• 한국의상디자인학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.113-125
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• 2023

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to the normalization of mask-wearing worldwide, and young children are particularly vulnerable to respiratory diseases. Children's masks come in various sizes and shapes, causing confusion among consumers who struggle to find products that can accommodate their child's unique physical conditions. This research aims to analyze the shape and dimensions of health masks designed for young children. A total of 67 mask varieties were collected, and 58 were subjected to analysis. The masks were found to have two primary shapes: foldable and beak-like, with sizes categorized as small and extra-small. The majority of masks were manufactured in Korea, and the size labeling systems varied among manufacturers. The mask materials were non-woven fabric or polypropylene, and there was diversity in terms of the adjustable earbands and the use of additional accessories. The dimensions of the masks varied depending on their shape, with significant differences in the weight and the length of the wire holes. Subsequent research should focus on conducting wearability evaluations to verify the dimensional suitability of commercially available children's health masks based on shape and size. Additionally, this study aims to provide foundational data that can assist in the development of children's masks with size ranges that differentiate them from adult masks and cater to specific age groups.

• 대한두개안면성형외과학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.69-72
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• 2010

Purpose: All masks are created by craftspeople. Accordingly, most masks are generally predictable in dimensions, and the portraitures usually depict the faces and heads of humans. The authors found some masks representing the features of facial asymmetry, such as hemifacial microsomia and rerely lateral facial cleft. Methods: Reviewing the legends of wearing masks with a medley of grotesque features, the authors could deduce the tone of society in those days. Results: A mask, 'crooked mouth', of Native Americans shows typical lineament of hemifacial microsomia. The deformity of the face was legendarily regarded as resulting from trauma caused by either 'one's fault' or a 'curse of God'. 'Grandmother' mask, used in the Korean masque dance of the Kosung province and Sooyoung province also shows the typical features of hemifacial microsomia which represent the old, deserted wife. 'Kori sanni yakka' mask in Sri Lanka, shows the facial asymmetry. In the legend, the child who became demon captured humans and caused illness through wind, phlegm, and bile to revenge on his father who killed his mother by deception of her maid. Conclusion: The authors presume that the victims of severe facial asymmetry were treated contemptuously at that time.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.269-282
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• 2017

Objectives: Currently, masks against yellow dust and fine particulates are being certified with no consideration of facial dimensional variations among children and adults. The aims of this study were to develop masks against yellow dust and fine particulates for children in Korea and provide basic data to suggest new test methods for mask certification that consider the breathing capacity of children. Methods: A total of 730 study participants aged from six to 13 years old were recruited in the Seoul, Gyeonggi, and Incheon region. This study used a 3D scanning instrument to obtain 16 facial anthropometric data points. Literature reviews, a comparison of breathing capacity between adults and children, and analysis of children's pulmonary physiological data were conducted in order to suggest new test standards for certifying children's masks against yellow dust and fine particulates. In addition, types of children's masks, choice of wearing a mask or not, and reasons for not wearing masks were surveyed. Results: Based on a clustering analysis of participants' facial dimensions, facial shapes were classified into three groups: small, medium, and large. The sizes of children's masks were subtracted by using 3D sketch techniques(Large: $121.25mm{\times}89.46mm$, Medium: $111.92mm{\times}78.55mm$, Small: $102.13mm{\times}72.87mm$). In certifying children's mask, flow rates of $60{\ell}/m$ for the filtering efficiency test and $20{\ell}/m$ for the breathing resistance test were recommended, since children's pulmonary physiological capacity is about 60-70% of adults' pulmonary capacity. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that three mask sizes for children would be sufficient and practical for providing protection against yellow dust and fine particulates. Revising current test methods for certifying respiratory protective devices for children is important, since children's pulmonary physiological capacity substantially differs from that of adults. Therefore, it is recommended that new test standards for certifying children's masks be promulgated in the near future.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.350-366
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• 2016

