• 생태와환경
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• 제38권2호통권112호
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• pp.225-236
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• 2005

하수처리수는 이용할 수 있는 소중한 수자원이지만, 적절한 정책과 안전하고 효율적인 관리 없이는 이용할 수 없다. 본 연구에서는 국제적인 농업적 재이용수 수질기준을 고찰하고 하수처리수를 논에 관개한 후 E. coli의 농도를 모니터링 하였으며, Beta-Poisson 모형을 이용하여 두개의 시나리오를 바탕으로 미생물 위해성 평가를 실시하였다. 본 연구의 모니터링 결과 biofilter 유출수를 추가 처리 없이 관개한 처리구에서 높은 E. coli농도를 나타내었으며, 처리구와 모니터링 시기별로 큰 차이를 보였는데 이는 관개나 기타 영농작업시 저질이 교란되어 수체의 농도에 반영되고 처리구별 논의 생태 차이가 영향을 미친 것으로 판단된다. 하수처리수를 관개할 경우 Beta-poisson 모형을 이용하여 직접 영농활동에 참여하는 농부와 주변의 아이들에 미치는 위해성에 대해 평가하였다. 미생물 위해성 평가 결과 관개 직후보다 관개 후 24시간이 경과되면 위해도 값이 감소하는 것으로 나타났으며, 관개 후 1 ${\sim}$ 2일이 경과한 후에 작업에 임하는 것이 미생물 위험이 적은 것으로 나타났다. 2003년과 2004년 모두 관개 초기인 5월말과 6월초에 높은 위해도 값을 나타내었다. 본 연구에서 실시한 위해성 평가는 논에 관한 역학자료가 충분하지 않았으며,E. coli를 음용수로 섭취할 경우 발생할 수 있는 질병에 대한 평가 모형을 이용하였기 때문에 하수처리수의 논 관개시 위험을 평가하는데 한계를 갖고 있다. 하지만, 하수처리수를 관개용수로 사용할 경우 병원성 세균에 의한 감염의 개연성을 보여주었으며 하수처리수를 재이용하고자 할 때 추가적인 처리 등의 적절한 관리가 필요함을 시사한다.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.302-306
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• 2013

대표 농산물 섭취에 따른 친환경유기농자재 rotenone의 노출량 위해성 평가를 위하여 총식이조사(Total Diet Study, TDS)자료를 바탕으로 선정한 대표 농산물인 상추 및 오이에 포장시험을 통한 잔류량을 분석하였다. 상추, 오이의 rotenone 오염도를 확인하기 위해 잔류성 시험결과를 토대로 rotenone의 잔류 모니터링을 실시한 결과, upper bound (UB) 적용 시 평균 0.00~0.68 mg/kg 이었으며, lower bound (LB) 적용 시 평균 0.00~0.45 mg/kg이었다. 전체인구집단에서 평균오염도의 상추, 오이 섭취를 통한 rotenone 위해도는 UB의 경우 0.00~18.41%이었고, LB의 경우 0.00~12.19%로 매우 낮은 수준으로 나타났다.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.359-367
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• 2020

이 연구의 목적은 칸디다증과 유아기 우식증의 연관성을 밝히고, 생후 1년 내의 칸디다증 또는 칸디다 구내염 경험이 유아기 우식증의 위험 인자로 고려될 수 있는지 알아보는 것이었다. 이를 위해 건강 보험 심사 평가원에서 2010년 1월부터 2012년 12월까지 태어난 어린이들의 의료 급여 이용 기록을 제공받았으며, 이 중 치과 진료 기록이 없는 경우는 배제하였다. 연구 대상을 칸디다증 경험 여부, 칸디다 구내염 경험 여부에 따라 나누어 치아 우식 유병률을 비교하였다. 또한 생후 1년 이내에 의료 기록을 갖는 어린이들을 만 1세 이전의 칸디다증 경험 여부, 칸디다 구내염 경험 여부에 따라 분류해 각 집단의 만 1세 이후 치아 우식 유병률을 비교하였다. 칸디다증 또는 칸디다 구내염을 진단받았던 어린이 집단의 치아 우식 유병률은 두 질환을 경험하지 않은 어린이 집단과 유의한 차이를 나타냈다. 만 1세 이전에 칸디다증 또는 칸디다 구내염을 진단받았던 어린이 집단에서 만 1세 이후부터 만 6세 이전까지 치아 우식에 이환된 어린이의 비율은 두 질환을 진단받지 않은 어린이 집단과 의미 있는 차이를 보였다.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.411-422
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• 2000

