• Title/Summary/Keyword: chloride solutions

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Physical Property Factors Controlling the Electrical Resistivity of Subsurface (지반의 전기비저항을 좌우하는 물성요인)

  • Park Sam-Gyu
    • Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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    • v.7 no.2
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    • pp.130-135
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    • 2004
  • This paper describes the physical properties of the factors controlling the electrical resistivity of the subsurface. Resistivities of various types of soil and rock samples saturated with sodium chloride solutions having nine different concentrations were measured, and the measured resistivities of these samples were compared with calculated resistivities obtained using the conventional empirical formulas. From the results obtained, we observed that the resistivity of the soil and rock samples increases with increasing in pore-fluids resistivity regardless of the media type. However, between 20 and 200 ohm-m, which is the normal range of resistivity of groundwater, the resistivity of the pore-fluids have little or no effect on the resistivities of the samples used. Below 10 ohm-m, the resistivities of the samples are mainly controlled by the pore-fluids, whereas, in the normal range of resistivity of groundwater, the sample resistivities are controlled by their intrinsic matrix resistivity more than by the pore-fluids resistivity. Also, the measured resistivity of rock and soil samples having more than $20\%$ clay contents showed a good agreement with the calculated resistivity using the parallel resistance model whereas, the calculated resistivities of glass beads correlate with that obtained using Archie's formula. When the pore-fluid resistivity is high, the computation of the resistivity values of the samples using the Archie's formula could not be carried out. Through this study, we were able to confirm that the tests are only applicable to the parallel resistance model considering the intrinsic matrix resistivity within the normal resistivity range of groundwater in the subsurface.

Effects of Acidic Treatments for Anthocyanin and Proanthocyanidin Extraction on Black Bean (Glycine max Merrill.) (검정콩 안토시아닌 및 프로안토시아니딘 추출에 대한 산 처리의 영향)

  • Ji, Yeong Mi;Kim, Min Young;Lee, Sang Hoon;Jang, Gwi Yeong;Li, Meishan;Yoon, Nara;Kim, Kyung Mi;Lee, Junsoo;Jeong, Heon Sang
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.44 no.10
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    • pp.1594-1598
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    • 2015
  • This study was performed to investigate the effects of various acidic treatment for anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin extraction from black bean. Extracts were prepared with 80% methanol solutions containing HCl, acetic, formic, phosphoric, and citric acids of different concentrations (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7%). Total anthocyanin content ranged from 0.74 mg/g in 0.7% citric acid to 1.74 mg/g in 0.3% HCl, depending on acid type and concentration. The major anthocyanins were delphinidin-3-glucoside (D3G), cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G), and petunidin-3-glucoside (Pt3G). The highest C3G content was 1.12 mg/g in 0.3% HCl. Proanthocyanidin content ranged from 2.01 mg/g in 0.5% acetic acid to 5.29 mg/g in 0.3% HCl. Thus, acidic condition is a significant factor affecting anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin extraction from black bean, and the optimum extraction conditions were determined as 80% methanol containing 0.3% HCl.

Browning Inhibition Effect of the Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba Extract and L-cysteine Combination on Agaricus bisporus (백출 추출물과 L-cysteine의 병용처리가 양송이버섯의 갈변억제에 미치는 영향)

  • Lee, Da-Uhm;Kim, Gun-Hee
    • Food Science and Preservation
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    • v.20 no.2
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    • pp.173-181
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    • 2013
  • This study investigated that anti-browning effects of Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba extract and L-cysteine combination. Mushrooms were dipped in solutions (0.1% Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba extract containing 0.05% L-cysteine) for 3 min. The dipped mushrooms were packaged in a polystyrene (PS) tray and wrapped with a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) film, and stored for 14 days at $10^{\circ}C$. The browning inhibition activity (Hunter L, a, b color scale and tyrosinase inhibition activity) and quality changes (weight loss rate, gas composition, firmness and sensory evaluation) were analyzed during storage period. After 14 days, the Hunter L and ${\Delta}E$ value of mushrooms treated in 0.1% Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba extract containing 0.05% L-cysteine were 87.24 and 5.56, respectively. The mushrooms treated with 0.1% Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba extract containing 0.05% L-cysteine also showed higher firmness (13.31 N) and smaller weight loss rate (2.87%) than the untreated mushroom (11.42 N, 3.04%) on storage day 14. During storage period, the sensory evaluation showed that overall acceptability of mushrooms treated with 0.1% Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba extract containing 0.05% L-cysteine were higher than those of the untreated mushrooms, except those that were stored for five days. Overall, the mushrooms treated with 0.1% Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba extract containing 0.05% L-cysteine had a higher tyrosinase inhibition activity than the untreated mushrooms during storage period. This study suggests that the browning of the mushrooms treated with 0.1% Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba extract containing 0.05% L-cysteine solution were inhibited, and the that their shelf life was extended.

