주 후부터 실험종료시까지 대조구에 비해 유의한 감소가 인정되었다. 성장률 및 일일성장율은 시안농도 $73{\mu}$g/$\ell$에서 6주 후에, 시안 농도 $151{\mu}$g/$\ell$이상에서는 2주 후부터 실험 종료시가지 유의한 감소를 나타냈다.

• 한국수산과학회지
• /
• 제35권5호
• /
• pp.534-541
• /
• 2002

살충제, 살균제 그리고 antifouling 약품 등으로써의 triorganotin의 사용은 지난 30년간 놀라울 정도로 증가해왔다. 이 보고에서는 미세조류 Skeletonema costatum의 성장에 미치는 여러 triorganotin (TBTO, TBTF, CTPT, TBTCI)들의 급성 및 만성 독성효과를 조사하기 위하여, 단기 및 장기 독성실험을 각각 수행하였다. 단기 독성실험에서, 여러 triorganotin들의 S. costatum에 대한 성장저해 효과는 처리농도에 비례하여 증가하였으며, 이 성장저해는 시간 경과에 따라 회복되었다. 그러나 여러 triorganotin의 독성의 성장저해 효과가 접종한 S. costatum의 세포밀도에 따라 다름을 보였다. 접종 세포농도가 높을수록 triorganotin의 독성효과는 감소하였다. 이러한 결과는 triorganotin의 S. costatum에 의한 분해에 의한 것이라고 판단된다. 장기 독성실험에서는 단기 독성실험에서와는 달리 1 $\mu$g/L의 triorganotin의 농도에서도 S. costatum이 사멸하였다. 이러한 사실은 낮은 밀도의 식물성 플랑크톤이 존재하는 해수에서 지속적으로 존재하는 triorganotin의 독성은 훨씬 더 강하게 나타날 수 있음을 보여준다.

• Toxicological Research
• /
• 제34권3호
• /
• pp.259-266
• /
• 2018

Glycomacropeptide (GMP), a whey protein of milk, has functions including differentiation and development of nervous system, and anticancer and antiviral effects. To develop new functions, N-acetylneuraminic acid (NANA) containing 7% sialic acid was separated from GMP to produce G-7%NANA. N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) is another type of sialic acid separated from GMP, which has been linked to immune disorders and chronic inflammation-mediated diseases. Therefore, safety was a concern in the use of G-7%NANA in functional foods. To ensure safety, in this study, three genetic toxicity tests on G-7%NANA were conducted. In the reverse mutation test using Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537, and Escherichia coli WP2uvrA, and in the chromosome aberration test using CHO-K1 cells, no significant differences from negative control were found at all dose levels. Similarly, no dose-related differences were evident compared to negative control in the micronucleus test using ICR mice. There was no evidence of G-7%NANA-related genetic toxicity.

• 약학회지
• /
• 제43권4호
• /
• pp.535-540
• /
• 1999

Glutamate (Glu) receptor-mediated excitoxicity has been implicated in many acute and chronic types of neurological disorders. Exposure of mature rat cortical neurons (15-18 days in culture) to the various concentrations of Glu resulted in a marked neuronal death, whereas immature rat cortical neurons (4∼5 days in culture) were resistant to the Glu-induced toxicity. Glu receptor subtype-specific agonists showed differential extent of toxicity in the immature neurons. The neurons treated with NMDA or kainate (KA) did not exhibit damage. However, quisqualate (QA) treatment induced a considerable cell death (36.1%) in immature enurons. The non-NMDA antagonist DNQX did not reduce this response. Interestingly, the QA-induced toxicity was potentiated by spermine in a concentration-dependent manner. Again, the spermine-enhanced damage was not altered by the polyamine antagonist ifenprodil. Taken together, unlike NMDA or KA, QA can induce neurotoxicity in immature rat cortical neurons and the QA-induced toxicity was potentiated by spermine. The lack of antagonizing effects of DNQX and ifenprodil on QA-induced toxicity and the potentiated toxicity by spermine, respectively, implies that both QA receptor and the polyamine site of NMDA receptor may not mediate the neurotoxicity observed in this study, and that a distinct mechanism(s) may be involved in excitotoxicity in immature neurons.