Considering the rapid change of modern nursing knowledge, it is necessary to make changes in the curriculum of nursing education periodically according to the patient-nursing needs and the students' needs. This means that nursing education has to provide opportunities for the development of knowledge, skills, and attitudes. Also, as the students of the RN-BSN program being all registered nurses, the education program for them is planned differently from the general undergraduate program. This study was conducted to establish the scope of educational contents of pediatric nursing in RN-BSN program. The contents of the pediatric nursing curriculum and its necessity was identified and reviewed. From June 5 to June 30 2000, data were collected from 309 RN-BSN students in 5 nursing schools. The questionnaire used for this study was developed by their researchers and the Korean Nursing Association and consisted of items according to the curriculum contents of pediatric nursing. The data were analyzed through frequency and percentages and was analyzed using SPSSWIN 10.0 programs. The results were as follows: 1.In the section surveying on the credits of pediatric theory and clinical practice, 3 out of 5 schools had 2 credits in theory (60.0%), and 2 credits for clinical practice in 2 schools, and 2 credits were given to the elective practice in 2 other schools. 2. In analyzing the degree of demand for lecture and clinical practice, 52.1% of students preferred lectures to be given by professors and 53.7% preferred their level of undergraduate knowledge updated and finally most of the students (81.9%) didn't want to do the clinical practice. 3.The students weighted the importance of current curriculum contents as follows : sex education of adolescence(60.8%), high-risk infant(59.5%), sex education of school age children(59.2%), the handicapped children (55.7%), health assessment(52.4%), children with pneumonia(51.5%), children with asthma (47.1%), children with burns(41.1%). In conclusion, there is a need for research to measure the degree of education satisfaction and needs in RN-BSN students and to improve the curriculum contents in pediatric nursing.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제5권3_4호
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• pp.47-56
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• 1990

Smoking damages nonsmoker's health who have been exposed to passive smoking as well as smoker's own health. Passive smoking can cause serious health damage to particular groups, such as the old aged, children and pregnant women. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between nicotine concentrations in environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and urinary cotinine concentrations of nonsmokers exposed to ETS, and to provide basic information related to health risk assessment. The results of this study were summarized as follows: 1. When 180 cigarrette were smoked during S hours (high concentrations exposure) in 132 m$^3$chamber, mean concentrations of nicotine in ETS showed 263.52 $\mu\textrm{g}$/m$^3$${\pm}$51.93. When 45 cigarretts were smoked (low concentrations exposure), it was 69.43${\pm}$8.96 $\mu\textrm{g}$/m$^3$. 2. The urinary cotinine concentrations of each times (0, 2.5, 5, 17 and 24 hours) in nonsmokers ranged from 0.27∼12.52 ng/ml in high concentrations exposure and 0.22∼2.28 ng/ml in low concentrations exposure. Mean while the total urinary cotinine concentrations during 24 hours ranged from 11.62∼31.65 ng/ml in high concentrations exposure and 3.45∼5.64 ng/ml in low concentrations exposure. 3. The correlation equation and coefficient between cotinine concentrations in nonsmokers' urine (y) and nicotine concentrations in ETS (x) was y=0.421+0.0171x and 0:875 (p<0.01) respectively, 4. The quantity of nonsmokers' smoking exposure by passive smoking can be assumed as based on the estimation of nicotine concentrations in ETS by measuring cotinine concentrations of nonsmokers' urine.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.25-36
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• 2024