Solvent Extraction Separation of Co(II) and Ni(II) from Weak Hydrochloric Acid Solution with Ionic Liquids Synthesized from Organophosphorus Acids (유기인산계 추출제로 합성한 이온성액체에 의한 묽은 염산용액에서 코발트(II)와 니켈(II)의 추출분리)

  • Moon, Hyun Seung;Song, Si Jeong;Tran, Thanh Tuan;Lee, Man Seung
    • Resources Recycling
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    • v.29 no.5
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    • pp.55-63
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    • 2020
  • In order to investigate the separation of Co(II) and Ni(II) by ionic liquids from weak hydrochloric acid solutions, extraction experiments were performed by changing the type and concentration of ionic liquids and the initial pH of the aqueous phase. Two kinds of ionic liquids based on Aliquat 336 were employed in this work; one was synthesized by reacting organophosphorus acids(D2EHPA, PC88A, Cyanex 272, Cyanex 301) with Aliquat 336 and the other was prepared by exchanging the chloride ion of Aliquat 336 with SCN-. The three types of ionic liquids (ALi-D2, ALi-PC, and ALi-CY272) showed better extraction of Co(II) than Ni(II), and the equilibrium pH was higher than the initial pH. In the case of ALi-CY301, the selectivity of Co(II) and Ni(II) depended on the extraction conditions. In addition, the effect of the addition of TBP to the ionic liquid on the extraction of two metals was also investigated. Employment of ALi-SCN as an extractant resulted in selective extraction of Co(II) and complete separation of the two metal ions was possible.

Incubation conditions affecting biogenic amines degradation of probiotic lactic acid bacteria (프로바이오틱 유산균의 바이오제닉 아민 분해능에 영향을 미치는 배양 조건)

  • Lim, Eun-Seo
    • Korean Journal of Microbiology
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    • v.53 no.4
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    • pp.273-285
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    • 2017
  • The purpose of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effect of antibacterial substances produced by probiotic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) against biogenic amines-producing bacteria and the influence of culture conditions on the antibacterial activity of bacteriocin and organic acid. The bacteriocin solutions of Lactobacillus plantarum FIL20 (64 AU/ml) and Lactobacillus paracasei FIL31 (128 AU/ml) showed strong antibacterial activity against Serratia marcescens CIH09 and Aeromonas hydrophilia RIH28, respectively. And the lactic acid contents in the cell-free culture supernatants (CFCS) obtained from FIL20 and FIL31 strains were $107.3{\pm}2.7mM$ and $129.5{\pm}4.6mM$, respectively. Therefore, the bacteriocin solution (200 AU/ml) and the CFCS ($200{\mu}l/ml$) produced by L. plantarum FIL20 and L. paracasei FIL31 significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the bacterial numbers and histamine and tyramine production ability of S. marcescens CIH09 and A. hydrophilia RIH28. The amounts of histamine and tyramine produced by the CIH09 strain under conditions of low initial pH (5.0) and incubation temperature ($15^{\circ}C$) was significantly reduced by treatment with bacteriocin solution and CFCS obtained from L. plantarum FIL20. In addition, the bacterial counts and biogenic amines contents of CIH09 strain were significantly decreased (P < 0.05) when sodium chloride (5%) or potassium nitrite (200 mg/g) were mixed with the antibacterial substances of L. plantarum FIL20. Consequently, the bacteriocin and organic acid solution of L. plantarum FIL20 and L. paracasei FIL31 can be used as a biological preservation to effectively control the production of biogenic amines by the application of hurdle technology.

