• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.106-117
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• 2004

The factors of obesity related with food habits were assessed to provide information for nutrition education database. The subjects in this study were 234 primary school children in Busan. Children were classified into normal and obese groups(mildly obese, moderately obese and severely obese) by obesity index. In self-recognition of body image, only 28.6% of MI group considered themselves as 'overweight or obese'. 87.2% of the subjects controlled their weight method with exercise. With regard to meal speed, 64.5% of the subjects ate $fast({\leq}15\;min.)$. The study also found that 79.8% of the subjects ate breakfast, 56.4% of the subjects them were moderate by obese, 40.8% of the subjects ate snacks after dinner. Eating speed, meal volume and snacks money per day were significantly different in obesity. Preference for eating out was Korean Chinese, Western and Japanese food, in order. Favorite food for snack, such as ddukbokki, fruits, milk. fried foods and candy and caramel were significantly different in obesity(p<0.05). However hamberger, pizza and chocolate were not significantly different in obesity. The most preference snack for all the subjects were fruits and ice cream. In food preference, potato, dduk, meats, fishes, cheese, milk, ice cream were significantly different in obesity. The distasteful food for subjects were patbab, vegetables, shellfishes and salt-fermented foods. From above results, obesity of children was related to meal speed, meal volume and snacks motley per day. Therefore, these results suggest that continuous and practical nutrition education to change food habits art necessary to avoid child obesity.

• Perspectives in Nursing Science
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.12-27
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• 2020

Purpose: Bullying is a global problem, and various programs are under way to prevent it. The purpose of this study was to review school bullying interventions for Korean school-age children and adolescents. Methods: Online databases such as RISS, KISS, DBpia, NDSL and KMBASE were searched, identifying 32 intervention studies published from January 2009 to November 2018. Results: Thirty-two intervention studies were identified: 23 included school bullying prevention and 9 included school bullying treatment for victims or youth at high risk for bullying. The main purpose of preventive intervention was to decrease the bystander's attitude toward group bullying and treatment program was to improve the psychosocial adaptation of bullying victims. The school bullying interventions varied from group counseling, social skills training, art therapy, bibliotherapy using role-play, game & activities. Classroom environment variables and self-esteem, peer-related variables improved significantly after the school bullying prevention programs and school bullying treatment programs, respectively. Conclusion: There is potential for enhancing the outcomes of the behavioral, interpersonal psychological variable. Integrated interventions considering the individuality, gender and physical health of children and adolescents will also be needed. However, a rigorous study design is required to compensate for the methodological limitations.

• Journal of Engineering Education Research
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.68-75
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• 2020

In order to cultivate the talents acquired in the fourth industrial revolution, developed countries' government are actively engaged in the campaigns encouraging K-12 students to participate in the maker movement. Maker education is regarded as one possible solution based on high tech in the era of the 4th Industrial Revolution, and it is spreading widely along with STEM education. In South Korea, STEAM education was actively conducted nationwide, and since 2017, STEAM and maker education have been linked showing mutual development. However, compared to STEAM education linked to the curriculum, comparison and activity-based research on maker education for teenagers is still insufficient. Therefore, this study aimed to suggest implications for STEAM education and maker education by analyzing the motivation of Korean youth to participate in maker activities. The subjects of this study are high school students who participated in maker education programs in student community for the first time in Korea. In this study, students were classified into engineering-related career group and non-engineering-related career groups based on their career intentions, and the motivation and understanding of participation in maker activities were compared. As a result of the study, male students participated more in maker education community activities than female students, and the engineering-related career group had a higher intention to participate in games, outdoor activities, IT equipment, digital production, and electrical/electronic production activities than the non-engineering-related career group. In addition, in the fields of handicraft/art, home baking, installing, and horticultural agriculture, there was no difference in the intention of participate in the engineering-related career group and the non-engineering-related career group. It was found that the engineering-related career group believed that there was a strong relationship between the maker education community activity, career exploration and future career choice, while the non-engineering-related career group believed that the relationship is less strong. It was also found that the engineering-related career group was participating more actively in the maker activity than the other group.

