• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.435-446
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• 2016

Objectives: The purpose of the this study is to investigate parenting stress of married dental hygienists having preschool and school aged children. Methods: A self-reported questionnaire was completed by 242 married dental hygienists from September to December, 2015 via e-mail and ordinary mail. The questionnaire consisted of demographics, job-related characteristics, family life satisfaction, and parenting stress. The data were analyzed using Stata 13.0 program. Results: As for job-related characteristics, 36.6% of the subjects answered 'not possible' in work hour flexibility. The reasons why family-work balance is difficult were 'parenting and education(58.7%)' and 'burden of family-work balance(32.4%)'. Family life satisfaction was 3.03, and parenting stress was 2.41. Parenting stress gets higher if their children are younger, monthly income is lower, and mother/father's age are lower. And parenting stress becomes higher if their career as dental hygienists is less, they are contract worker, and frequency to change jobs is higher. Concerning the reason why work-family balance is difficult, parenting stress is found to be high when they choose 'parenting and education', 'burdens of work-family balance', and 'relationship in workplace'. Family life satisfaction reduced parenting stress. According to the results of multiple linear regression analysis, frequency to change job influences parenting stress. Conclusions: Parenting stress increases turnover and career interruption of married dental hygienists. It is hard to improve work environment without policy support. It will be necessary to establish policy for employed mothers and create a work atmosphere where the policy can be utilized without difficulty.

• 한국보육지원학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.23-40
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• 2011

본 연구는 부천시와 인천시에 소재하는 유아교육기관에 재원하고 있는 유아 569명과 그 어머니를 대상으로 하였다. 유아기 자녀를 둔 어머니를 대상으로 사회인구학적 배경에 따른 가정환경자극 및 양육효능감과 가족 건강성의 차이 및 관계를 알아보고, 초기경험의 기초가 되는 가족의 중요성과 역할을 재인식하여 부모교육의 기초자료를 제공하는 데 그 목적이 있다. 이와 같은 연구목적을 달성하기 위해 첫째, 사회인구학적 변인(어머니의 교육수준, 취업유무, 가정의 월소득)에 따른 가정환경자극, 양육효능감과 가족건강성의 차이를 살펴본 결과, 어머니의 교육수준이 대졸이상인 집단이고 취업한 어머니이며, 월소득이 300만원 이상인 가정의 가정환경자극, 양육효능감, 가족건강성이 더 높게 나타났다. 둘째, 가정환경자극 및 양육효능감과 가족건강성의 관계를 살펴보기 위해 상관분석을 실시한 결과, 가정환경자극 및 양육효능감은 가족건강성의 하위영역간에는 높은 상관이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 가족건강성에 영향을 미치는 변인과 상대적 영향력을 알아보기 위해 회귀분석을 실시한 결과, 가정의 월소득이 높고 가정환경자극이 풍부하며 어머니의 의사소통 효능감이 높을수록 가족건강성이 높으며, 어머니의 양육효능감이 가장 큰 영향을 미친 것으로 나타났다.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.201-209
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• 2009

Purpose: This quasi-experimental study was conducted to identify the effects of dental health education on dental health knowledge and dental hygiene status in preschoolers. Methods: Forty-one children were recruited from two daycare centers, one of which served as the experimental group and the other as the comparative group without dental health education. Dental health education consisted of knowledge-oriented lecture and individual practice with a tooth simulator. The dental health knowledge was measured using a self-report questionnaire and dental hygiene using a dental plague index. The measurements were taken before and after the education program in the experimental group while only before the education program in comparative group. Results: Increases in dental health know ledge and decreases in dental plague index were observed 4 days after the education and lasted at least 8 days after the education, Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that dental health care education consisting of a lecture with simulation practice can be effective in improving dental health care in preschoolers at day care center.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.141-150
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• 2005

This Study investigated kindergarten parents' attitude, satisfaction and demand in the school meal service programs (SMSP). The subjects were 2450 parents that their child attended at kindergarten's SMSP from 16 provinces. To com-pared children's eating habits according to their parent age group and residence area, the percentage of regularly breakfast eating were lower in 'below 30 years old' group and large city residence than 'above 30 years old' group and middle and small city residence. And taking breakfast item was partially different pattern according parent age, 'below 30 years old' group and large city child ate more bread and milk as breakfast than Korean style breakfast with steamed rice and soup and side dish. In the prefer types of school meal service, most prefer types of meal service was fully meal service at kindergarten, $79.1\%$ subjects wanted this type. But 'below 30 years old' group's parent answered 'lunch box brings from home' ratio was higher than 'above 30 years old' group. Most parents accepted the present meal cost and $63.8\%$ of subjects was willing to pay more money to improve the quality of SMSP Twenty-six precent parents was responded that no improvement children's eating habit through SMSP. And they answered the key point of SMSP management was 'cooking sanitation'($65.1\%$) and 'nutrition' ($50.0\%$) and they answered the urgent improvement point at SMSP was 'Improvement taste and quality of meal' ($62.6\%$). Kindergarten parents' attitude about catering service as SMSP as not to prefer, but $10.4\%$ of subjects answered that catering service is ideal meal service type in kindergarten and they expected the advantage of catering service was 'convenience of foodservice'($40.7\%$) and 'support foodservice facilities and labor'($32.4\%$) and they also pointed out disadvantage was 'lower in meal freshness'($53.9\%$) and 'sanitation Problem'($51.9\%$).