• 농약과학회지
• /
• 제15권4호
• /
• pp.383-388
• /
• 2011

본 연구는 새롭게 개발된 제초제인 methiozolin의 인체 안전성을 평가하기 위해 급성독성시험을 수행하였다. 랫드를 이용한 급성 독성 시험에서 2,000 mg/kg의 용량을 고용량으로 하여 단계적으로 투여한 결과 methiozolin의 $LD_{50}$은 2,000 mg/kg bw 이상이었다. 급성 경피독성시험결과 시험물질을 고용량 4,000 mg/kg을 투여한 결과 별다른 사망동물이 발생하지 않아 시험물질의 $LD_{50}$이 4,000 mg/kg bw 이상으로 나타났다. 피부자극성 시험결과 시험물질의 약한 자극성이 나타났으며, 안점막 자극성 시험결과 약한 자극성이 있었다. 이상의 연구 결과 경구 독성의 경우 methozolin은 GHS 카테고리 IV에 해당하는 물질로 판단된다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 methiozolin은 안전한 제초제로서 추후 만성 독성 연구가 필요하다고 판단된다.

• 대한안전경영과학회지
• /
• 제12권3호
• /
• pp.27-35
• /
• 2010

In this study, we have developed the database of safety and health information for pesticide active ingredients used in Korea. There were 1,283 pesticide items among which 296 were found to be out of use in current. A total of 349 pesticide ingredients were being used in Korea. The database consists of 32 types of information including chemical characteristics, acute toxicity, chronic toxicity (carcinogenic and reproductive toxicity), specific symptoms by exposure route and first aid. When pesticide ingredients were assessed in terms of key properties such as color, odor, acute toxicity, carcinogenic and reproductive toxicity, they were white, colorless and odorless, in general. When ingredients were classified by category of acute toxicity, 'Non-hazardous' represented 29%, followed by 'Slightly hazardous' at 16%, 'Moderately hazardous' at 14%, 'Highly hazardous' at 5%, and 'Extremely hazardous' at 2%. 85 out of 349, or 24% of ingredients were found to be possibly carcinogenic to human. This database is expected to provide an easy access for farmers, agriculture supervisors, researchers and consumers, and it can ultimately be used as basic data on farmer's safety and health.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• 제51권2호
• /
• pp.124-128
• /
• 2008

개비자나무의 유효성분으로 알려진 homoharringtonine의 암세포주 K562에 대한 세포증식 저해 활성을 분석하였고, 마우스를 이용한 만성독성시험을 수행하였다. 총 약물처리 시간에 따른 최적 투여조건 결정 실험에서는 HHT를 9일, 6일, 3일 동안 매일 처리할 경우 각각 0.27, 0.37, 1.10mM의 농도에서 K562세포의 성장을 50% 감소시킴을 확인하였다. 기존 백혈병 치료제로 사용되고 있는 adriamycin과의 비교실험 결과 HHT는 K562 세포주에 대하여 adriamycin보다 낮은 저해율을 나타냈으나 비교적 근사한 값을 가졌다. HHT의 만성독성 실험 결과 혈액학적 지표 측정 실험에서 적혈구수(RBC)는 대조군과 HHT 투여군 사이에 유의적인 차이가 없었고, 간 기능 관련 효소의 혈액을 분석한 결과, 간 손상과 관련된 효소glutamate-oxalate-transferase, glutamate-pyruvate- transferase, cholesterol 및 alkaline phosphatase 모두 정상 범위에 있었다. 그러나 간 조직학적 검사에서는 HHT를 투여한 마우스의 간 조직에서 밴드형의 호중구를 침착시키는 것이 확인되었다.

• 대한약침학회지
• /
• 제26권1호
• /
• pp.27-37
• /
• 2023

Objectives: Moroccan Arbutus unedo is an essential medicinal plant; however, little is known about the biological properties of its leaves mentioned in Moroccan traditional medicine. Methods: Various standard experiments were performed to evaluate the phytochemical, antidiabetic, antioxidant, antibacterial, and acute and sub-chronic toxicity characteristics of A. unedo leaves. Results: Phytochemical screening led to the identification of several phytochemical classes, including tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, and anthraquinones, with high concentrations of polyphenols (31.83 ± 0.29 mg GAEs/g extract) and flavonoids (16.66 ± 1.47 mg REs/g extract). Further, the mineral analysis revealed high levels of calcium and potassium. A. unedo extract demonstrated significant antioxidant and anti-diabetic activities by inhibiting α-amylase (1.350 ± 0.32 g/mL) and α-glucosidase (0.099 ± 1.21 g/mL) compared to the reference drug Acarbose. Also, the methanolic extract of the plant exhibited significantly higher antibacterial activity than the aqueous extract. Precisely, three of the four examined bacterial strains exhibited substantial susceptibility to the methanolic extract . Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC)/minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values indicated that A. unedo harbor abundant bactericidal compounds. For toxicological studies, mice were administered with A. unedo aqueous extract at single doses of 2,000 and 5,000 mg/kg. They did not exhibit significant abnormal behavior, toxic symptoms, or death during the 14-day acute toxicity test and the 90-day sub-chronic toxicity test periods. The general behavior, body weight, and hematological and biochemical status of the rats were assessed, revealing no toxicological symptoms or clinically significant changes in biological markers observed in the mice models, except hypoglycemia, after 90 days of daily dose administration. Conclusion: The study highlighted several biological advantages of A. unedo leaves without toxic effects in short-term application. Our findings suggest that conducting more comprehensive and extensive in vivo investigations is of utmost importance to identify molecules that can be formulated into pharmaceuticals in the future.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제44권5호
• /
• pp.717-724
• /
• 2020