• Asia-pacific Journal of Multimedia Services Convergent with Art, Humanities, and Sociology
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• v.9 no.8
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• pp.199-208
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• 2019

The escape theory is the theory of problem behavior such as suicide. The purpose of this study is to investigate the causes of gaming disorder, which has been attracting attention as a typical youth problem, through escape theory. Suicide theory is a process in which the problem triggered by the negative external environment flows into internal attribution and self-criticism, and this leads to a process leading to problematic behavior with disgust self-awareness. This process was applied to the environment, psychology, and behavior of adolescents. As a result, the lack of affection and consistency of the parents resulted in negative external environment, which affected the self-esteem of children by creating a negative external environment. And low self-esteem caused negative emotions, lowered self control, and confirmed to induce game addiction. The results of this analysis show that game addiction has a structure similar to obsessive behaviors such as binge eating and shopping addiction explained through the escape theory model and it is necessary to concentrate more on the environmental psychological factors for game addiction research.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 1979

This is a study on angels' costumes in religious paintings, especially as this relates to the questions of concepts and theological symbolism. Angels, as spiritual creatures in Christian thought, play the role of praising God's glory, as messengers of God, the role of guarding Israel and the Church, and protecting or punishing human beings. Sometimes the angels appear in incarnate form. They display no sexual differences and are not able to procreate. The angels' funtional classification being thus; nevertheless, they are pictured in various costumes and appearances according to characteristics of the paintings. The angel Michael appears as a man of dignity when pictured as a guard; the angel Gabriel in the annunciation is often portrayed as a woman of mystical beauty. Under the Renaissance, the mighty cherubim and seraphim at Yahweh's throne are degraded as plump child-angels, or winged child-heads looking alike Eros or Cupid. They have become playful and all too obviously non-heavenly chrubs, accepted features of the Temple decorations. However, cherubim are often depicted as naked or wrapped around with a piece of cloth and accompanied with wind, which symbolizes the Glory of God. The angels, costumes without seam are hung over or wrapped around the body, and when sewn they are simple and ample enough that they fall in a great many folds. However, by the 14C. angels are mostly dressed in costumes common to all Europe, and after that angels gradually appear in folk costumes; for example Italian, Flemish, etc. Dalmatic, the typical costume of Byzantine often shows up as angels' dresses even after the period. Originally the dalmatic was the Roman tunic to which Eastern influences added. The Roman clavus on the tunic had gradually lost distinction until, by the Imperial epoch, it was worn by the lowest servants. It was proudly therefore, as 'The servants of God', that the early Christians are shown wearing the clavus on their wide, ungirdled, sleeved dalmatics. In addition to their costume, angels have some other distinct charateristics. First, angels have a halo around their head; this symbolizes their holiness. Second, angels wear a narrow diadem or a queen's crown that seems to denote their glorious status close to God's throne. Third, the cloth band across the breast resembles a priest's stole, which suggests the sacred role of a priest and symbolizes the grace santified. Fourth, lilies in the annunciations are symbols of Mary's virginity. chastity, innocence and heavenly bliss. Angels hold palms or olives in their hands. The former denote prosperity. beauty and the Christians' reward after death; the latter represent peace and amity. the imperial crown made of olives means victory. Fifth, angels in paintings always have a pair of wings, which can be traced to scripture where cherubim and seraphim are described as having pairs of wings. Angels' wings often have colors of the rainbow, and the rainbow is compared to God's glory. Sixth, generally artists paint angels' costumes as white, blue, green, gold and purple. Other colors such as red rarely appear. According, to scriptures it is believed that angels should be depicted 'as white as snow'. According to the biblical expressions of angels as lightning, sun or a pillar of fire, angels should be described as creatures of light. Nevertheless being a form of art, religious paintings may differ in their presentation according to an artist's inspiration and intention. Since religious paintings illustrated above were almost all done before the Reformation, symbols of colors used in the Catholic Church will also be mentioned. The white color symbolizes chastity, purity, brightness, delight and divinity. Green represents new birth, eternal life, spiritual revival and the expectance of the grace of God. Blue, the color of sapphires, denotes chastity and truth. Red, the color of rubies, represents divinity, love and religious passion. Violet is the color of dignity, indicating the sovereign, royal or imperial power and the great Sacrifice of Christ. As mentionad above, angels' costumes were expressed in accordance with contemporary patterns or as indicated in the Bible, and accesories and colors correspond with Christian symbols. Therefore these facts should be taken into consideration when it comes to the study of costume history.