Intravenous Fluid Selection for Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysm Clipping : Balanced Crystalloid versus Normal Saline

  • Kang, Jian;Song, Young Joo;Jeon, Sujeong;Lee, Junghwa;Lee, Eunsook;Lee, Ju-Yeun;Lee, Euni;Bang, Jae Seung;Lee, Si Un;Han, Moon-Ku;Oh, Chang Wan;Kim, Tackeun
    • Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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    • v.64 no.4
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    • pp.534-542
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    • 2021
  • Objective : While balanced crystalloid (BC) could be a relevant fluid regimen with buffer system compared with normal saline (NS), there have been no studies on the optimal fluid for surgery of an unruptured intracranial aneurysm (UIA). This study aimed to compare the effects of fluid regimens between NS and BC on the metabolic and clinical outcomes of patients who underwent surgery for UIA. Methods : This study was designed as a propensity score matched retrospective comparative study and included adult patients who underwent UIA clipping. Patient groups were categorized as NS and BC groups based on the types of pre-operative fluid and the amount of fluid administered during surgery. The primary outcomes were defined as electrolyte imbalance and acidosis immediately after surgery. The secondary outcomes were the length of stay in the intensive care unit (ICU) and duration from the end of the operation to extubation. Results : A total of 586 patients were enrolled in this study, with each of 293 patients assigned to the NS and BC groups, respectively. Immediately after surgery, serum chloride levels were significantly higher in the NS group. Compared to the NS group, the BC group had lower incidence rates of acidemia (6.5% vs. 11.6%, p=0.043) and metabolic acidosis (0.7% vs. 4.4%, p=0.007). As compared to NS group, BC group had significantly shorter duration from the end of the operation to extubation (250±824 vs. 122±372 minutes, p=0.016) and length of stay in ICU (1.37±1.11 vs. 1.12±0.61 days, p=0.001). Throughout multivariable analysis, use of BC was found to be significant factor for favorable post-operative results. Conclusion : This study showed that the patients who received BC during UIA clipping had lower incidence of metabolic acidosis, earlier extubation and shorter ICU stay compared to those who received NS. Therefore, using BC as a peri-operative fluid can be recommended for patients who undergo surgery for UIA.

Copper Mineralization in the Haman-Gunbuk Area, Gyeongsangnamdo-Province: Fluid Inclusion and Stable Isotope Study (경상남도 함안-군북지역의 동광화작용: 유체포유물 및 안정동위원소 연구)

  • 허철호;윤성택;최상훈;최선규;소칠섭
    • Economic and Environmental Geology
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    • v.36 no.2
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    • pp.75-87
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    • 2003
  • The Haman-Gunbuk mineralized area is located within the Cretaceous Gyeongsang Basin along the southeastern part of the Korean peninsula. Major ore minerals, magnetite, scheelite, molybdenite and chalcopyrite, together with base-metal sulfides and minor sulfosalts, occur in fissure-filling tourmaline, quartz and carbonates veins contained within Cretaceous sedimentary and volcanic rocks anu/or granodiorite (118{\pm}$3.0 Ma). The ore and gangue mineral paragenesis can be divided into three distinct stages: Stage 1, tourmaline+quartz+Fe-Cu ore mineralization; Stage II, quartz+sulfides+sulfosalts+carbonates; Stage 111, barren calcite. Earliest fluids are recorded in stage I and early por-tions of stage II veins as hypersaline (35~70 equiv. wt.% NaCl+KCl) and vapor-rich inclusions which homogenize from ~30$0^{\circ}C$ to $\geq$50$0^{\circ}C$. The high-salinity fluids are complex chloride brines with significant concentrations of sodium, potassium, iron, copper, and sulfur, though sulfide minerals are not associated with the early mineral assemblage produced by this fluid. Later solutions circulated through newly formed fractures and reopened veins, and are recorded as lower-salinity(less than ~20 equiv. wt.% NaCl) fluid inclusions which homogenize primarily from ~200 to 40$0^{\circ}C$. The oxygen and hydrogen isotopic compositions of fluid in the Haman-Gunbuk hydrothermal system represents a progressive shift from magmatic-hydrothermal dominance during early mineralization stage toward meteoric-hydrothermal dominance during late mineralization stage. The earliest hydrothermal fiuids to circu-late within the granodiorite stock localiring the ore body at Haman-Gunbuk could have exsolved from the crystal-lizing magma and unmixed into hypersaline liquid and $H_2O$-NaCl vapor. As these magmatic fluids moved throughfractures, tourmaline and early Fe, W, Mo, Cu ore mineralization occurred without concomitant deposition of othersulfides and sulfosalts. Later solutions of dominantly meteoric origin progressively formed hypogene copper and base-metal sulfides, and sulfosalt mineralization.

