• Food Science of Animal Resources
• /
• v.43 no.2
• /
• pp.305-318
• /
• 2023

This study investigated the protein digestibility of chicken breast and thigh in an in vitro digestion model to determine the better protein sources for the elderly in terms of bioavailability. For this purpose, the biochemical traits of raw muscles and the structural properties of myofibrillar proteins were monitored. The thigh had higher pH, 10% trichloroacetic acid-soluble α-amino groups, and protein carbonyl content than the breast (p<0.05). In the proximate composition, the thigh had higher crude fat and lower crude protein content than the breast (p<0.05). Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of myofibrillar proteins showed noticeable differences in the band intensities of tropomyosin α-chain and myosin light chain-3 between the thigh and breast. The intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence intensity of myosin was lower in the thigh than in the breast (p<0.05). Moreover, circular dichroism spectroscopy of myosin revealed that the thigh had higher α-helical and lower β-sheet structures than the breast (p<0.05). The cooked muscles were then chopped and digested in the elderly digestion model. The thigh had more α-amino groups than the breast after both gastric and gastrointestinal digestion (p<0.05). SDS-PAGE analysis of the gastric digesta showed that more bands remained in the digesta of the breast than that of the thigh. The content of proteins less than 3 kDa in the gastrointestinal digesta was also higher in the thigh than in the breast (p<0.05). These results reveal that chicken thigh with higher in vitro protein digestibility is a more appropriate protein source for the elderly than chicken breast.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
• /
• v.32 no.1
• /
• pp.70-77
• /
• 2013

BACKGROUND: Nitroxoline is an antibiotic agent. It is used for the treatment of the second bacterial infection by the colibacillosis, salmonellosis and viral disease of the poultry. When the nitroxoline is indiscreetly used, the problem about the abuse of the antibiotics can occur. Therefore, this study presented the residue analytical method of nitroxoline in food for the safety management of animal farming products. METHODS AND RESULTS: A simple, sensitive and specific method for nitroxoline in chicken muscle by high performance liquid chromatograph with PDA was developed. Sample extraction with acetonitrile, purification with SPE cartridge (MCX) were applied, then quantitation by HPLC with C18 column under the gradient condition with 0.1 % tetrabutylammonium hydroxide-phosphoric acid and methanol was performed. Standard calibration curve presented linearity with the correlation coefficient ($r^2$) > 0.999, analysed from 0.02 to 0.5 mg/L concentration. Limit of quantitation in chicken muscle showed 0.02 mg/kg, and average recoveries ranged from 72.9 to 88.1 % in chicken muscle. The repeatability of measurements expressed as coefficient of variation (CV %) was less than 12 % in 0.02 and 0.04 mg/kg. CONCLUSION(S): Newly developed method for nitroxoline in chicken muscle was applicable to food inspection with the acceptable level of sensitivity, repeatability and reproducibility.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.33 no.7
• /
• pp.1113-1125
• /
• 2020

Objective: This study was investigated the effects of dietary supplementation of Antrodia cinnamomea fermented product on modulation of antioxidation, anti-inflammation, and lipid metabolism in broilers. Methods: Functional compounds and in vitro antioxidant capacity were detected in wheat bran (WB) solid-state fermented by Antrodia cinnamomea for 16 days (FAC). In animal experiment, 400 d-old broiler chickens were allotted into 5 groups fed control diet, and control diet replaced with 5% WB, 10% WB, 5% FAC, and 10% FAC respectively. Growth performance, intestinal microflora, serum antioxidant enzymes and fatty acid profiles in pectoral superficial muscle were measured. Results: Pretreatment with hot water extracted fermented product significantly reduced chicken peripheral blood mononuclear cells death induced by lipopolysaccharide and 2,2'-Azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride. Birds received 5% and 10% FAC had higher weight gain than WB groups. Cecal coliform and lactic acid bacteria were diminished and increased respectively while diet replaced with FAC. For FAC supplemented groups, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity increased at 35 days only, with catalase elevated at 21 and 35 day. Regarding serum lipid parameters, 10% FAC replacement significantly reduced triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein level in chickens. For fatty acid composition in pectoral superficial muscle of 35-d-old chickens, 5% and 10% FAC inclusion had birds with significantly lower saturated fatty acids as compared with 10% WB group. Birds on the 5% FAC diet had a higher degree of unsaturation, followed by 10% FAC, control, 5% WB, and 10% WB. Conclusion: In conclusion, desirable intestinal microflora in chickens obtaining FAC may be attributed to the functional metabolites detected in final fermented product. Moreover, antioxidant effects observed in FAC were plausibly exerted in terms of improved antioxidant enzymes activities, increased unsaturated degree of fatty acids in chicken muscle and better weight gain in FAC inclusion groups, indicating that FAC possesses promising favorable mechanisms worthy to be developed.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.26 no.10
• /
• pp.1504-1510
• /
• 2013