• Journal of Science of Art and Design
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• v.7
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• pp.64-104
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• 2005

Visual media transmits image and information reproduced in large quantities, such as a photography, film, television, video, advertisement, or computer image. Correspondence to the students' reception and recognition of culture in the future. arrangements for the field of studies of visual culture. 'Visual Culture' implies cultural phenomena of visual images via visual media, which includes not only the categories of traditional arts like a painting, sculpture, print, or design, but the performance arts including a fashion show or parade of carnival, and the mass and electronic media like a photography, film, television, video, advertisement, cartoon, animation, or computer image. In the world of visual media, Image' functions as an essential medium of communication. Therefore, people call the culture of today fra of Image Culture', which has been converted from an alphabet convergence era to an image convergence one. Image, via visual media, has become a dominant means for communication in large part of human life, so we can designate an Image' as a typical aspect of visual culture today. Image, as an essential medium of communication, plays an important role in contemporary society. The one way is the conversion of analogue image like an actual picture, photograph, or film into digital one through the digitalization of digital camera or scanner as 'an analogue/digital commutator'. The other is a way of process with a computer drawing, or modeling of objects. It is appropriate to the production of pictorial and surreal images. Digital images, produced by the other, can be divided into the form of Pixel' and form of Vector'. Vector is a line linking the point of departure to the point of end, which organizes informations. Computer stores each line's standard location and correlative locations to one another Digital image shows for more 'Perfectness' than any other visual media. Digital image has been evolving in the diverse aspects, such as a production of geometrical or organic image compositing, interactive art, multimedia art, or web art, which has been applied a computer as an extended trot of painting. Someone often interprets digitalized copy with endless reproduction of original even as an extension of a print. Visual af is no longer a simple activity of representation by a painter or sculptor, but now is intimately associated with a matter of application of media. There is some problem in images via visual media. First, the image via media doesn't reflect a reality as it is, but reflects an artificial manipulated world, that is, a virtual reality. Second, the introduction of digital effect and the development of image processing technology have enhanced a spectacle of destructive and violent scenes. Third, a child intends to recognize the interactive images of computer game and virtual reality as a reality, or truth. Education needs not only to point out an ill effect of mass media and prevent the younger generation from being damaged by it, but also to offer a knowledge and know-how to cope actively with social, cultural circumstances. Visual media education is one of these essential methods for the contemporary and future human being in the overflowing of image informations. The fosterage of 'Visual Literacy' can be considered as a very purpose of visual media education. This is a way to lead an individual to the discerning, active consumer and producer of visual media in life as far as possible. The elements of 'Visual Literacy' can be divided into a faculty of recognition related to the visual media, a faculty of critical reception, a faculty of appropriate application, a faculty of active work and a faculty of creative modeling, which are promoted at the same time by the education of 'visual literacy'. In conclusion, the education of 'Visual Literacy' guides students to comprehend and discriminate the visual image media carefully, or receive them critically, apply them properly, or produce them creatively and voluntarily. Moreover, it leads to an artistic activity by means of new media. This education can be approached and enhanced by the connection and integration with real life. Visual arts and education of them play an important role in the digital era depended on visual communications via image information. Visual me야a of day functions as an essential element both in daily life and in arts. Students can soundly understand visual phenomena of today by means of visual media, and apply it as an expression tool of life culture as well. A new recognition and valuation visual image and media education is required to cultivate the capability of active, upright dealing with the changes of history of civilization. 1) Visual media education helps to cultivate a sensibility for images, which reacts to and deals with the circumstances. 2) It helps students to comprehend the contemporary arts and culture via new media. 3) It supplies a chance of students' experiencing a visual modeling by means of new media. 4) There are educational opportunities of images with temporality and spaciality, and therefore a discerning person becomes to increase. 5) The modeling activity via new media leads students to be continuously interested in the school and production of plastic arts. 6) It raises the ability of visual communications dealing with image information society. 7) An education of digital image is significant in respect of cultivation of man of talent for the future society of image information as well. To correspond to the changing and developing social, cultural circumstances, and the form and recognition of students' reception of them, visual arts education must arrange the field of studying on a new visual culture. Besides, a program needs to be developed, which is in more systematic and active level in relation to visual media education. Educational contents should be extended to the media for visual images, that is, photography, film, television, video, computer graphic, animation, music video, computer game and multimedia. Every media must be separately approached, because they maintain the modes and peculiarities of their own according to the conveyance form of message. The concrete and systematic method of teaching and the quality of education must be researched and developed, centering around the development of a course of study. Teacher's foundational capability of teaching should be cultivated for the visual media education. In this case, it must be paid attention to the fact that a technological level of media is considered as a secondary. Because school education doesn't intend to train expert and skillful producers, but intends to lay stress on the essential aesthetic one with visual media under the social and cultural context, in respect of a consumer including a man of culture.

