• 대한수의학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.71-80
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• 1993

The central nervous system depressant effect of xylazine and xylazine-ketamine was studied in chicken and mice. Intraperitoneal injection of xylazine(1~30 mg/kg) and xylazine(1~30 mg/kg)-ketamine(100 mg/kg) induced a loss of the righting reflex in chicken and mice, respectively. These effects of xylazine were dose-dependent. The results obtained were as follows; 1. The effect of xylazine-induced depression was antagonized by adrenergic antagonists having ${\alpha}_2$-blocking activity(yohimbine, tolazoline, piperoxan and phentolamine). 2. Yohimbine was most effective in the reduction of the CNS depression by xylazine. 3. Phenoxybenzamine and prazosin did not reduced CNS depression by xylazine in both species. 4. Labetalol (${\alpha}_1$, ${\beta}_1$-adrenergic antagonist) and propranolol(${\beta}$-adrenergic blocking agent) were not effective in reducing xylazine induced depression. 5. Cholinergic blocking agents (atropine and mecamylamine), a dopaminergic antagonist (Haloperidol), a histamine $H_1$-antagonist(chlorpheniramine), a histamine $H_2$-antagonist(cimetidine), a serotonergic-histamine $H_1$ antagonist(cyproheptadine) were not effective in reducing xylazine-induced depression. 6. Xylazine-induced depression is mediated by ${\alpha}_2$-adrenergic receptors and appears not to be involved in cholinergic, dopaminergic, serotonergic or histaminergic pathways.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.63-70
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• 2002

Cholinergic modulation of GABAergic spontaneous miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs) by the activation of muscarine receptors was investigated in mechanically dissociated rat nucleus basalis of the Meynert neurons using the conventional whole-cell patch recording configuration. Muscarine $(10{\mu}M)$ reversibly and concentration-dependently decreased mIPSC frequency without affecting the current amplitude distribution. Muscarine action on GABAergic mIPSCs was completely blocked by $1{\mu}M$ methoctramine, a selective $M_2$ receptor antagonist, but not by $1{\mu}M$ pirenzepine, a selective $M_1$ receptor antagonist. NEM $(10{\mu}M),$ a G-protein uncoupler, attenuated the inhibitory action of muscarine on GABAergic mIPSC frequency. Muscarine still could decrease GABAergic mIPSC frequency even in the $Ca^{2+}-free$ external solution. However, the inhibitory action of muscarine on GABAergic mIPSCs was completely occluded in the presence of forskolin. The results suggest that muscarine acts presynaptically and reduces the probability of spontaneous GABA release, and that such muscarine-induced inhibitory action seems to be mediated by G-protein-coupled $M_2$ receptors, via the reduction of cAMP production. Accordingly, $M_2$ receptor-mediated disinhibition of nBM neurons might play one of important roles in the regulation of cholinergic outputs from nBM neurons as well as the excitability of nBM neurons themselves.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.1151-1156
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• 2002

This research was done to make the effective prescription and cope with various senile dementia. Sprague-Dawley rats were injured by ibotenic acid to make a damage on learning and memory functions of model rats. At first acquisition test and retention rest were done in the Morris water maze. And to evaluate the effects of the sample drug(GSD) on choline acetyltranferase and acetylcholine esterase, immunoreactive measurement and enzymatic activity measuring were carried out. The ibotenic acid were injected to hippocampus CA1 and CA3 area. Conclusion : GSD improved the learning ability in the acquisition test and memory function in the retention test significantly. And GSD increased the level of ChAT which is synthesizing acetylcholine in CA1 area, and at the same time it increased the level of AChE which is resolving acetylcholine. These results show that GSD improved the cholinergic catabolism and anabolism, and the increment of metabolic activity of cholinergic system. In other words, it contributes to the recovery of damaged learning and memory function by ibotenic acid. So it can be concluded that GSD will be helpful to cholinergic brain damage induced by primary or senile reduction of acetylcholine secretive activity.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.1236-1242
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• 2002

In order to make an efficient prescription and cope with dementia, learning and memory functions of Sprague-Dawley model rats were tested with Morris water maze. And to evaluate the effect of the sample drug(CHM) on choline acetyltranferase and acetylcholine esterase, immunoreactive measurement and enzymatic activity measuring were carried out. Rats were injected with ibotenic acid through hippocampus CA1 and CA3 area. The results are as following. CHM improves the learning ability in the acquisition test and memory function in the retention test significantly. And CHM increases the level of AChE which is resolving acetylcholine. Though it doesn't increase the level of ChAT significantly which is synthesizing acetylcholine, but it shows the tendency of increase. So these results show that CHM improve the cholinergic catabolism and anabolism, and the increment of metabolic activity of cholinergic system. Thus it can be concluded that CHM will be helpful to cholinergic brain disease induced by primary or senile reduction of acetylcholine secretive activity.