Objectives: No 3D anthropometric analyses have been conducted for Korean children's faces for the purpose of designing respiratory protective devices. The aim of this study was to develop masks against yellow dust and fine particulates, particularly for children in Korea. Methods: This study utilized a 3D scanning method to obtain 16 facial anthropometric data from children, ages of 5 to 13 years old. A total of 144 boys and girls were recruited from the kindergarten, elementary schools and middle schools in Seoul. With facial dimensions obtained, cluster analysis was performed to categorize them into similar facial groups. For each cluster, an optimal mask was designed and manufactured using a 3D printer. In addition, lung function data were obtained from 62 subjects and compared with those of normal adults. The pulmonary physiological results were subsequently used to suggest a test method for mask certification. Results: Facial shapes were classified into tree clusters: small, medium, and large. The face width and length for the first group were small with high nosal protrusion. The face width and length for the second group were the largest among the three clusters. The third group had the largest angle of nose root - gnathion(n-prn-gn). Age was the most significant variable in the facial dimensions. Children's pulmonary physiological capacity was about 60% of adults' capacity. The results of fit test using the prototype masks developed showed very good fits for children. Conclusions: For Korean children, three mask sizes will be sufficient and practical for providing protection against yellow dust and fine particulates. Anthropometric data obtained using digitalized 3D face analysis can be very effective for designing respiratory devices. 3D images can be accurate and easily measured for multiple dimensions, particularly for curved areas of the face. It is imperative to adopt different test methods for certifying respiratory protective devices for children, since their pulmonary physiological capacity is inferior compared with that of adults.

• 공연문화연구
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• 제22호
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• pp.5-43
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• 2011

한국의 가면극은 대부분 세시풍속의 하나로 연행되었으며, 동제·줄다리기·지신밟기·횃불싸움·길놀이·사또놀음 등 여러 세시행사와 연계되어 전승되었다. 6.25전쟁 이후에는 이러한 세시행사와 관계없이 독립적으로 연행하기 때문에 원래의 기능과 의미를 상실하게 되었다. 또한 연행시간이 대폭 줄어들었기 때문에 연희내용, 노래, 대사를 많이 생략하고 있다. 북청사자놀이는 6.25전쟁 이후 사자춤이 한 마리에서 두 마리로 늘어났고, 애원성춤·사당춤·넉두리춤·칼춤을 새로 추가했다. 사자가 아이를 잡아먹던 내용도 토끼인형을 잡아먹는 내용으로 바뀌었다. 사자가면은 원래 여러 유형이 있었으나, 현재는 호랑이 모습의 가면으로 획일화되었다. 양주별산대놀이는 '애사당 법고놀이'에서 먹중 8명과 왜장녀·애사당 등 모두 10명이 등장하는 것이 이치에 맞는데, 현재는 이외에 말뚝이 가면을 쓴 배역이 등장한다. 현재의 연희에서는 성(性)과 관련된 노골적인 부분을 생략하고 있다. 또한 신할아비·미얄할미 과장에서 할미의 죽음 후에 예전에는 신할아비가 넋타령을 했는데, 최근에는 무당굿을 한다. 대사에서는 비속어와 육담을 대폭 생략하고 있다. 가면은 특히 연잎·옴중·샌님가면이 큰 변화를 보인다. 봉산탈춤은 6.25전쟁 이후 노장과장에서 가장 큰 변화를 보인다. 예전에는 소무가 두명 등장했으나 현재는 한 명만 등장하고, 신장수와 원숭이의 퇴장도 차이를 보인다. 예전의 가면들은 연희자가 내다볼 수 있는 구멍을 코 양옆으로 크게 뚫었지만, 현재의 가면들은 가면의 눈동자에 구멍을 뚫어놓았다. 특히 먹중가면이 큰 변화를 보인다. 봉산탈춤을 복원할 당시에 봉산 출신의 연희자가 적었기 때문에, 다른 해서탈춤의 연희자들과 함께 연희를 복원했다.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.123-135
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• 2023

Advances in perinatal and pediatric intensive care and recent advances in mechanical ventilation during the last two decades have resulted in an exponential increase in the number of children undergoing home mechanical ventilation (HMV) treatment. Although its efficacy in chronic respiratory failure is well established, HMV in children is more complex than that in adults, and there are more considerations. This review outlines clinical considerations for HMV in children. The goal of HMV in children is not only to correct alveolar hypoventilation but also to maximize development as much as possible. The modes of ventilation and ventilator settings, including ventilation masks, tubing, circuits, humidification, and ventilator parameters, should be tailored to the patient's individual characteristics. To ensure effective HMV, education for the parent and caregiver is important. HMV continues to change the scope of treatment for chronic respiratory failure in children in that it decreases respiratory morbidity and prolongs life spans. Further studies on this topic with larger scale and systemic approach are required to ensure the better outcomes in this population.