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.554-567
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• 2001

It is necessary to compare the dietary characteristics among different age groups because different nutritional problems require different dietary applications. This study was performed to identify the nutritional characteristics of Korean diet among different age groups. The study subjects consisted of preschool children(PC), elementary school children(EC), high school students(HS), college students(CS), and adults over 30 years old living in Seoul and the surrounding areas. The subjects over 30 years old were classified to 30-49 years, 50-69 years, and over 70 years. A dietary survey was conducted using 24-hour recall method and data were collected from 2392 subjects. Energy intake was as much as 1771kcal for PC, 2139kcal for EC, 2475kcal for HS, 2276kcal for CS, 1860kcal for 30-49 years, 1715kcal for 50-69 years, 1326kcal for over 70 years. The subjects of PC, EC, HS, and CS groups got about 25% of energy from fat, but the subjects in 30-49 years, 16%, those in 50-69 years, 15%, and those over 70 years, 13%. The energy consumption from protein was about 15% in each age group. Percent of energy intake as Korean RDA was greater than 100% for PC, EC, HS, and male CS groups. The percent intake for RDA of calcium, iron, vitamin A, and vitamin B$_2$was low in most age group. Iron intake was inadequate in female of PC and CS groups, and subjects in 30-49 years and over 70 years. Mean adequacy ratio(MAR) was 0.9 in PC, and decreased with increase of age. Therefore MAR did not reach to 0.7 among subjects over 70 years. Index of nutritional quality(INQ) for calcium, iron, vitamin A, and vitamin B was below 1 in most age groups. From these results, major nutritional problems of each age group were overall inadequate intakes of calcium and iron, excess consumption of protein and fat for PC, EC, HS, and CS groups, and inadequate nutrients intake of subjects over 70 years old. According to these results, each age group seems to need specific nutritional intervention. (Korean J Nutrition 34(5) : 554~567, 2001)

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.568-579
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• 2001

This study was conducted to identify the characteristics of Korean diet in the view of food and food group intakes. The study subjects consisted of preschool children(PC), elementary school children(EC), high school students(HS), college students(CS), and adults over 30 years old living Seoul and the surrounding areas. The subjects over 30 years old were classified to 30-49 years, 50-69 years, and over 70 years. A dietary survey was conducted using 24-hour recall method and data were collected from 2392 subjects. Rice was a major contributor to many nutrients intake because of the amount of consumption. Vegetable oil made great contribution to fat intakes and eggs, squid, and anchovy supplied much cholesterol compared to other foods in all the age groups. Milk was major contributor of fat and cholesterol as well as calcium in younger age group, and seasoning gave much contribution to iron intakes. Mean dietary variety score(DVS) was 32 for EC group and 17 for subjects over 70 years, and tended to decrease along the increasing age. EC group consumed most variable number of foods of all groups but they consumed many junk foods, therefore the MAR value was low despite their high DVS value. Mean dietary diversity score(DDS) of each age group from PC group to subjects over 70 years was 4.34, 4.28, 3.79, 3.89, 3.76, 3.56, and 3.25, respectively. Food group, which was consumed below the minimum amount, was mainly fruits in all the age groups, and many subjects in HS group and over 30 years consumed dairy products below the minimum amount. From these results, age specific nutritional problems were found. PC group and subjects over 50 years seemed to need more diverse food intake than now, EC group did nutrient dense food, and HS group and subjects over 30 years did dairy products. Also, subjects took various nutrients from rice and seasoning contributed to some nutrients intakes. (Korean J Nutrition 34(5) : 568∼579, 2001)

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.338-345
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to design an interactive multimedia nutrition education program for preschoolers. Computer technology provides the opportunity to explore new and creative methods of delivering nutrition education to pre-schoolers. If this method is effective, more preschoolers can be reached with accurate and consistent nutrition education with less time and teaching staff. This program is a computer-based multimedia nutrition education program for pre-schoolers based on the Dick and Carey (Dick & Carey 2001) model of instructional design which includes analysis, design, development, and evaluation. The overall instructional goal was based on the needs of the target population. The needs assessment was a self-administered survey distributed to 1,426 parents of preschoolers, focusing on the need for preschoolers' nutrition education. The results of the survey indicated that parents wanted their children to learn reasons for eating nutritious food. Therefore, a program titled 'Nutrition Exploration' was developed with the instructional goal of teaching preschoolers the 5 Food Groups. To achieve this goal, the preschoolers were engaged in a game. They could earn colored jewels by completing the game in five sessions. The story line was that people living in a peaceful kingdom become sick after they lose the jewels. The learner takes an adventurous journey through five different countries to retrieve the jewels. These countries are 'Giwoon nahrah' (foods containing carbohydrates, such as rice and potatoes), 'Sangsang nahrah' (foods that are rich in vitamins and minerals, such as vegetables and fruits), 'Sooksook nahrah' (calcium-con-taming products such as milk), 'Teunteun nahrah' (protein-containing foods such as meat and fish) , and 'Gakeum nahrah' (products with high sugar and fat content, such as instant foods and soda). The learner who obtains five jewels in five different countries can save the kingdom. For the program to be effective and efficient, the multimedia had to be easy for the preschooler to enter, use, and exit. The verbal instructions enhanced child autonomy, and the program was developmentally appropriate so that the young child could easily manipulate the software. This research provides the basis for the continued development of computer-based nutrition education materials.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제26권12호
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• pp.2141-2147
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• 2016