• 약학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.341-347
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• 1991

It was reported that protein carboxymethylation is involved in amylase secretion of parotid gland by isoproterenot. It was also suggested that a small part of the total cellular protein carboxymethylation is directly involved in pancreatic enzyme secretion. On the contrary, other authors reported that there is no relationship between protein carboxymethylation and secretion in pancreas and parotid gland. In recent study, it was proposed that a methyl acceptor protein plays a limited modulatory role in the coupling of cytosolic $Ca^{++}$ accumulation and exocytosis. In this study, the effects of cholinergic and adrenergic agents on the activities of protein methylase II in pancreatic tissues were examined to test the relationship between protein methylation and pancreatic secretion. The results are as follows. The activity of amylase was slightly increased at the concentration of $10^{-5}$ M of isoproterenol and norepinephrine. The activities of protein methylase I and II were decreased by isoproterenol and norepinephrine, but the activities of protein methylase III were hardly changed. The cholinergic stimulants acetylcholine and carbachol at a concentration of $10^{-5}$ M increased the activities of protein methylase I and decreased the activitiy of protein methylase III compared with control.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.237-243
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• 1995

The effects of various autonomic blocking agents to perivascular nerve stimulation were investigated on isolated coronary artery of pig. 1. The magnitude of contractile response to perivascular nerve stimulation increased with increasing frequency(280Hz) of stimulation. 2. The contractions to perivascular nerve stimulation(40V, 40Hz, 0.5msec, 1min) were increased by pretreatment of the cholinestrase inhibitor, physostigmine. 3. The contraction to perivascular nerve stimulation(40V, 40Hz, 0.5msec, 1min) was antagonised by the muscarinic antagonist, atropine. 4. The contraction to perivascular nerve stimulation(40V, 40Hz, 0.5msec, 1min) was blocked by the neural blocker, tetrodotoxin. 5. The contractions to perivascular nerve stimulation(40V, 40Hz, 0.5msec, 1min) were not significantly affected by the ${\alpha}$-adrenergic antagonist, phentolamine or ${\beta}$-adrenergic antagonist, propranolol. 6. The contractile response by the acetylcholine was increased by the pretreatment of cholinestrase inhibitor, physostigmine. This findings suggest that the powerful excitatory action by the perivascular nerve stimulation may be linked to muscarinic receptor by cholinergic nerve excitation in coronary artery of pig.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.553-559
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• 2003

In order to make the efficient prescription and cope with various senile dementia, learning and memory functions of Sprague-Dawley model rats were tested with Morris water maze at first. And to evaluate the effects of the sample drug(GM) on choline acetyltranferase and acetylcholine esterase, immunoreactive measurement and enzymatic activity measuring were carried out. Rats were injected with ibotenic acid through hippocampus CA1 and CA3 area. The results are as following. GM improves the learning ability in tile acquisition test and memory function in the retention test significantly. And GM increases the level of ChAT which is synthesizing acetylcholine in CA3 area, and at the same time it increases the level of AChE which is resolving acetylcholine. These results show that GM improve the cholinergic catabolism and anabolism, and the increment of metabolic activity of cholinergic system contributes to the recovery of damaged learning and memory function by ibotenic acid. So it can be concluded that GM will be helpful to cholinergic brain disease induced by primary or senile reduction of acetylcholine secretive activity.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.122-129
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• 1994

Teratogenic effects of diazinon were assessed morphologically and cholinergic blocking agents. Diazinon at doses ranging from 25 to 2000 ug /egg, was Injected on day 3 of incubation. TD50s were different for the various teratogenic signs (wry neck, micromelia, abnormal feathering, abnormal beak and curled claws). The threshould dose for wry neck was higher than threshould dose for other signs； 40 ug/egg produced substantial micromelia, abnormal feathering. abnormal beak and curled claws, but gave no signs of wry neck. In contrast to the teratogenic doses, the LD50 of diazinon was very high (above 2000 ug /egg). One of the characteristics of diazinon-induced teratogenesis was reduced body weight (78.7％) and body length (73.8%). Maximal teratogenic effects, scored as signs of retarded growth, wry neck micromelia, abnormal feathering, abnormal beak, and curled claws, were produced when the insectcide was administered on the third or fourth day. The threshold dose for type II teratogenic signs(such as wry neck and short neck) was higher than for type I (such as micromelia and abnormal feathering). Morphological studies, using atropine and gallamine, suggested that nicotine but not muscarinic receptors may be involved in the mechanism of diazinon induced type II malformations.

• 생약학회지
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.119-124
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• 2017

Taraxacum platycarpum H. Dahl. (Compositae) has been used as an anti-inflammatory or anti-cancer agent in the clinic. Although its antidepressant effect has been reported, however, its cognitive function is not investigated until yet. In the present study, we investigated whether the water extract of T. platycarpum (WETP) could improve cognitive function in cholinergic blockade-induced amnesia mouse model using the passive avoidance or Y-maze task. WETP (12.5, 25 or 50 mg/kg) significantly ameliorated the scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment both in the passive avoidance test and the Y-maze test. In addition, WETP significantly inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity measured by an ex vivo study using the mouse whole brain. These results suggest that WETP alleviates the cognitive dysfunction caused by the cholinergic blockade, in part, via AChE inhibition, and that it may be a useful for treating cognitive dysfunction.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제61권2호
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• pp.15.1-15.5
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• 2021

A three-month-old, intact male Maltese dog was presented to the hospital with lethargy after taking a human medication, Motilitone. Physical examination, including a neurological examination, revealed no remarkable findings, but cholinergic crisis symptoms appeared gradually. Blood and radiological examinations showed no remarkable findings. The dog was tentatively diagnosed with a cholinergic crisis associated with Motilitone intake. Treatment included intravenous administration of atropine (0.02 mg/kg) every 30 minutes and supportive fluid therapy. After 12 hours of treatment, the patient's clinical signs were resolved. This is the first case report describing Motilitone toxicity in a dog.