• Archives of design research
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• v.18 no.2 s.60
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• pp.243-254
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• 2005

Great Britain and the United States and Finland are having an interest in long policy subject about child design education through early design education. And they approaches and practices it systematically. The research about the design learning program instance of advanced nation of primary school's design education for various objective is necessary for use with the fundamental reference data for an elementary design education. And so, This research presented the program instance investigation and analysis result of British primary school's design education. U.K is teaching an primary design education from two subjects of Art & Design and Design and Technology which is a legal subject with national curriculum. The analysis result of design relation unit learning program of two subjects is: Design relation unit learning programs of 'Design and Technology' subject's 20 unit which except 4 food relation unit is largely scientific engineering contents that include utility function contents in part. The reason is as behavior styles based on Design process solve problems scientifically & rationally. Design relation 6 units in subject of Art & Design which except the units which relates with the pure fine arts and architecture in 19 units is aesthetic-symbolic and utility-functional contents largely. And so, the result was analyzed about relation of scientific-engineering content of 'Arts & Design' subject is insufficient comparing with 'Design and Technology' subject Specially, I think that the design relation's unit learning program instances of 'Design and Technology' subject of the British primary school which have been presented by this research paper is a possibility becoming one reference model for a program development. And so I expects that this research could be applied in the program development for the primary design education of primary teacher & education agency.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.318-326
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• 2016

This study was conducted to identify characteristics observed by staff during infertility treatment, and to analyze the relationship between the result of the treatment according to the ART infertility characteristics. In cooperation with an Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital in Ulsan, data were collected from 344 people receiving infertility treatment from 2012-1013 and evaluated by cross-analysis, logistic regression analysis, and the ${\chi}^2$ test. Age 30 subjects (72.1%), no disease (70.9%), and no birth children (77.0%) were most common among patients. Causes of infertility factor is the higher the age, followed by uterine factors, ovarian factors were the lower the age.Were assisted reproduction are IUI (51.5%), IVF (23.0%), IUI + IVF (25.6%), assisted reproduction were age (p<.013) infertility period (p<.014), abortion Experience (p<.008) it was not statistically significant. ART pregnancies result was 34.9%, IUI was 49.2%, IVF was 50.8%. The average number of successful IVF treatment was 1.64, while it was 1.36 for IVF. IVF is 0.28 times lower than the IUI. Thus, low in order to increase the success rate of pregnancy according to the assisted reproduction age, nanim period is short, and if you do not have birth children choose artificial fertilization, and high age, IVF If there are nanim period is longer and birth child treatment and you must choose. This study analyzed all subjects who underwent fertility treatment to have research significance. However, it is difficult to generalize, locally called Sun City limits. If this one based on regional and national follow-up study of infertility therapist made it will help to prepare the way of effective treatment for infertility causes.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.52
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• pp.277-312
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• 2018