목적: 테트라사이클린 (tetracycline, TC)은 소아청소년을 대상으로 복용하였을 시 영구적 치아 변색의 위험이 증가된다는 보고에 따라 미국에서는 8세 이하, 국내에서는 12세 미만으로 처방이 가이드라인상 추천되지 않고 있는 실정이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 TC에 노출된 소아청소년을 대상으로 치아 변색의 발생률을 분석하고, TC에 노출되지 않은 일반 인구 집단과의 발생률 차이를 비교하고자 하였다. 방법: 본 코호트 연구는 2008년 1월부터 2020년 12월 사이 최소 1일 이상 TC에 노출된 소아청소년(0-12세)에 대한 건강보험심사평가원 데이터베이스 정보를 기반으로 분석하였다. TC 노출 6개월 이후 치아 변색 관련 진단코드의 입력여부를 기준으로 치아 변색 발생률을 도출하였고, 추가적으로 연령 보정이 된 TC에 노출되지 않은 일반 인구집단을 추출하여 이를 변수로 한 표준화한 치아 변색 발병률(standardized incidence ratio, SIR)을 구하였다. 결과: 총 56,990명이 포함되었으며, 이 중 8세 미만은 1,735명, 그리고 8-12세는 55,255명이었다. 이 중 61%가 14일 미만 동안 TC를 처방받았으며, 독시사이클린(61%)과 미노사이클린(35%)을 포함한 2세대 TC가 가장 많은 비중을 차지하였다. 0-7세 연령군에서의 5년 및 10년 누적발생률은 4.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.0% to 5.7%) 및 5.7% (95% CI, 4.1% to 7.8%)으로 확인되었고, 이에 비해 8-12세 연령군에서는 0.8% (95% CI, 0.7 to 0.9%) 및1.3 (95% CI, 1.1% to 1.4%)으로 상대적으로 낮았다. TC노출 후 치아 변색의 발생률은 연령 보정된 일반 인구 집단과 비교하였을 때 통계학적으로 유의미한 차이는 없었다 (SIR, 1.08; 95% CI, 0.69 to 1.60). 결론: TC 노출은 일반 인구에 비해 치아 변색 위험을 유의하게 증가시키지 않았으며, 특히 8-12세 사이의 TC 노출군은 그 이하 연령군에 비해 유의미하게 낮은 발생률을 보였다. 따라서, 국내에서 TC 처방에 대한 연령 제한 완화를 고려할 필요가 있다.

• Advances in pediatric surgery
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.170-178
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• 2011

Hiatal hernia is a very rare disease in the pediatric population. However information from our esophageal atresia postoperative follow-up program has hypotheses; "Hiatal hernia may more frequently occur in postoperative esophageal atresia patients (EA group) than in the general pediatric population (GP group)" and "The tension on the esophagus after esophageal anastomosis may be an important etiologic factor of hiatal hernia in EA group". To prove the first hypotheses, we compared the incidence of hiatal hernia in the GP group with the incidence in the EA group. The Incidence in the GP group was obtained from national statistic data from Statistics Korea and Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service of Korea. The incidence in the EA group was obtained from the medical record and the imaging studies of our esophageal atresia postoperative follow-up program. To prove the second hypothesis, the presumptive risk factors for the development of hiatal hernia in EA group, such as the type of esophageal atresia, degree of esophageal gap, the stage operation and the redo-operation with resection and re-anastomosis of esophagus were analyzed statistically. The total number of patients in the EA group was ninety-nine and there were 5 hiatus hernias. The incidence of EA group (5 %) is significantly higher than incidence of GP group (0.024 %). (p=0.0001) The statistical analysis of the presumptive risk factors for hiatal hernia development in EA group failed to show any evidence of correlation between postoperative esophageal tension and the hiatal hernia. This study shows that the postoperative patients with esophageal atresia have high occurrence of hiatal hernia and should be followed up carefully to detect hiatal hernia.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.195-205
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• 2022