Native chickens hold a significant share of the market in China. In response to the huge demand from the market, the productivity of Chinese native chickens needs to be improved. Cross breeding is an effective method to increase productivity, although it might affect meat quality. In this study, two pure lines (SD02 and SD03) of Erlang mountainous chickens were hybridized with a yellow feather and faster growing line (SD01). The effect of hybridization on carcass and meat quality (physiochemical and textural traits) was measured in the $F_1$ population at d 91 of age. The hybrids exhibited higher body weight and dressed weight, and amount of semi-eviscerated, eviscerated, breast muscle and abdominal fat (p<0.05). Abdominal fat yield also increased (p<0.05) compared to the offspring of the two pure-lines. Meanwhile, there was no significant difference in meat quality traits except for the myofiber diameter and density and the shear force of the breast muscle. Overall, the offspring of cross-lines were similar to pure lines in meat color, pH value, inosinic acid, crude protein, crude fat, dry matter, moisture content and amino acid composition in the breast muscle. These results suggest that productivity can be improved via cross-breeding while maintaining meat quality of the Erlang mountainous chicken.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.36 no.3
• /
• pp.541-550
• /
• 1996

Tetracycline antibiotics have been widely used not only therapeutics but feed additives. There are many methods for the isolation and determination of tetracycline antibiotics in animal muscle tissue. But those methods take much time and labor, so it is difficult to analyse many samples simultaneously. A rapid isolation method and liquid chromatographic determination of tetracycline antibiotics in animal muscle tissue (bovine, porcine, chicken) is presented. Blank control and tetracyclines fortified samples (0.5g) were blended with $C_{18}$ containing 0.05g each of oxalic acid and disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate. After homogenize, homogenate was transferred to glass column made from 10ml glass syringe and compressed to 4~4.5ml volume. A column made from the $C_{18}$/meat matrix was washed with hexane (8ml) and dichloromethane (8ml, if needed), following which the tetracyclines were eluted,vith methanol or 0.01M methanolic oxalic acid (8ml). The eluates containing tetracyclines analytes were free from interfering compounds when analysed by HPLC with UV detection (photodiode array at 360nm). Standard curve for each tetracycline showed a linear response at the range of $0.05{\sim}1.0{\mu}g/ml$ and tetracycline antibiotics were eluted within 4ml of eluted volume. All tetracycline antibiotics except tetracycline were stable during the concentration process at $40^{\circ}C$ and time required for concentration was 3~4 hours. Fortified samples containing oxalic aicd and EDTA represented more good recoveries than those of not-contained sample. Recoveries were 91.8~110.1% (oxytetracycline; OTC), 57.7~79.5% (tetracycline; TC), 78.1~88.6% (chlortetracyclines; CTC) and 88.4~100.6% (doxycycline; DC) in pork tissue, 101.1~126.8% (OTC), 66.4~75.4% (TC), 79.2~88.1% (CTC) and 69.3~86.7% (DC) in beef tissue, and 90.8~95.6% (OTC), 66.2~84.4% (TC), 75.7~77.2% (CTC) and 55.6~80.7% (DC) in chicken muscle tissue. The detection limits validated in muscle tissue by this method were $0.05{\mu}g/g$ for OTC and TC, and $0.1{\mu}g/g$ for CTC and DC.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
• /
• v.27 no.4
• /
• pp.401-408
• /
• 2007

This study examined the histochemical and physiological characteristics during Korean native Ogol chickens (KNOC) development. The body weight, Pectoralis major and soleus muscle weights, and muscle samples were taken at hatching as well as at 3, 5, and 15 weeks of age. The fiber characteristics of the Pectoralis major and soleus muscles from the KNOC at hatching to 15 weeks of age were determined, and the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), and protein concentrations were measured from the left Pectoralis major muscles. A greater increase in body and muscle weights was detected between hatching and 3 weeks of age than during any other period. Moreover, the cross sectional area (CSA) of the fibers, as well as the total concentration of DNA, RNA, and protein also showed a greater increase betweenhatching and 3 weeks of age than during any other period. The KNOC breed is a dual purpose breed, however, the it has lower body and muscle weights than commercial meat type chickens or layer type chickens. Moreover, the KNOC breed has a small muscle fiber CSA of and a low nucleic acid concentration.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
• /
• v.28 no.3
• /
• pp.251-255
• /
• 2008