First-order cybernetics during the 1940s and 1950s aimed for control of an observed system, while second-order cybernetics during the mid-1970s aspired to address the mechanism of an observing system. The former pursues an objective, subjectless, approach to a system, whereas the latter prefers a subjective, personal approach to a system. Second-order observation must be noted since a human observer is a living system that has its unique cognition. Maturana and Varela place the autopoiesis of this biological system at the core of second-order cybernetics. They contend that an autpoietic system maintains, transforms and produces itself. Technoscientific recreation of biological autopoiesis opens up to a new step in cybernetics: what I describe as third-order cybernetics. The formation of technoscientific autopoiesis overlaps with the Fourth Industrial Revolution or what Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee call the Second Machine Age. It leads to a radical shift from human centrism to posthumanity whereby humanity is mechanized, and machinery is biologized. In two versions of the novel Demon Seed, American novelist Dean Koontz explores the significance of technoscientific autopoiesis. The 1973 version dramatizes two kinds of observers: the technophobic human observer and the technology-friendly machine observer Proteus. As the story concludes, the former dominates the latter with the result that an anthropocentric position still works. The 1997 version, however, reveals the victory of the techno-friendly narrator Proteus over the anthropocentric narrator. Losing his narrational position, the technophobic human narrator of the story disappears. In the 1997 version, Proteus becomes the subject of desire in luring divorcee Susan. He longs to flaunt his male egomaniac. His achievement of male identity is a sign of technological autopoiesis characteristic of third-order cybernetics. To display self-producing capabilities integral to the autonomy of machinery, Koontz's novel demonstrates that Proteus manipulates Susan's egg to produce a human-machine mixture. Koontz's demon child, problematically enough, implicates the future of eugenics in an era of technological autopoiesis. Proteus creates a crossbreed of humanity and machinery to engineer a perfect body and mind. He fixes incurable or intractable diseases through genetic modifications. Proteus transfers a vast amount of digital information to his offspring's brain, which enables the demon child to achieve state-of-the-art intelligence. His technological editing of human genes and consciousness leads to digital standardization through unanimous spread of the best qualities of humanity. He gathers distinguished human genes and mental status much like collecting luxury brands. Accordingly, Proteus's child-making project ultimately moves towards technologically-controlled eugenics. Pointedly, it disturbs the classical ideal of liberal humanism celebrating a human being as the master of his or her nature.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.177-183
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• 2020

The purpose of the study is to investigate the women's college students' perceptions on work scope of dental hygienists and the inclusion of dental hygienists in the category of medical personnel. A self-reported questionnaire was completed by 180 Suwon women's college students from August 26, to September 11, 2019. The questionnaire consisted of oral health condition of the subjects, perception of both legal and illegal work scope of dental hygienist, the degree of recognition of medical personnel occupations by subject, and the reason why they thought dental hygienists are medical personnel. The collected data were analyzed based on frequency, percentage, and descriptive statistics using IBM SPSS VER 22.0. It showed significantly different perception of work scope of dental hygienists according to the major. Percent of 70 of the subjects perceived dental hygienist as a medical personnel, the opinions on the necessity were as follows: The Ministry of Health and Welfare issues a license through the national examination role and dental hygienists assist the care of dentist. Therefore, clinical dental hygienists should be promoted to medical personnel through the amendment of the medical law so that the duties practiced by the dental hygienist can be matched with the legal practice.