Background: The biggest concern when using household chemical products is the health risk from inhalation exposure. Objectives: The purpose of this paper was to provide information necessary for estimating inhalation exposure factors in several countries/organizations and to present some examples. Methods: We attempted to use PRISMA-ScR for a systematic review, but no major reports were found. We used the Google search function instead to find 'exposure factor handbook'. As for the results, inhalation exposure factors from South Korea, the United States, Canada, the EU, Australia, Japan, and China were compared. Results: The basic concept and origin of exposure factors was the US Environmental Protection Agency's Exposure Factor Handbook. Its latest version is 2011, but several chapters have been updated in 2017, 2018, and 2019. South Korea's Exposure Factor Handbook was updated in 2019, more recently than those of other countries, and was systematically investigated. In South Korea, the average daily respiratory rate is 14.62 m³/day for adults and 12.73 m³/day for children. It is difficult to compare breathing rate by country because each country divides age groups differently and uses different methods to estimate it. Information on household chemical products, space used, and ventilation rate are in the exposure factor handbook in some countries and not in others. It is not in the handbook in South Korea, but in the notice from the NIER (National Institute of Environmental Research), a sub-regulation of the Chemical Product Safety Act. Conclusions: The exposure factors registered in South Korea's exposure factor handbook have been systematically studied and reflect the most recent data. When using data not in the relevant handbook, data from other countries might be applied, but it should be determined whether the nature and quality of the original data have been managed.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권15호
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• pp.6521-6526
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• 2015

Background: This study aimed toanalyze the risk behavior for cervical cancer (CC) and the human papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence and resolution among women who received care through the private healthcare network of a municipality in southern Brazil. Materials and Methods: This descriptive and retrospective study was conducted with 25 women aged 20 to 59 years who received care through the private healthcare network and were treated at a specialty clinic in the period from January to December 2012 in a municipality in Northwest Parana, Southern Brazil. Data from medical records with cytological and HPV results were used. Following treatment, these women were followed-up and reassessed after 6 months. Data were statistically analyzed using the t-test and chi-squared test at a 5% significance level. Results: The mean age of the studied women was $27.8{\pm}7.75$ years old, and the majority were married, with paid employment and were non-smokers. The mean age at menarche was $13.0{\pm}0.50$ years old, and the mean age at first intercourse was $17.5{\pm}1.78$ years, with only 8.0% (2) initiating sexual activity at an age ${\leq}15$ years old. The majority had 1 to 2 children (60.0%), while 88.0% reported having had one sexual partner in their lifetime, and all the women were sexually active. A total of 68.0% used a hormonal contraceptive method. All the women had leukorrhea and pain and were infected by a single HPV type. Regarding the lesion grade, 80.0% showed high risk and 20.0% low risk. The most prevalent high-risk HPV strain was 16. Conclusions: These findings provide relevant information on HPV risk factors and infection, as well as the treatment and 6-month follow-up results, in economically and socially advantaged women with no traditional risk factors, corroborating previous reports that different risk factors may be described in different populations. Thus, this study reinforces the fact that even women without the traditional risk factors should undergo HPVmonitoring and assessment to determine the persistence of infection, promoting early diagnosis of the lesions presented and appropriate treatment to thus prevent the occurrence of CC.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2021

Background: The use of computed tomography (CT) device has increased in the past few decades in Japan. Dose optimization is strongly required in pediatric CT examinations, since there is concern that an unreasonably excessive medical radiation exposure might increase the risk of brain cancer and leukemia. To accelerate the process of dose optimization, continual assessment of the dose levels in actual hospitals and medical facilities is necessary. This study presents organ dose estimation using pediatric cerebral CT scans in the Kyushu region, Japan in 2012 and the web-based calculator, WAZA-ARI (https://waza-ari.nirs.qst.go.jp). Materials and Methods: We collected actual patient information and CT scan parameters from hospitals and medical facilities with more than 200 beds that perform pediatric CT in the Kyushu region, Japan through a questionnaire survey. To estimate the actual organ dose (brain dose, bone marrow dose, thyroid dose, lens dose), we divided the pediatric population into five age groups (0, 1, 5, 10, 15) based on body size, and inputted CT scan parameters into WAZA-ARI. Results and Discussion: Organ doses for each age group were obtained using WAZA-ARI. The brain dose, thyroid dose, and lens dose were the highest in the Age 0 group among the age groups, and the bone marrow and thyroid doses tended to decrease with increasing age groups. All organ doses showed differences among facilities, and this tendency was remarkable in the young group, especially in the Age 0 group. This study confirmed a difference of more than 10-fold in organ doses depending on the facility and CT scan parameters, even when the same CT device was used in the same age group. Conclusion: This study indicated that organ doses varied widely by age group, and also suggested that CT scan parameters are not optimized for children in some hospitals and medical facilities.