Background: Malignant arrhythmias require drug therapy. However, most of the currently available antiarrhythmic drugs have significant side effects. Ginsenoside Rg2 exhibits excellent cardioprotective effects and appears to be a promising candidate for cardiovascular drug development. So far, the oral toxicity and antiarrhythmic effects of Rg2 have not been evaluated. Methods: Acute oral toxicity of Rg2 was assessed by the Limit Test method in mice. Subchronic oral toxicity was determined by repeated dose 28-day toxicity study in rats. Antiarrhythmic activities of Rg2 were evaluated in calcium chloride-induced arrhythmic rats. Antiarrhythmic mechanism of Rg2 was investigated in arrhythmic rats and H9c2 cardiomyocytes. Results: The results of toxicity studies indicated that Rg2 exhibited no single-dose (10 g/kg) acute oral toxicity. And 28-day repeated dose treatment with Rg2 (1.75, 3.5 and 5 g/kg/d) demonstrated minimal, if any, subchronic toxicity. Serum biochemical examination showed that total cholesterol in the high-dose cohort was dramatically decreased, whereas prothrombin time was increased at Day 28, suggesting that Rg2 might regulate lipid metabolism and have a potential anticoagulant effect. Moreover, pretreatment with Rg2 showed antiarrhythmic effects on the rat model of calcium chloride induced arrhythmia, in terms of the reduced duration time, mortality, and incidence of malignant arrhythmias. The antiarrhythmic mechanism of Rg2 might be the inhibition of calcium influx through L-type calcium channels by suppressing the phosphorylation of Ca²⁺/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II. Conclusion: Our findings support the development of Rg2 as a promising antiarrhythmic drug with fewer side effects for clinical use.

• 한국환경과학회지
• /
• 제10권4호
• /
• pp.293-298
• /
• 2001

The toxicity values heavy metals were evaluated by immobilization and chronic reproduction impairment tests, using Daphnia magna. Acute tests were evaluated by the inhibition of their mobilization after 24hrs without food addition. The tests of reproductive impairment were investigated for 21 days by food addition and exchange or water. The effect of each concentration was assessed by Probit analysis and t-test. The results obtained from this study were as follows : 1) The change of pH and DO was not significant in the acute tests, while, in the reproductive tests, pH was increased by 0.3~1.4 and DO also increased. 2) The $E_iC_{50}$ values of immobilization to Daphnia magna in artificial fresh water were $0.030mg/{\ell}(Cu),\;0.054mg/{\ell}(Cd),\;0.12mg/{\ell};(Cr),\;0.74mg/{\ell}(Pb),\;3.4mg/ {\ell}(As)$ and the $NOE_iC$ values were $0.010mg/{\ell}(Cu),\;0.018mg/{\ell}(Cd),\;0.010mg/{\ell}(Cr),\;0.10mg/{\ell}(Pb),\;and\;$1.8mg/{\ell}(As)$. 3) The $E_rC_{50}$ values of reproductive impairment to Daphnia magna were $13.8\mu\textrm{g}/{\ell}(Cu),\;2.9\mu\textrm{g}/{\ell}(Cd),\;15.5\mu\textrm{g}/{\ell}(Cr),\;61.7\mu\textrm{g}/{\ell}(Pb),\;759\mu\textrm{g}/{\ell}(As)$, and $NOE_rC$ values were $0.95\mu\textrm{g}/{\ell}(Cu),\;$0.54\mu\textrm{g}/{\ell}(Cd),\;1.2\mu\textrm{g}/{\ell}(Cd),\;$7.4\mu\textrm{g}/{\ell}(Pb),\;110mu\textrm{g}/{\ell}(As)$. The results of tests using OECD artificial culture water were more sensitive than natural water for culturing. The presented data show that an artificial culture water is suitable in the experiment of bioassay for assessing the toxicity of marterials.