Studies on Anisakis Type Larvae (Anisakis 형(型) 유충(幼蟲)에 관한 연구(硏究))

  • Lim, Jung Teck
    • Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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    • v.15 no.2
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    • pp.293-307
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    • 1975
  • As it has been known recently that anisakis type larvae harbouring in marine fishes are a causal agent of zoonosis to human and probably to land living mammal animals, attention was focused on the study on the larvae in an aspect of epidemiology or epizootiology. The present work was conducted from 1966 to 1975 for i) survey on the harbouring status of anisakis type larvae in marine fishes of this country, ii) observation on the response to the experimental infestation of the larvae to the pigs, in the reason that they could well fetid raw fish viscera occasionally containing the larvae as a high protein source of swine food, and iii) observation on the larval resistance and response to vermicidal agents for the purpose of prevention of the larval infection to the mammal animals. The data obtained in the studies were summarized as follows: 1. In the survey on the status of larvae harbouring in main species of marine fishes of this country, 15 species, a total of 1,940 fishes, were observed and the result was summarized in table 2. Average number of larvae, in upper rank of 5 out of all 15 species of fishes, were as highest as 156 larvae ranging 74 to 450 in Pseudosciaena manchurica (chamjogi), 54.5 ranging 15 to 240 in Trichiurus haumela (kalchi), 35.6 ranging 8 to 112 in Trachurus japonica (junggengi), 30.6 ranging 4 to 65 in Parapristipama trilineatum (benjari) and 20.5 ranging 3 to 48 in Nibea argentata (boguchi) respectively. In morphological observation, size of the larvae in the fishes were varied, ranging from 2 to 32mm long, and a tendency to larger size and number of larvae in the fishes, which were wider sea migration, higher age and lager bodily size, was observed The favorite places harbouring the larvae in fishes were mainly around the intraperitoneal viscera such as mesentery, omentum, liver, pyloric suspensory, fat tissue and cloaca, and rarely in body muscles of fish. Fishes heartily infested with the larvae showed stunted growth decreased egg formation and severe damage of liver. 2. In the experimental infestation of the larvae to normal pigs, as illustrated in table 3, a group with large dose of larvae (a total of 1,800 larvae, 300 larvae Per dose, twice in a dart for 3 days) showed acute clinical syndrome terminatine death with a week course, whereas two groups with less dose of larvae (a total of 180~360 larvae, 10 larvae per dose, at 5 days interval for 70~180 days) showed subclinical syndrome with remarkably stunted growth as. much as approximately one half of body size in contest to the control pigs. In the pathological findings, a group with large dose of larvae showed macroscopically larvae penetrating to the gastric wall with severe gastroenteritis, and histopathologically various acute lesions caused by active larvae penetration into the wall of stomach and interstine, whereas two groups with less dose of larvae showed chronic lesions such as hypertrophy and verminous granulomatous swelling of gastric wall, suggesting strongly the possibility of natural infestation of larvae to swine. 3. In the resistance of the larvae to the chemical solutions, the larvae tolerated for 2 days in 15 percent solution of sodium chloride and acetic acid, and for 7 days in 70 percent solution of ethyl alcohol. In the resistance to the temperature, the larvae died within 1 second at $62^{\circ}C$ and tolerated for 24 hours at $-3^{\circ}C$, 12 hours $-5^{\circ}C$ respectively. 4. For the experiment on the vermicidal effect to larvae, general vermicidal drugs such as Neguvon, Combantrin, antimony Potassium, piperazine adipate and piperazine dihydrochloride, oxidizer such as potassium permanganate and potassium chlorate, and dyes such as gentian violet and crystal violet were used, and among them, as illustrated in table 6, potassium permanganate was proved as the best. In the successive test for the practical use of potassium permanganate, vermicidal effect in seawater solution of potassium permanganate and common-water solution of potassium permanganate were compared, and then retested by dipping the fish viscera including the larvae into the two different solutions of potassium permanganate. The result through these tests indicated that 0.01 percent common water and sea-water solution of potassium permanganate could be apparently recommended as a preventive vermicidal solution, having 90 to 100 percent vermicidal effect by dipping for 12 to 24 hours even though sea-water solution of potassium permanganate had a tendency to slightly less effect than the common-water solution of potassium permanganate (Table 8).