• 대한물리의학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.23-30
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• 2021

PURPOSE: Physical therapists are at risk of becoming infected because they are in contact with or within 2 meters of the patient while treating them. The purpose of this study is to investigate the anxiety and depression of physical therapists during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and to identify the factors that affect anxiety and depression. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted during the pandemic. The survey were completed by 84 physical therapists in 24 local hospitals in Gwangju, South Korea. The Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) scale and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) were used to evaluate their anxiety and depression status. Logistic regression models were used to identify the general characteristics factors related to anxiety or depression. RESULTS: It was found that 40 (47.6%) respondents had anxiety, and 37 (44%) had depression. If there was a child under the age of seven in the physical therapist's family, a high probability of anxiety (p < .05) prevailed. Physical therapists in their 30s had a higher risk of depression than those in their 40s (p < .05). The risk of anxiety and depression in physical therapists who were with patients who did not wear masks was higher than for those who were with patients who wore masks (p < .05). CONCLUSION: The anxiety and depression status of physical therapists in Gwangju, South Korea, during the pandemic of COVID-19 was poor. It is necessary to wear a mask for all people during physical therapy.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.146-151
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• 2020

본 연구에서는 어린이집 급식실 실내공기와 급식테이블 및 조리종사자 손의 미생물학적 안전성을 평가하고자 하였다. 본 실험에서 사용된 재료는 어린이집 조리 종사자 24명의 손과 어린이집 18곳의 급식테이블 및 93곳의 실내공기를 실험대상으로 하였다. 조리 종사자 손의 미생물 채취는 Glove juice법, 급식테이블의 표면 미생물 채취는 Swab법에 따라 채취하였다. 어린이집 실내공기의 미생물 오염도는 자연 방치법에 따라 실험하였다. 조리 종사자 손의 일반세균 오염도는 평균 5.8±1.9 log CFU/hand로 나타났고, 대장균군 오염도는 평균 4.0±2.4 log CFU/hand로 나타났다. 급식테이블의 일반세균 오염도는 평균 4.3±3.0 log CFU/100 ㎠로 나타났고, 대장균군 오염도는 평균 2.6±3.3 log CFU/100 ㎠로 나타났다. 어린이집 조리 종사자 손과 급식테이블에서 B. cereus가 각각 2건씩 검출되었다. 실내공기 중 일반세균수 오염도는 평균 28±7.2 CFU/plate, 대장균군 오염도는 평균 3.1±2.9 CFU/plate로 나타났다. 또한, 실내공기 중 B. cereus 오염도는 평균 1.7±0.2 CFU/plate, S. aureus 오염도는 평균 1.6±0.5 CFU/plate로 나타났다. 이러한 결과를 종합해 볼 때, 어린이집 급식테이블 표면에 존재하는 미생물 오염도를 감소시키기 위한 식사 전 소독이 필요한 것으로 판단되었다. 또한, 실내공기 중 미생물 오염도 저감화를 위해 주기적인 환기와 급식 관계자들의 위생모, 마스크 및 위생복 등의 청결관리가 필요한 것으로 판단되었다.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제20권10호
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• pp.308-325
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• 2020

본 연구의 목적은 장기요양시설의 노인보호를 위한 시설안전 실태를 파악하고, 이를 바탕으로 한국의 장기요양시설 시설안전 정책의 방향을 도출하고자 하는 것이다. 이러한 연구목적을 위해 주요국의 장기요양시설 시설안전 대응정책에 대해서 검토하고, 한국의 요양시설 안전실태를 파악하였다. 분석에서는 수도권 지역(서울, 경기, 인천) 중심으로 장기요양시설의 시설안전 실태를 분석하였다. 분석결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 기관의 안전관리 비교결과이다. 관련 규정 및 법률 비교결과에서 장기요양시설은 사회복지시설, 어린이집, 병원 등에 비해 안전관리가 취약한 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 입지조건 분석결과이다. 수도권 장기요양시설이 건물의 6층 이상에 위치한 시설이 많았고, 개인시설이 법인, 지자체 시설에 비해 입지조건이 취약하다는 것을 확인하였다. 셋째, 기관의 구조/설비 결과이다. 전체적으로 배연창(화재안전창문), 배연설비, 연기 질식대비 방연마스크, 방화담요 등의 배치상태가 미흡하였다. 또, 법적 필수 설치설비가 미비한 곳도 있었고, 개인시설이 지자체, 법인 시설에 비해 시설 구조/설비구조에서 대체로 미비하였다. 넷째, 안전관리 분석에서 대응매뉴얼, 화재대비훈련 등에서 개인설립 시설이 지자체설립 시설에 비해 미흡하다는 것을 확인하였다. 이상 이러한 연구결과를 토대로 본 연구는 노인장기요양보험 장기요양시설에서 입소노인의 안전한 삶을 살 수 있는 시설환경을 위한 사회복지적 함의를 제시하였다.