This study was conducted to determine the effects of dietary supplementation with CLA (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0%) on the proximate composition, sensory evaluation, pH, TBARS, cooking loss, WHC, shear force and objective color of chicken meat. Two hundred broiler chickens (Arbor Acre Broiler, male) were randomly assigned to five groups, fed for five weeks, and slaughtered. The proximate composition and crude protein of thigh muscle from the 1.5% and 2.0% CLA groups were significantly higher than the other groups (p<0.05), however there was no difference in moisture, crude fat, and crude ash. Based on sensory evaluation, tenderness, juiciness, and flavor were not significantly different among the treatment groups. The pH of thigh muscle from the CLA treated groups was higher than the control, and significantly increased with the increasing levels of CLA in the broiler diets (p<0.05). TBARS values were significantly lower in the CLA treated groups, and decreased with increasing CLA levels in the diet (p<0.05). Therefore, CLA may improve the shelf life of chicken meat. WHC, shear force, and meat color did not show any significant variation in this study. In conclusion, the accumulation of CLA and the production of fresh chicken meat without changes in meat quality can be achieved through supplementation with 2% CLA. Accumulation of CLA in chicken meat significantly increased with increasing CLA levels in the diet.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.14 no.2
• /
• pp.165-169
• /
• 1971

From both breast and leg muscle of 12 week-old broiler chicken held for aging in slushed ice and dry chilling at $33-35^{\circ}F$., myosin, actomyosin and other nitrogenous fractions were extracted with KCl-phosphate buffer for various periods from 1 hr. to 25 hr. post-mortem. The changes in extractable nitrogen occurred mainly as a result of decrease in extractability of myosin and to some extent, increase in extractability of actomyosin. Changes in stroma, sarcoplasmic and NPN fractions were small. Myosin extractability decreased rapidly during the first 3 hr. post-mortem and then reduced Continuously in both leg muscle and breast muscle during wet chilling. The decrease of myosin extractability in leg muscle was much more than that in breast muscle, and then the extractability increased after 17 hr. post-mortem in dry chilling. Actomyosin was extracted at low consistent level in wet chilling, while it increased considerably after 17 hr. post-mortem in dry chilling. The tendency was similar in both breast and leg muscle.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
• /
• v.46 no.3
• /
• pp.185-191
• /
• 2019

Nucleoporin 210 (Nup210) is associated with several physiological processes including muscle and neural cell differentiation, autoimmune diseases, and peripheral T cell homeostasis. Chicken Nup210 (chNup210) gene was originally identified as one of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the kidney tissues of chicken. To elucidate the role of Nup210 in metabolic disease of chicken, we studied the molecular characteristics of chNup210 and analyzed its gene expression under the stimulation of Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) ligands. The Nup210 genomic DNA and amino acid sequences of various species including fowls, fishes, and mammals were retrieved from the Ensemble database and subjected to bioinformatics analyses. The expression of Nup210 from several chicken tissues was probed through qRT-PCR, and chicken fibroblast DF-1 cell line was used to determine the change in expression of chNup210 after stimulation with TLR3 ligand, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly (I:C)). The chNup210 gene was highly expressed in chicken lung and spleen tissues. Although highly conserved among the species, chNup210 was evolutionary clustered in the same clade as that of duck compared to other mammals. Furthermore, this study revealed that chNup210 is expressed in TLR3 signaling pathway and provides fundamental information on Nup210 expression in chicken. Future studies that offer insight into the involvement of chNup210 in the chicken innate immune response against viral infection are recommended.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
• /
• v.38 no.3
• /
• pp.181-188
• /
• 2015

Skeletal development of chicken has been widely discussed in industrial forums and various research reports. However, these studies were emphasis on the commercial chicken strains for improve egg and meat production whereas the skeletal quiet remains as a potential weak link related to facilitating in the physical support of heavier carcasses at ever younger ages. For that, the study of standardization of skeletal development is important but it was rarely reported in Korean native chicken (KNC). The study was investigated the skeletal characteristics of KNC for international standardization. We studied in KNC at 2, 14, 28, 42, 56, 70, 84, 98, 112, 126, 147, 168, 196, 224, 336 and 448 days after hatch (male and female, n=13 for each group). We measured the body weight (BW), and after sacrifice measured organs and remove muscle from femur & tibia and measured bone weight. Data were analyzed by ANOVA, Duncan test, correlation analysis and regression analysis of SAS 9.1. We analyzed the data of BW, femur & tibia and made growth curve also. The BW was significantly increased up to 147 days after hatch (male, $1,927.88{\pm}68.92g$; female, $1,456.00{\pm}50.11g$), and then increased gradually. At 336 days, these growth was stop (male, $2,467.00{\pm}42.84g$; female, $1,568.71{\pm}62.62g$). The growth of femur & tibia length and width was stop on 98~126 days after hatch. At 98 days, we measured the length and width of femur & tibia in male were $132.39{\pm}3.18mm$ & $25.98{\pm}0.59mm$ whereas in female at 112 days the length of femur & tibia was $116.40{\pm}1.55mm$ and at 126 days width was $21.41{\pm}0.38mm$. Our study suggests that the growth of male KNC was classified pre-puberty (0~98 days), puberty (98~336 days) and maturity (after 336 days), meanwhile female was shown similar trend however puberty period of KNC was 112 or 126 days after hatch.