As one of the most complex human-associated microbial habitats, the oral cavity harbors hundreds of bacteria. Halitosis is a prevalent oral condition that is typically caused by bacteria. The aim of this study was to analyze the microbial communities and predict functional profiles in supragingival plaque from healthy individuals and those with halitosis. Ten preschool children were enrolled in this study; five with halitosis and five without. Supragingival plaque was isolated from each participant and 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing was used to identify the microbes present. Samples were primarily composed of Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Fusobacteria, and Candidate phylum TM7. The ${\alpha}$ and ${\beta}$ diversity indices did not differ between healthy and halitosis subjects. Fifteen operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified with significantly different relative abundances between healthy and halitosis plaques, and included the phylotypes of Prevotella sp., Leptotrichia sp., Actinomyces sp., Porphyromonas sp., Selenomonas sp., Selenomonas noxia, and Capnocytophaga ochracea. We suggest that these OTUs are candidate halitosis-associated pathogens. Functional profiles were predicted using PICRUSt, and nine level-3 KEGG Orthology groups were significantly different. Hub modules of co-occurrence networks implied that microbes in halitosis dental plaque were more highly conserved than microbes of healthy individuals' plaque. Collectively, our data provide a background for the oral microbiota associated with halitosis from supragingival plaque, and help explain the etiology of halitosis.

• 패션비즈니스
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.194-206
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• 2006

With the change of social paradigm, the number of child care facilities is increasing and, accordingly, demand for sportswear for preschool children is also growing. Considering this trend, the present study purposed to subdivide the preschooler' sportswear market, which is currently using uniform design, and diversify the images of preschoolers' sportswear utilizing information on preschoolers' sportswear market, to produce high-quality sportswear of reasonable price, and to induce the development of various materials and designs. The results of this study are as follows. First, according to the result of paired t-test on the current image of preschoolers' sportswear and its future image to be promoted, among 22 items of sportswear image, the scores of comfortable and active images were highest. According to the results of factor analysis, five factors were identified, and kindergarten directors gave the highest score to plain image for preschoolers' sportswear and the lowest score to elegance image. This suggests that there should be active and diverse approaches to sportswear design. When the mean score of factors was compared among preschoolers' sportswear image to be promoted in the future, high-class elegant image got the highest score and was followed by functional image. In addition, lively and neat image got the lowest score. Second, when we analyzed the correlations between the five factors of image identified through factor analysis and three groups formed through cluster analysis in order to classify buyers based on the current images of preschoolers' sportswear and future images to be promoted, kindergarten directors were found to emphasize functional image currently in selecting sportswear for their children but to promote elegant image for future sportswear.

• Human Ecology Research
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• 제53권5호
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• pp.475-488
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• 2015

Economic activity and social participation by women has recently increased; however, working mothers raising young children are under new stress due to the simultaneous combination of job and parenting responsibilities. This stress has resulted in social problems of career break and low fertility. This study investigates the effect of clinical art therapy on occupational stress and parenting stress of working mothers. We analyzed 34 working mothers in full-time employment (over 8 hours a day) who have preschool children (0-6 years old). They were divided into 17 subjects in the experimental group and 17 subjects in the control group. For the experimental group, 10 hours and a half sessions of group art therapy were participated in once a week from April to August in 2014. We perform Dan Occupational Stress Index by Ivancevich and Matteson, Parenting Stress Index/Short Form and salivary cortisol test before and after the group art therapy. For qualitative analysis, Kinetic House-Tree-Person (KHTP) drawing test was used. Using SPSS ver. 19.0, paired t -test or Wilcoxon signed rank test compared the pre and post analysis results. The results of this study are as follows. First, scores of 'occupational stress factor' subpart showed significant improvement in the Occupational Stress Index after the clinical art therapy. Second, scores of 'parental distress,' 'parent-child dysfunctional interaction,' and 'difficult child' subpart in Parenting Stress Index also showed a significant improvement. Third, a positive change was observed after the clinical art therapy in the KHTP drawing test. In conclusion, this study suggests that the clinical art therapy can be effective for occupational stress factors and the parenting stress of working mothers.