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Reactivities of Di-iso-butylnitrosoamine by Anodic Film Formed on Metals (산화피막전극을 이용한 디이소부틸니트로소아민의 전극반응)

  • Hwang Kum-Sho
    • Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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    • v.14 no.2
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    • pp.94-102
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    • 1981
  • To investigate the characteristics of anodic film formed on metals and the reactivities of organic inhibitor Di-iso-butylnitrosoamine (DBNA) in sea water. the cathodic reactions of anodic film formed on metals were carried out by using the potential drop method and galvanostatic method at $25^{\circ}C$. The investigated results are as follows: The anodic films formed on aluminum and zinc in 60mM $DBNA+9\%_{\circ}$ sea water did not show-changes of potential drop. However, those formed on lead and copper were reasonable electrodes. It was concluded that cathodic reactivities of proton through the anodic film in aqueous solution were constant without regard to the kinds of metals used with anodic film electrode at operated current density ranges, because the values of transition time obtained in 0.5M sodium chloride solution and $9\%_{\circ}$ sea water nearly coincided. The values of transition time of the first step by the galvanostatic method were obtained from 0.22 to 1.40 sec ranges far less than one minute. Therefore, it suggested that cathodic reactions of proton through the anodic film were mainly controlled by diffusion/adsorption process. The differences of between $\tau_{1}/4$ in $9\%_{\circ}$ sea water and $\tau_{1}/4$ in 60mM $DBNA+9\%_{\circ}$ sea water, and between $E_{1}/4$ in sea water and $E_{1}/4$ in 60mM $DBNA+9\%_{\circ}$ sea water at the constant current density with $1.9\times10^{-4}\sim5.0{\times}10^{-6}\;amp/cm^2$ were 0.06 sec and 0.53 v. respectively and cathodic reactions of DBNA on the anodic film electrodes were chiefly controlled by adsorption/diffusion process. The reason that adsorption quantities of proton on anodic film formed on aluminum and zinc in aqueous solutions were much more than those on lead and copper, seems to lie due mostly to the number of porosity produced on anodic film used.

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The Amino-Carbonyl Reaction in the Fructose-Glycine Mixture System (Fructose-Glycine 혼합계에 있어서 Amino-Carbonyl 반응)

  • Lee, Jin-Ho;Han, Kang-Wan
    • Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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    • v.21 no.3
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    • pp.351-359
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    • 1989
  • This study was conducted to observe the physico-chemical exchange and effect of amino-carbonyl reaction between fructose and glycine . When various buffer solutions were added to equimolar mixture of fructose and glycine at pH 6.0 and $100^{\circ}C$, the browning effect was markedly observed by Mcllvaine buffer. Among the combinations of temperature and reaction time, the deep browning effect was obtained above $100^{\circ}C$, 3hr A marked browning effect obtained above pH 7.0 but little observed below pH 7.0. The browning effect was markedly increased at high fructose concentration. It required 4.0hrs and 32.9hrs to decrease 50% of initial concentration of fructose and glycine at $100^{\circ}C$ and pH 7 but 0.9hrs and 3.8hrs at $120^{\circ}C$, pH 7.0, respectively. The rate constant of fructose and glycine at $100^{\circ}C\;and\;120^{\circ}C$ were $1.78{\times}10^{-1},\;2.11{\times}10^{-2}\;and\;7.74{\times}10^{-1},\;1.83{\times}10^{-1}$, respectively. The formation of HMF was likely to follow the first order kinetics. The addition of 0.1M sodium sulfite, 0.1M sodium bisulfite and 0.1M calcium chloride to equimolar mixture (0.05M) surpressed the reaction up to 76.8%, 76.8% and 96.4%, respectively.

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